Surgical Tech Exam X

1. A precaution necessary when using the kidney rests is

To press firmly but not too tightly against body

To pad well

To place the longer rest beneath iliac crest

All of the above

When using kidney rests, it is important to take certain precautions. First, one should press firmly but not too tightly against the body to provide support without causing discomfort. Second, it is necessary to pad the rests well to ensure the patient's comfort and prevent any potential injuries. Lastly, the longer rest should be placed beneath the iliac crest to provide proper support to the lower back. Therefore, all of the given options are necessary precautions when using kidney rests.

Explanation

When using kidney rests, it is important to take certain precautions. First, one should press firmly but not too tightly against the body to provide support without causing discomfort. Second, it is necessary to pad the rests well to ensure the patient's comfort and prevent any potential injuries. Lastly, the longer rest should be placed beneath the iliac crest to provide proper support to the lower back. Therefore, all of the given options are necessary precautions when using kidney rests.

2. In an instrument count

All instruments and parts must be counted

Precounted sets eliminate the need for pre-case count

Large bulky instruments need not be counted

Count only instruments that will be used

In an instrument count, it is necessary to count all instruments and parts. This ensures that no items are missing or misplaced, and helps maintain an accurate inventory. Precounted sets may eliminate the need for counting individual items within the set, but all instruments and parts within the set still need to be counted. Large bulky instruments should not be excluded from the count, as they are still part of the inventory. Additionally, it is important to count all instruments, regardless of whether they will be used, to ensure that the inventory is complete and accurate.

Explanation

In an instrument count, it is necessary to count all instruments and parts. This ensures that no items are missing or misplaced, and helps maintain an accurate inventory. Precounted sets may eliminate the need for counting individual items within the set, but all instruments and parts within the set still need to be counted. Large bulky instruments should not be excluded from the count, as they are still part of the inventory. Additionally, it is important to count all instruments, regardless of whether they will be used, to ensure that the inventory is complete and accurate.

3. Which specialty would employ the use of a slit lamp and the laser?

Orthopedic

Urologic

Ophthalmic

ENT

The correct answer is ophthalmic. Ophthalmology is the specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. A slit lamp is a specialized instrument used by ophthalmologists to examine the structures of the eye, such as the cornea, iris, and lens. It provides a magnified view of the eye's anterior segment. Additionally, ophthalmologists may also use lasers in various procedures, such as laser eye surgery to correct vision problems or treat certain eye conditions. Therefore, the use of a slit lamp and laser is specific to the ophthalmic specialty.

Explanation

The correct answer is ophthalmic. Ophthalmology is the specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. A slit lamp is a specialized instrument used by ophthalmologists to examine the structures of the eye, such as the cornea, iris, and lens. It provides a magnified view of the eye's anterior segment. Additionally, ophthalmologists may also use lasers in various procedures, such as laser eye surgery to correct vision problems or treat certain eye conditions. Therefore, the use of a slit lamp and laser is specific to the ophthalmic specialty.

4. A blood flow detector is a

Doppler

Gruntzig

Moretz

Warren

A blood flow detector is commonly known as a Doppler. The Doppler is a medical device that uses ultrasound technology to detect and measure the flow of blood in the body. It works by emitting high-frequency sound waves that bounce off the moving blood cells and create a Doppler shift. This shift in frequency is then converted into audible sound or visual data, allowing healthcare professionals to assess the velocity and direction of blood flow. Doppler devices are commonly used in various medical settings, such as cardiovascular examinations, monitoring fetal health, and assessing peripheral vascular diseases.

Explanation

A blood flow detector is commonly known as a Doppler. The Doppler is a medical device that uses ultrasound technology to detect and measure the flow of blood in the body. It works by emitting high-frequency sound waves that bounce off the moving blood cells and create a Doppler shift. This shift in frequency is then converted into audible sound or visual data, allowing healthcare professionals to assess the velocity and direction of blood flow. Doppler devices are commonly used in various medical settings, such as cardiovascular examinations, monitoring fetal health, and assessing peripheral vascular diseases.

5. What item should be on the scrub person's instrument table while the laser is in use?

Basin of sterile water or saline

Basin of sterile baking soda

Flame retardant sheets

Cotton blanket

During laser procedures, the scrub person's instrument table should have a basin of sterile water or saline. This is because lasers can generate heat and cause tissue damage, so having a basin of sterile water or saline nearby allows for immediate cooling and irrigation of the area if any accidental burns occur. It is important to have a sterile solution like water or saline to prevent infection or contamination. Basins of sterile baking soda, flame retardant sheets, and cotton blankets are not necessary for laser procedures and do not serve the same purpose as sterile water or saline.

Explanation

During laser procedures, the scrub person's instrument table should have a basin of sterile water or saline. This is because lasers can generate heat and cause tissue damage, so having a basin of sterile water or saline nearby allows for immediate cooling and irrigation of the area if any accidental burns occur. It is important to have a sterile solution like water or saline to prevent infection or contamination. Basins of sterile baking soda, flame retardant sheets, and cotton blankets are not necessary for laser procedures and do not serve the same purpose as sterile water or saline.

6. A tube placed into the tympanic membrane to facilitate aeration is the

Myringotomy tube

Stent tube

Robinson tube

Plastipore tube

A myringotomy tube is a small tube that is inserted into the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to help with aeration. This tube helps to equalize pressure in the middle ear and drain any fluid that may be trapped behind the eardrum. It is commonly used in the treatment of conditions such as chronic ear infections or otitis media with effusion. The tube allows air to enter the middle ear, preventing the buildup of fluid and reducing the risk of infection.

Explanation

A myringotomy tube is a small tube that is inserted into the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to help with aeration. This tube helps to equalize pressure in the middle ear and drain any fluid that may be trapped behind the eardrum. It is commonly used in the treatment of conditions such as chronic ear infections or otitis media with effusion. The tube allows air to enter the middle ear, preventing the buildup of fluid and reducing the risk of infection.

7. When using lasers, nonreflective instrumentation

Decreases accidental direct reflection of the laser beam to another area

Decreases potential for infection

Decreases explosibility

Decreases short-circuiting of the laser

Nonreflective instrumentation decreases accidental direct reflection of the laser beam to another area. This means that when using lasers, instruments that are nonreflective are used to prevent the laser beam from bouncing off and causing unintended harm or damage in a different area. This is important for safety reasons as it reduces the risk of accidents and ensures that the laser is properly directed and controlled.

Explanation

Nonreflective instrumentation decreases accidental direct reflection of the laser beam to another area. This means that when using lasers, instruments that are nonreflective are used to prevent the laser beam from bouncing off and causing unintended harm or damage in a different area. This is important for safety reasons as it reduces the risk of accidents and ensures that the laser is properly directed and controlled.

8. A closed-wound suction system works by

Positive pressure

Negative-pressure vacuum

Air displacement

Constant gravity drainage

A closed-wound suction system works by creating a negative-pressure vacuum. This means that the system creates a lower pressure inside the wound compared to the surrounding atmosphere. This negative pressure helps to remove excess fluid, blood, and other debris from the wound, promoting healing and preventing infection. The vacuum also helps to maintain a clean and sterile environment within the wound, preventing the accumulation of bacteria.

Explanation

A closed-wound suction system works by creating a negative-pressure vacuum. This means that the system creates a lower pressure inside the wound compared to the surrounding atmosphere. This negative pressure helps to remove excess fluid, blood, and other debris from the wound, promoting healing and preventing infection. The vacuum also helps to maintain a clean and sterile environment within the wound, preventing the accumulation of bacteria.

9. Which procedure records the electrical activity of the brain?

Electrocardiogram

Brain scan

Electromyogram

Electroencephalogram

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a procedure that records the electrical activity of the brain. It involves placing electrodes on the scalp to detect and measure the electrical signals produced by the brain. This non-invasive test is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain injuries. The other options listed, electrocardiogram, brain scan, and electromyogram, do not specifically measure brain activity but instead focus on other aspects such as heart activity, imaging the brain, and muscle activity, respectively.

Explanation

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a procedure that records the electrical activity of the brain. It involves placing electrodes on the scalp to detect and measure the electrical signals produced by the brain. This non-invasive test is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain injuries. The other options listed, electrocardiogram, brain scan, and electromyogram, do not specifically measure brain activity but instead focus on other aspects such as heart activity, imaging the brain, and muscle activity, respectively.

10. The scoring system that assesses an infant's condition after birth is called a (n)

Roentgen

Romberg

Apgar

Colostrum

The Apgar scoring system is used to assess the overall health and well-being of a newborn baby immediately after birth. It evaluates the infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and skin color. This scoring system helps medical professionals determine if any immediate medical intervention or further monitoring is required for the newborn.

Explanation

The Apgar scoring system is used to assess the overall health and well-being of a newborn baby immediately after birth. It evaluates the infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and skin color. This scoring system helps medical professionals determine if any immediate medical intervention or further monitoring is required for the newborn.

11. A blood warmer is used

To induce hypothermia

To aid in hemolysis

To maintain 89-105F temperature

To eliminate microorganisms

A blood warmer is used to maintain a temperature range of 89-105F. This is important because blood needs to be kept at a specific temperature to prevent damage to the cells and maintain their functionality. If the blood is too cold, it can cause vasoconstriction and decrease oxygen delivery to tissues. On the other hand, if the blood is too warm, it can lead to denaturation of proteins and other cellular damage. Therefore, a blood warmer is used to ensure that the blood being administered to a patient is within the optimal temperature range for safe and effective transfusion.

Explanation

A blood warmer is used to maintain a temperature range of 89-105F. This is important because blood needs to be kept at a specific temperature to prevent damage to the cells and maintain their functionality. If the blood is too cold, it can cause vasoconstriction and decrease oxygen delivery to tissues. On the other hand, if the blood is too warm, it can lead to denaturation of proteins and other cellular damage. Therefore, a blood warmer is used to ensure that the blood being administered to a patient is within the optimal temperature range for safe and effective transfusion.

12. The C-arm employs the use of

Fluoroscope

Carbon dioxide

Cesium

Creatine

The correct answer is fluoroscope. A fluoroscope is a medical imaging device that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of a patient. It is commonly used during surgical procedures, especially those involving the skeletal system or the placement of medical devices. The other options listed (carbon dioxide, cesium, and creatine) are not typically associated with the use of a C-arm.

Explanation

The correct answer is fluoroscope. A fluoroscope is a medical imaging device that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of a patient. It is commonly used during surgical procedures, especially those involving the skeletal system or the placement of medical devices. The other options listed (carbon dioxide, cesium, and creatine) are not typically associated with the use of a C-arm.

13. A PCA pump affords

Patient-controlled pain relief

Vital sign monitoring

Infusion of antibiotics intravenously

Heparinized solution intravenously

The correct answer is patient-controlled pain relief. This means that a PCA pump allows the patient to have control over their own pain relief by administering medication as needed. This method is often used for managing acute or chronic pain, allowing the patient to have a more active role in their pain management and providing them with a sense of control and comfort.

Explanation

The correct answer is patient-controlled pain relief. This means that a PCA pump allows the patient to have control over their own pain relief by administering medication as needed. This method is often used for managing acute or chronic pain, allowing the patient to have a more active role in their pain management and providing them with a sense of control and comfort.

14. Bakelite orthopedic table attachments are sometimes used because

They clean very easily

They do not interfere with radiographic studies

They are unaffected by irrigation fluids

They can be sterilized

Bakelite orthopedic table attachments are sometimes used because they do not interfere with radiographic studies. This means that when X-rays or other imaging techniques are being used to examine a patient, the presence of these attachments will not obstruct or distort the images. This is important for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning in orthopedics.

Explanation

Bakelite orthopedic table attachments are sometimes used because they do not interfere with radiographic studies. This means that when X-rays or other imaging techniques are being used to examine a patient, the presence of these attachments will not obstruct or distort the images. This is important for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning in orthopedics.

15. The drain that has a reservoir creating negative pressure to facilitate drainage is a

Penrose

Hemovac

Levin

Stent

A hemovac drain is a type of surgical drain that has a reservoir attached to it, which creates negative pressure. This negative pressure helps to facilitate drainage by drawing fluids out of the body. This type of drain is commonly used in surgical procedures to remove excess fluids, such as blood or pus, from the surgical site. Unlike other types of drains, such as Penrose or Levin drains, a hemovac drain uses negative pressure to aid in the drainage process. Therefore, the correct answer is hemovac.

Explanation

A hemovac drain is a type of surgical drain that has a reservoir attached to it, which creates negative pressure. This negative pressure helps to facilitate drainage by drawing fluids out of the body. This type of drain is commonly used in surgical procedures to remove excess fluids, such as blood or pus, from the surgical site. Unlike other types of drains, such as Penrose or Levin drains, a hemovac drain uses negative pressure to aid in the drainage process. Therefore, the correct answer is hemovac.

16. Sponges and towels used near the laser tissue impact site are kept wet in order to

Prevent drying of tissue

Prevent ignition of these materials by reflected beam

Protect the instruments

Absorb the gas produced

Sponges and towels used near the laser tissue impact site are kept wet to prevent ignition of these materials by the reflected beam. When a laser beam hits a surface, it can reflect off and potentially ignite flammable materials nearby. By keeping the sponges and towels wet, it reduces the risk of ignition as the water can absorb and dissipate the heat generated by the reflected beam, preventing any potential fire hazards.

Explanation

Sponges and towels used near the laser tissue impact site are kept wet to prevent ignition of these materials by the reflected beam. When a laser beam hits a surface, it can reflect off and potentially ignite flammable materials nearby. By keeping the sponges and towels wet, it reduces the risk of ignition as the water can absorb and dissipate the heat generated by the reflected beam, preventing any potential fire hazards.

17. A sponge used in brain surgery is a (n)

Cottonoid patty

Kitner

Impregnated gauze

Porcine

A cottonoid patty is a type of sponge that is commonly used in brain surgery. It is made of cotton and is designed to absorb fluids and provide gentle pressure to control bleeding during the procedure. The use of cottonoid patties helps to maintain a clear surgical field and prevent excessive bleeding, ensuring the safety and success of the surgery.

Explanation

A cottonoid patty is a type of sponge that is commonly used in brain surgery. It is made of cotton and is designed to absorb fluids and provide gentle pressure to control bleeding during the procedure. The use of cottonoid patties helps to maintain a clear surgical field and prevent excessive bleeding, ensuring the safety and success of the surgery.

18. Either a Foley, Mallecot, Pezzer, or Mushroom catheter can be insered for

Gasrtoscopy

Gastrostomy

Vagotomy

Gastric bypass

A gastrostomy is a surgical procedure in which a tube is inserted into the stomach through the abdominal wall to provide a means of feeding or draining fluids. Foley, Mallecot, Pezzer, and Mushroom catheters are all types of tubes that can be used for gastrostomy. Therefore, any of these catheters can be inserted for a gastrostomy procedure.

Explanation

A gastrostomy is a surgical procedure in which a tube is inserted into the stomach through the abdominal wall to provide a means of feeding or draining fluids. Foley, Mallecot, Pezzer, and Mushroom catheters are all types of tubes that can be used for gastrostomy. Therefore, any of these catheters can be inserted for a gastrostomy procedure.

19. An Ambu bas is a

Container for specimens

Bag for blood pressure apparatus

Bag for blood transfusion

Breathing bag

The correct answer is a breathing bag. An Ambu bag, also known as a resuscitator bag, is a device used in medical emergencies to provide manual ventilation to patients who are unable to breathe on their own. It is commonly used in situations such as cardiac arrest or respiratory failure, where immediate assistance is required to maintain oxygenation and ventilation. The bag is connected to a face mask or an endotracheal tube, and the healthcare provider manually squeezes the bag to deliver breaths to the patient.

Explanation

The correct answer is a breathing bag. An Ambu bag, also known as a resuscitator bag, is a device used in medical emergencies to provide manual ventilation to patients who are unable to breathe on their own. It is commonly used in situations such as cardiac arrest or respiratory failure, where immediate assistance is required to maintain oxygenation and ventilation. The bag is connected to a face mask or an endotracheal tube, and the healthcare provider manually squeezes the bag to deliver breaths to the patient.

20. During the closure count a discrepancy

Is noted on patient's chart

Is reported to surgeon

Is reported to supervisor

Is reported to anesthesiologist

In this scenario, when a discrepancy is noted on a patient's chart during the closure count, it is important to report it to the surgeon. The surgeon is the primary healthcare professional responsible for the patient's procedure and well-being. They need to be informed about any issues or discrepancies in order to address them appropriately and ensure the patient's safety and proper care. Reporting the discrepancy to the surgeon allows them to make informed decisions and take necessary actions to rectify the situation.

Explanation

In this scenario, when a discrepancy is noted on a patient's chart during the closure count, it is important to report it to the surgeon. The surgeon is the primary healthcare professional responsible for the patient's procedure and well-being. They need to be informed about any issues or discrepancies in order to address them appropriately and ensure the patient's safety and proper care. Reporting the discrepancy to the surgeon allows them to make informed decisions and take necessary actions to rectify the situation.

21. Which item in the optical lens system is responsible for magnification?

Oculars

Paraxial illuminators

Objective lens

A and C

The oculars and the objective lens in the optical lens system are responsible for magnification. The oculars are the eyepieces that the viewer looks through, while the objective lens is the lens closest to the object being viewed. Both of these lenses work together to magnify the image and allow the viewer to see it in greater detail.

Explanation

The oculars and the objective lens in the optical lens system are responsible for magnification. The oculars are the eyepieces that the viewer looks through, while the objective lens is the lens closest to the object being viewed. Both of these lenses work together to magnify the image and allow the viewer to see it in greater detail.

22. A laser plume is composed of

Methane gas

Carbonized particles, water, and odor

Dry combustibles

Gas vapor

A laser plume is composed of carbonized particles, water, and odor. When a laser is used, it vaporizes the material it comes into contact with, creating tiny carbonized particles. These particles, along with the vaporized water, make up the visible plume that is often seen during laser procedures. Additionally, the laser plume can also contain odor, which is a result of the materials being vaporized.

Explanation

A laser plume is composed of carbonized particles, water, and odor. When a laser is used, it vaporizes the material it comes into contact with, creating tiny carbonized particles. These particles, along with the vaporized water, make up the visible plume that is often seen during laser procedures. Additionally, the laser plume can also contain odor, which is a result of the materials being vaporized.

23. Which procedure would not require a pressure dressing?

Plastic surgery

Knee surgery

Radical mastectomy

Hysterectomy

A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus, and it typically does not require a pressure dressing. Unlike plastic surgery, knee surgery, and radical mastectomy, which involve incisions on the skin that may require pressure dressings to control bleeding and promote wound healing, a hysterectomy is usually performed through the vaginal canal or with small incisions in the abdomen that do not require extensive dressing. Therefore, a hysterectomy is the procedure that would not require a pressure dressing.

Explanation

A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus, and it typically does not require a pressure dressing. Unlike plastic surgery, knee surgery, and radical mastectomy, which involve incisions on the skin that may require pressure dressings to control bleeding and promote wound healing, a hysterectomy is usually performed through the vaginal canal or with small incisions in the abdomen that do not require extensive dressing. Therefore, a hysterectomy is the procedure that would not require a pressure dressing.

24. Patties are

Used dry

Moistened with saline

Moistened with water

Moistened with silver nitrate solution

The correct answer is "moistened with saline" because saline solution is commonly used to moisten patties during medical procedures. Saline is a sterile solution of salt in water, and it is used to keep the patties moist and prevent them from drying out. Using water alone may not provide the same level of moisture, and moistening with silver nitrate solution is not a common practice for this purpose.

Explanation

The correct answer is "moistened with saline" because saline solution is commonly used to moisten patties during medical procedures. Saline is a sterile solution of salt in water, and it is used to keep the patties moist and prevent them from drying out. Using water alone may not provide the same level of moisture, and moistening with silver nitrate solution is not a common practice for this purpose.

25. A stab wound is a separate small incision

Close to operative site

Medial to operative site

Always above operative site

Superior to operative site

The correct answer is "close to operative site" because a stab wound refers to a small incision that is made near the operative site. This implies that the wound is in proximity to the area where the operation or surgical procedure took place.

Explanation

The correct answer is "close to operative site" because a stab wound refers to a small incision that is made near the operative site. This implies that the wound is in proximity to the area where the operation or surgical procedure took place.

26. Loupes are used for

Tissue retraction

Magnification

Hemostasis

Patient transfer

Loupes are optical devices that provide magnification, allowing the user to see small details more clearly. They are commonly used in medical and dental fields to enhance visualization during procedures. Loupes help professionals to accurately identify and work on tiny structures, such as blood vessels or nerves, improving precision and reducing the risk of errors. Therefore, magnification is the correct answer as it accurately describes one of the main uses of loupes.

Explanation

Loupes are optical devices that provide magnification, allowing the user to see small details more clearly. They are commonly used in medical and dental fields to enhance visualization during procedures. Loupes help professionals to accurately identify and work on tiny structures, such as blood vessels or nerves, improving precision and reducing the risk of errors. Therefore, magnification is the correct answer as it accurately describes one of the main uses of loupes.

27. The OR bed may have a metal crossbar between the two upper sections which may be raised to elevate the

Kidney

Breast

Gallbladder

A and C

The OR bed may have a metal crossbar between the two upper sections which may be raised to elevate the kidney and gallbladder. This means that option A and option C are both correct. The metal crossbar can be adjusted to provide support and elevation for these organs during surgical procedures.

Explanation

The OR bed may have a metal crossbar between the two upper sections which may be raised to elevate the kidney and gallbladder. This means that option A and option C are both correct. The metal crossbar can be adjusted to provide support and elevation for these organs during surgical procedures.

28. Which item is also known as an "airplane support"?

Shoulder braces

Arch bar

Cranial headrest

Double arm board

A double arm board is also known as an "airplane support" because it is a device used to support the patient's arms during surgery or medical procedures. The board is designed to keep the patient's arms in a specific position, similar to the armrests on an airplane seat, providing support and stability throughout the procedure.

Explanation

A double arm board is also known as an "airplane support" because it is a device used to support the patient's arms during surgery or medical procedures. The board is designed to keep the patient's arms in a specific position, similar to the armrests on an airplane seat, providing support and stability throughout the procedure.

29. The following statements regarding counts are true EXCEPT

The relief scrub or circulator does not need to repeat count if only one of them is relieved

All counts are varified before person being relieved leaves room

Perons taking final count are held accountable

Persons taking final count must sign the count record

The relief scrub or circulator does not need to repeat the count if only one of them is relieved. This means that if either the relief scrub or the circulator is relieved, they do not have to repeat the count. This statement is not true because it is important for both the relief scrub and the circulator to repeat the count to ensure accuracy and prevent any potential errors or discrepancies.

Explanation

The relief scrub or circulator does not need to repeat the count if only one of them is relieved. This means that if either the relief scrub or the circulator is relieved, they do not have to repeat the count. This statement is not true because it is important for both the relief scrub and the circulator to repeat the count to ensure accuracy and prevent any potential errors or discrepancies.

30. A continuously variable magnification system is afforded to the eye surgeon by the

Broadview viewing lens

Microadapter

Zoom lens with foot control

Couplings

The zoom lens with foot control provides a continuously variable magnification system to the eye surgeon. This means that the surgeon can adjust the level of magnification according to their specific needs and preferences, allowing for precise and accurate viewing during surgical procedures. The foot control feature enables hands-free operation, allowing the surgeon to focus solely on the surgical task at hand. This combination of zoom lens and foot control offers convenience, flexibility, and enhanced visualization for the eye surgeon.

Explanation

The zoom lens with foot control provides a continuously variable magnification system to the eye surgeon. This means that the surgeon can adjust the level of magnification according to their specific needs and preferences, allowing for precise and accurate viewing during surgical procedures. The foot control feature enables hands-free operation, allowing the surgeon to focus solely on the surgical task at hand. This combination of zoom lens and foot control offers convenience, flexibility, and enhanced visualization for the eye surgeon.

31. An image intensifier

Is an x-ray machine

Is a microscope

Converts the x-ray beam into a flurorscopic optical image

Converts an x-ray image into film

An image intensifier is a device that converts the x-ray beam into a fluoroscopic optical image. This means that it takes the incoming x-ray radiation and amplifies it, producing a brighter and more detailed image that can be viewed in real-time. The fluoroscopic optical image allows the user to visualize the internal structures of the body and diagnose any potential abnormalities or injuries. This technology is commonly used in medical imaging, such as in fluoroscopy procedures or during surgeries, to guide the placement of instruments or monitor the progress of a treatment.

Explanation

An image intensifier is a device that converts the x-ray beam into a fluoroscopic optical image. This means that it takes the incoming x-ray radiation and amplifies it, producing a brighter and more detailed image that can be viewed in real-time. The fluoroscopic optical image allows the user to visualize the internal structures of the body and diagnose any potential abnormalities or injuries. This technology is commonly used in medical imaging, such as in fluoroscopy procedures or during surgeries, to guide the placement of instruments or monitor the progress of a treatment.

32. The following statements regarding lasers are true EXCEPT

Laser unit is protected from bumping against walls during movement

Flammable materials should not be used near laser impact site

Water or other solutions should not be placed on laser unit

Laser unit is in "on" position during entire case

The given answer states that the laser unit is in the "on" position during the entire case. This is incorrect because it is important to turn off the laser unit when it is not in use to prevent accidents or unwanted exposure to laser radiation.

Explanation

The given answer states that the laser unit is in the "on" position during the entire case. This is incorrect because it is important to turn off the laser unit when it is not in use to prevent accidents or unwanted exposure to laser radiation.

33. The three lumens of a Foley are used for inflation, drainage, and

Prevention of urine reflux

Access for sterile urine specimens

Continuous irrigation

Additional hemostasis

The three lumens of a Foley catheter are used for various purposes. One of these purposes is continuous irrigation, which involves the continuous flow of fluid into the bladder through one of the lumens. This is commonly done to flush out the bladder and prevent the formation of blood clots or blockages. Continuous irrigation can also be used to administer medication or to help remove debris or sediment from the bladder.

Explanation

The three lumens of a Foley catheter are used for various purposes. One of these purposes is continuous irrigation, which involves the continuous flow of fluid into the bladder through one of the lumens. This is commonly done to flush out the bladder and prevent the formation of blood clots or blockages. Continuous irrigation can also be used to administer medication or to help remove debris or sediment from the bladder.

34. An item used for padding that has smooth and clingy layers is called

Webril

Stockinette

Telfa

Gypsum

Webril is the correct answer because it is a type of padding material that is known for its smooth and clingy layers. It is commonly used in medical and healthcare settings for wound care and padding underneath splints or casts. Webril is made of 100% cotton fibers and is highly absorbent, making it suitable for various applications.

Explanation

Webril is the correct answer because it is a type of padding material that is known for its smooth and clingy layers. It is commonly used in medical and healthcare settings for wound care and padding underneath splints or casts. Webril is made of 100% cotton fibers and is highly absorbent, making it suitable for various applications.

35. Long-term or temporary ureteral drainage can be accomplished with a

Braasch bulb

Blassuchi

Stent

Garceau

A stent is a medical device that is used for long-term or temporary ureteral drainage. It is inserted into the ureter to keep it open and allow urine to flow freely from the kidney to the bladder. Stents are commonly used in cases of ureteral obstruction or after surgical procedures to ensure proper drainage and prevent complications. They are made of biocompatible materials and can be easily inserted and removed by a healthcare professional. Stents provide an effective and minimally invasive solution for managing ureteral drainage.

Explanation

A stent is a medical device that is used for long-term or temporary ureteral drainage. It is inserted into the ureter to keep it open and allow urine to flow freely from the kidney to the bladder. Stents are commonly used in cases of ureteral obstruction or after surgical procedures to ensure proper drainage and prevent complications. They are made of biocompatible materials and can be easily inserted and removed by a healthcare professional. Stents provide an effective and minimally invasive solution for managing ureteral drainage.

36. TPN

Maintains patient's nutrition

Provides withdrawal site for blood samples

Provides access route for chemo installation

Records vital signs

TPN stands for Total Parenteral Nutrition, which is a method of providing nutrients to patients who are unable to eat or digest food normally. It involves delivering a balanced mixture of nutrients directly into the bloodstream through a vein. This method is used when the digestive system is not functioning properly or when the patient is unable to consume food orally. TPN helps maintain the patient's nutrition by providing all the necessary nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, directly into their bloodstream.

Explanation

TPN stands for Total Parenteral Nutrition, which is a method of providing nutrients to patients who are unable to eat or digest food normally. It involves delivering a balanced mixture of nutrients directly into the bloodstream through a vein. This method is used when the digestive system is not functioning properly or when the patient is unable to consume food orally. TPN helps maintain the patient's nutrition by providing all the necessary nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, directly into their bloodstream.

37. The initial count requires

A count of both plain and radiopaque sponges

That counts be done in the right-hand corner on the back table

That the count be done aloud by circulator and scrub

The scrub to count each item and report to the circulator for recording

The correct answer is that the count be done aloud by the circulator and scrub. This means that during the counting process, both the circulator and scrub personnel should verbally communicate the count to ensure accuracy. This method allows for double-checking and reduces the risk of miscounting or missing any sponges.

Explanation

The correct answer is that the count be done aloud by the circulator and scrub. This means that during the counting process, both the circulator and scrub personnel should verbally communicate the count to ensure accuracy. This method allows for double-checking and reduces the risk of miscounting or missing any sponges.

38. The following statements regarding counting sponges are true EXCEPT

Sponges are counted at folded edge

Shake pack to separate sponges

Separate each sponge and number aloud while placing it in a pile on table

An incorrect number of sponges in a pack should be compensated for on count sheet with a notation

When counting sponges, it is important to compensate for any incorrect number of sponges in a pack with a notation on the count sheet. This ensures that the count is accurate and any discrepancies can be accounted for. Therefore, the given statement is true and not an exception.

Explanation

When counting sponges, it is important to compensate for any incorrect number of sponges in a pack with a notation on the count sheet. This ensures that the count is accurate and any discrepancies can be accounted for. Therefore, the given statement is true and not an exception.

39. The binocular microscope provieds stereoscopic vision. This refers to

The view afforded double eyepieces

The color projected on the field

The magnification capability

The illumination process

The correct answer is the view afforded double eyepieces. The binocular microscope provides stereoscopic vision because it has two eyepieces, allowing each eye to view the specimen from a slightly different angle. This creates a three-dimensional image and enhances depth perception, making it easier to observe and study the specimen.

Explanation

The correct answer is the view afforded double eyepieces. The binocular microscope provides stereoscopic vision because it has two eyepieces, allowing each eye to view the specimen from a slightly different angle. This creates a three-dimensional image and enhances depth perception, making it easier to observe and study the specimen.

40. In a surgical procedure employing the use of the laser, prep solution on the patient's skin should be pat-dried because

Pooled fluids can retain laser heat and subsequently burn tissue

Instrumentation cannot be exposed to prep solutions

Vapors can cause damage to the laser beam impact point

Laser retardant draping material must be placed on a thoroughly dry surface

Prep solution on the patient's skin should be pat-dried because pooled fluids can retain laser heat and subsequently burn tissue. When the laser is used during a surgical procedure, it generates heat that can be absorbed by any fluids present on the patient's skin. If the prep solution is not dried properly, the pooled fluids can act as a conductor and retain the heat from the laser, leading to burns on the patient's skin. Therefore, it is important to pat-dry the prep solution to prevent this potential harm.

Explanation

Prep solution on the patient's skin should be pat-dried because pooled fluids can retain laser heat and subsequently burn tissue. When the laser is used during a surgical procedure, it generates heat that can be absorbed by any fluids present on the patient's skin. If the prep solution is not dried properly, the pooled fluids can act as a conductor and retain the heat from the laser, leading to burns on the patient's skin. Therefore, it is important to pat-dry the prep solution to prevent this potential harm.

41. All of the following statements are true of ureteral catheters EXCEPT that they

Are made of flexible woven nylon or plastic

Range in caliber from size 3 to 14 French

Have graduated markings in centimeters

Provide direct visualization of the bladder

Ureteral catheters are used to drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder. They are made of flexible woven nylon or plastic and come in various sizes, ranging from 3 to 14 French. They also have graduated markings in centimeters to measure the depth of insertion. However, ureteral catheters do not provide direct visualization of the bladder. This means that they cannot be used to directly see the inside of the bladder during the catheterization process.

Explanation

Ureteral catheters are used to drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder. They are made of flexible woven nylon or plastic and come in various sizes, ranging from 3 to 14 French. They also have graduated markings in centimeters to measure the depth of insertion. However, ureteral catheters do not provide direct visualization of the bladder. This means that they cannot be used to directly see the inside of the bladder during the catheterization process.

42. The range of focal lengths of the objective lenses in the operating microscope is

0-100 mm

100-200 mm

100-400 mm

2-25 mm

The range of focal lengths of the objective lenses in the operating microscope is 100-400 mm. This means that the microscope is capable of focusing on objects that are located at distances between 100 mm and 400 mm from the lens. This range allows for flexibility in magnification and focusing capabilities, making it suitable for a variety of medical procedures and examinations.

Explanation

The range of focal lengths of the objective lenses in the operating microscope is 100-400 mm. This means that the microscope is capable of focusing on objects that are located at distances between 100 mm and 400 mm from the lens. This range allows for flexibility in magnification and focusing capabilities, making it suitable for a variety of medical procedures and examinations.

43. When utilizing the laser, occupational exposure to surgical smoke via the skin, eye, and mucous membranes is best minimized by the use of

Charcoal filters

Copper shield

Universal precautions

Standard suction

Universal precautions are a set of infection control practices that are used to prevent the transmission of diseases in healthcare settings. These precautions include wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, masks, and gowns, as well as practicing proper hand hygiene. By following universal precautions, healthcare workers can minimize their exposure to surgical smoke, which may contain harmful substances, and protect themselves and their patients from potential health risks.

Explanation

Universal precautions are a set of infection control practices that are used to prevent the transmission of diseases in healthcare settings. These precautions include wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, masks, and gowns, as well as practicing proper hand hygiene. By following universal precautions, healthcare workers can minimize their exposure to surgical smoke, which may contain harmful substances, and protect themselves and their patients from potential health risks.

44. Rectal packing is made of

Petroleum-treated gauze

Heparin-treated gauze

Antibiiotic-treated gauze

Telfa-treated gauze

Rectal packing is used to control bleeding and promote healing in the rectal area. Petroleum-treated gauze is commonly used for rectal packing because petroleum jelly helps to lubricate the area, reduce friction, and prevent the gauze from sticking to the rectal tissues. This allows for easier removal of the packing without causing further injury or discomfort to the patient. Additionally, petroleum jelly has some antimicrobial properties that can help prevent infection in the rectal area. Therefore, petroleum-treated gauze is the most suitable option for rectal packing.

Explanation

Rectal packing is used to control bleeding and promote healing in the rectal area. Petroleum-treated gauze is commonly used for rectal packing because petroleum jelly helps to lubricate the area, reduce friction, and prevent the gauze from sticking to the rectal tissues. This allows for easier removal of the packing without causing further injury or discomfort to the patient. Additionally, petroleum jelly has some antimicrobial properties that can help prevent infection in the rectal area. Therefore, petroleum-treated gauze is the most suitable option for rectal packing.

45. If a sponge pack contains an incorrect number of sponges, the circulating nurse should

Isolate the pack, do not use it

Document it on the count record

Use if after adding or subtracting the correct number

Return it to the oringinal outer package and set in aside

If a sponge pack contains an incorrect number of sponges, the circulating nurse should isolate the pack and not use it. This is important to ensure patient safety as using an incorrect number of sponges can lead to complications during surgery. Additionally, documenting it on the count record will help in maintaining accurate records and identifying any potential issues. Using the pack after adding or subtracting the correct number is not advisable as it may still lead to errors. Returning it to the original outer package and setting it aside is not recommended as it may cause confusion and potential mix-ups with other packs.

Explanation

If a sponge pack contains an incorrect number of sponges, the circulating nurse should isolate the pack and not use it. This is important to ensure patient safety as using an incorrect number of sponges can lead to complications during surgery. Additionally, documenting it on the count record will help in maintaining accurate records and identifying any potential issues. Using the pack after adding or subtracting the correct number is not advisable as it may still lead to errors. Returning it to the original outer package and setting it aside is not recommended as it may cause confusion and potential mix-ups with other packs.

46. The colpomicroscope affores a view of the

Fallopian tube

Intraperitoneal strutures

Cervix

Uterine endometrium

The colpomicroscope is a medical instrument used for examining the cervix. It provides a magnified view of the cervix, allowing healthcare professionals to detect any abnormalities or changes in the tissue. This is important for screening and diagnosing conditions such as cervical cancer or infections. The colpomicroscope does not provide a view of the fallopian tube, intraperitoneal structures, or the uterine endometrium, making the correct answer "cervix".

Explanation

The colpomicroscope is a medical instrument used for examining the cervix. It provides a magnified view of the cervix, allowing healthcare professionals to detect any abnormalities or changes in the tissue. This is important for screening and diagnosing conditions such as cervical cancer or infections. The colpomicroscope does not provide a view of the fallopian tube, intraperitoneal structures, or the uterine endometrium, making the correct answer "cervix".

47. A dissecting sponge made of gauze that is used to dissect or absorb fluid is called a

Patty

Tonsil

Cottonoid

Peanut

A dissecting sponge made of gauze that is used to dissect or absorb fluid is called a peanut. This term is commonly used in medical settings to refer to a small, absorbent sponge that is shaped like a peanut. It is used during surgical procedures to absorb blood and other fluids, as well as to provide a clean and dry environment for the surgeon to work in. The name "peanut" likely comes from the shape and size of the sponge, which resembles a small peanut.

Explanation

A dissecting sponge made of gauze that is used to dissect or absorb fluid is called a peanut. This term is commonly used in medical settings to refer to a small, absorbent sponge that is shaped like a peanut. It is used during surgical procedures to absorb blood and other fluids, as well as to provide a clean and dry environment for the surgeon to work in. The name "peanut" likely comes from the shape and size of the sponge, which resembles a small peanut.

48. The tube that collects bronchial washings is

Broyles

Lukens

Ellik

Toomey

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

49. All of the following are true of disposable chest drainage units EXCEPT

Provides drainage collection from intrapleural space

Maintains a seal to prevent air from entering the pleural cavity

Provides suction control determined by water-level

Aids in re-establishing positive pressure in the intrapleural space

Disposable chest drainage units are used to drain fluid or air from the intrapleural space, maintain a seal to prevent air from entering the pleural cavity, and provide suction control determined by water-level. However, they do not aid in re-establishing positive pressure in the intrapleural space. The purpose of a chest drainage unit is to remove excess fluid or air, not to increase pressure.

Explanation

Disposable chest drainage units are used to drain fluid or air from the intrapleural space, maintain a seal to prevent air from entering the pleural cavity, and provide suction control determined by water-level. However, they do not aid in re-establishing positive pressure in the intrapleural space. The purpose of a chest drainage unit is to remove excess fluid or air, not to increase pressure.

50. The purpose of the beam splitter in an operating microscope is to

Coincide the assistant's field of view with the surgeon's

Increase light intensity

Decrease vibration

Narrow the beam of light

The purpose of the beam splitter in an operating microscope is to coincide the assistant's field of view with the surgeon's. This allows the assistant to see exactly what the surgeon is seeing, which is important for effective communication and coordination during surgery. It helps in providing real-time assistance and ensures that both the surgeon and assistant have a clear view of the surgical site.

Explanation

The purpose of the beam splitter in an operating microscope is to coincide the assistant's field of view with the surgeon's. This allows the assistant to see exactly what the surgeon is seeing, which is important for effective communication and coordination during surgery. It helps in providing real-time assistance and ensures that both the surgeon and assistant have a clear view of the surgical site.

51. A catheter commonly used in a gastrostomy is a

Mushroom

Rehfus

Cantor

Sengstaken-Blakemore

The correct answer is "mushroom" because a mushroom catheter is a type of catheter commonly used in gastrostomy procedures. It is designed with a mushroom-shaped tip that helps to secure the catheter in place and prevent it from dislodging. This type of catheter is often used to provide long-term enteral feeding for patients who are unable to consume food orally.

Explanation

The correct answer is "mushroom" because a mushroom catheter is a type of catheter commonly used in gastrostomy procedures. It is designed with a mushroom-shaped tip that helps to secure the catheter in place and prevent it from dislodging. This type of catheter is often used to provide long-term enteral feeding for patients who are unable to consume food orally.

52. Which of the following statements concerning sponges are true EXCEPT

Only radiopaque sponges should be used on the sterile field

Sponges should be counted from the folded edge

A pack containing an incorrect number of sponges is discarded

A count is unnecessary in a vaginal procedure

The statement "a count is unnecessary in a vaginal procedure" is not true. In any surgical procedure, including vaginal procedures, it is necessary to perform a count of all the surgical instruments, sponges, and other materials used. This is done to ensure that nothing is left inside the patient's body, which could lead to complications such as infection or injury. Therefore, the correct answer is that all the other statements are true except for the one about a count being unnecessary in a vaginal procedure.

Explanation

The statement "a count is unnecessary in a vaginal procedure" is not true. In any surgical procedure, including vaginal procedures, it is necessary to perform a count of all the surgical instruments, sponges, and other materials used. This is done to ensure that nothing is left inside the patient's body, which could lead to complications such as infection or injury. Therefore, the correct answer is that all the other statements are true except for the one about a count being unnecessary in a vaginal procedure.

53. The smallest diameter on a French scale is a

3

5

7

9

The smallest diameter on a French scale is 3. This is because the French scale is a unit of measurement used for medical tubing. The scale is based on the diameter of the tubing, with smaller numbers indicating a smaller diameter. Therefore, a French scale of 3 would have the smallest diameter among the given options.

Explanation

The smallest diameter on a French scale is 3. This is because the French scale is a unit of measurement used for medical tubing. The scale is based on the diameter of the tubing, with smaller numbers indicating a smaller diameter. Therefore, a French scale of 3 would have the smallest diameter among the given options.

54. Which factor is not accomplished by chest drainage?

Drains fluid and air from pleural cavity

Provides water seal for gravity drainage

Suction controlled by level of water

Positive pressure re-establishment

Chest drainage accomplishes several factors, including draining fluid and air from the pleural cavity, providing a water seal for gravity drainage, and controlling suction through the level of water. However, it does not accomplish positive pressure re-establishment. Positive pressure re-establishment refers to the restoration of normal positive pressure within the pleural cavity, which is not a function of chest drainage.

Explanation

Chest drainage accomplishes several factors, including draining fluid and air from the pleural cavity, providing a water seal for gravity drainage, and controlling suction through the level of water. However, it does not accomplish positive pressure re-establishment. Positive pressure re-establishment refers to the restoration of normal positive pressure within the pleural cavity, which is not a function of chest drainage.

55. During the sponge count procedures, which action would constitute an UNACCEPTABLE technique?

Soiled sponges are separated, stacked, and counted in multiples

Soiled sponges used for prep remain in kick bucket and are not part of count

Sponges are not added or removed from operative field during count

Sponges are counted before being moistened or used

This action would constitute an unacceptable technique because all sponges, including soiled ones used for prep, should be included in the count. Leaving soiled sponges in the kick bucket and not counting them increases the risk of leaving them inside the patient during the procedure, leading to potential complications. It is important to accurately account for all sponges used in the operative field to ensure patient safety.

Explanation

This action would constitute an unacceptable technique because all sponges, including soiled ones used for prep, should be included in the count. Leaving soiled sponges in the kick bucket and not counting them increases the risk of leaving them inside the patient during the procedure, leading to potential complications. It is important to accurately account for all sponges used in the operative field to ensure patient safety.

56. The endoscope that provides a view of the middle of the thorax, between the two pleural sacs is

Bronchoscope

Laryngoscope

Thoracoscope

Mediastinoscope

A mediastinoscope is an endoscope that is specifically designed to provide a view of the middle of the thorax, between the two pleural sacs. It is used for diagnostic purposes, particularly in evaluating lymph nodes and other structures in the mediastinum. A bronchoscope is used to examine the airways in the lungs, a laryngoscope is used to examine the larynx, and a thoracoscope is used to examine the inside of the chest cavity. Therefore, the correct answer in this case is mediastinoscope.

Explanation

A mediastinoscope is an endoscope that is specifically designed to provide a view of the middle of the thorax, between the two pleural sacs. It is used for diagnostic purposes, particularly in evaluating lymph nodes and other structures in the mediastinum. A bronchoscope is used to examine the airways in the lungs, a laryngoscope is used to examine the larynx, and a thoracoscope is used to examine the inside of the chest cavity. Therefore, the correct answer in this case is mediastinoscope.

57. People who are near the CO2 laser impact area can guard against cormeal injuries by

Wearing amber-tinted lenses

Wearing clear glass or plastic glasses with side guards

Wearing green-tinted lenses

Looking away from the energy source

Wearing clear glass or plastic glasses with side guards can help guard against cormeal injuries caused by the CO2 laser impact. These glasses provide a protective barrier for the eyes, shielding them from direct exposure to the laser energy. The side guards further enhance the protection by preventing any stray laser beams from entering the eyes from the sides. This ensures that the eyes are adequately protected and reduces the risk of cormeal injuries. Amber-tinted lenses or green-tinted lenses may not provide the same level of protection as clear glass or plastic glasses with side guards.

Explanation

Wearing clear glass or plastic glasses with side guards can help guard against cormeal injuries caused by the CO2 laser impact. These glasses provide a protective barrier for the eyes, shielding them from direct exposure to the laser energy. The side guards further enhance the protection by preventing any stray laser beams from entering the eyes from the sides. This ensures that the eyes are adequately protected and reduces the risk of cormeal injuries. Amber-tinted lenses or green-tinted lenses may not provide the same level of protection as clear glass or plastic glasses with side guards.

58. An elastic adhesive bandage is

Flexible collodion

Ace bandage

Elastoplast

Scultetus binder

Elastoplast is the correct answer because it is an elastic adhesive bandage. Elastoplast is a brand that produces adhesive bandages made of elastic material, allowing them to stretch and conform to the body's shape. These bandages are commonly used for support and compression in sports injuries or to secure dressings in place. The other options listed, such as flexible collodion, Ace bandage, and Scultetus binder, do not specifically refer to elastic adhesive bandages.

Explanation

Elastoplast is the correct answer because it is an elastic adhesive bandage. Elastoplast is a brand that produces adhesive bandages made of elastic material, allowing them to stretch and conform to the body's shape. These bandages are commonly used for support and compression in sports injuries or to secure dressings in place. The other options listed, such as flexible collodion, Ace bandage, and Scultetus binder, do not specifically refer to elastic adhesive bandages.

59. A protective skin coating is accomplished with

Tincture of benzoin

Merthiolate

Iodoform

Lugol's solution

Tincture of benzoin is used for a protective skin coating because it has antiseptic properties and forms a thin, protective film on the skin. This film helps to protect the skin from irritants, moisture, and friction, promoting healing and preventing infection. Additionally, tincture of benzoin can also help to improve the adherence of dressings or bandages to the skin, providing further protection and support.

Explanation

Tincture of benzoin is used for a protective skin coating because it has antiseptic properties and forms a thin, protective film on the skin. This film helps to protect the skin from irritants, moisture, and friction, promoting healing and preventing infection. Additionally, tincture of benzoin can also help to improve the adherence of dressings or bandages to the skin, providing further protection and support.

60. Which procedure is inappropriate when caring for optic lenses?

Blood, water, and irrigating solutions are removed with cotton tipped applicators and distilled water

Lens is always cleaned in a circular motion, beginning at the center

Oil or fingerprints are removed by soaking in solvent for 10 minutes adn drying with a cotton ball

Lint or dust are removed with a lens brush or rubber bulb syringe

The procedure of soaking the lens in solvent for 10 minutes and drying it with a cotton ball is inappropriate when caring for optic lenses. Solvents can damage the lens material and cause discoloration or cloudiness. It is best to avoid using solvents on optic lenses and instead use a gentle cleaning solution specifically designed for lens cleaning.

Explanation

The procedure of soaking the lens in solvent for 10 minutes and drying it with a cotton ball is inappropriate when caring for optic lenses. Solvents can damage the lens material and cause discoloration or cloudiness. It is best to avoid using solvents on optic lenses and instead use a gentle cleaning solution specifically designed for lens cleaning.

61. A setup that would include a 1000-cc bag of normal saline, sterile IV tubing, an IV pole, and a pressure bag is

Splenectomy

Choledochoscopy

Thyroideotomy

Ovarian cystectomy

A choledochoscopy is a procedure used to examine the common bile duct. The setup described, which includes a bag of normal saline, sterile IV tubing, an IV pole, and a pressure bag, is commonly used during choledochoscopy. The normal saline is used to flush the common bile duct, the sterile IV tubing is used to deliver the saline into the duct, the IV pole is used to hang the bag and keep it at the appropriate height, and the pressure bag is used to control the flow of saline into the duct. Therefore, the correct answer is choledochoscopy.

Explanation

A choledochoscopy is a procedure used to examine the common bile duct. The setup described, which includes a bag of normal saline, sterile IV tubing, an IV pole, and a pressure bag, is commonly used during choledochoscopy. The normal saline is used to flush the common bile duct, the sterile IV tubing is used to deliver the saline into the duct, the IV pole is used to hang the bag and keep it at the appropriate height, and the pressure bag is used to control the flow of saline into the duct. Therefore, the correct answer is choledochoscopy.

62. Care of the microscope would include all of the following EXCEPT

Damp dust external surfaces with detergent-disinfectant before use

Damp dust lenses with detergent-disinfectant before use

Enclose in an antistatic plastic cover when not in use

Clean caster before each use

The correct answer is "damp dust lenses with detergent-disinfectant before use" because using a detergent-disinfectant on lenses can damage them. Instead, lenses should be cleaned using a specialized lens cleaning solution and a lens cleaning cloth to avoid scratching or damaging the lenses.

Explanation

The correct answer is "damp dust lenses with detergent-disinfectant before use" because using a detergent-disinfectant on lenses can damage them. Instead, lenses should be cleaned using a specialized lens cleaning solution and a lens cleaning cloth to avoid scratching or damaging the lenses.

63. Ebonization refers to

Escharing of tissue from thermal or chemical burn

Coating of instruments to decrease reflectivity

Removing of a growth or harmful substance

Clumping together of cells as a result of interaction with antibodies

Ebonization refers to the process of coating instruments in order to reduce their reflectivity. This coating helps to minimize glare or reflection, which can be distracting or interfere with visibility during surgical procedures or other tasks that require precise instrument handling. By decreasing reflectivity, ebonization improves visibility and allows for better control and accuracy when using these instruments.

Explanation

Ebonization refers to the process of coating instruments in order to reduce their reflectivity. This coating helps to minimize glare or reflection, which can be distracting or interfere with visibility during surgical procedures or other tasks that require precise instrument handling. By decreasing reflectivity, ebonization improves visibility and allows for better control and accuracy when using these instruments.

64. The dressing used after nasal surgery is

Collodion

Moustache

Pressure

Telfa

The dressing used after nasal surgery is "moustache". This answer suggests that a dressing resembling a moustache is used after nasal surgery. This could refer to a dressing that covers the upper lip area and extends to the sides of the nose, providing support and protection to the surgical site.

Explanation

The dressing used after nasal surgery is "moustache". This answer suggests that a dressing resembling a moustache is used after nasal surgery. This could refer to a dressing that covers the upper lip area and extends to the sides of the nose, providing support and protection to the surgical site.

65. Which of the following can be a supplement to a subcuticular closure?

Skin tape

Swaged sutures

Stent fixation

Skin closure tapes

Skin closure tapes can be used as a supplement to a subcuticular closure. They provide additional support and help to keep the edges of the incision together, promoting proper healing. These tapes are adhesive and can be applied directly to the skin, providing a secure closure without the need for additional sutures or staples. They are often used in conjunction with subcuticular sutures to enhance the strength and stability of the closure, particularly in areas where there is tension or movement.

Explanation

Skin closure tapes can be used as a supplement to a subcuticular closure. They provide additional support and help to keep the edges of the incision together, promoting proper healing. These tapes are adhesive and can be applied directly to the skin, providing a secure closure without the need for additional sutures or staples. They are often used in conjunction with subcuticular sutures to enhance the strength and stability of the closure, particularly in areas where there is tension or movement.

66. The fire extinguisher of choice for a laser fire is a (n)

Water pressurized

CO2

Halon

Dry chemical

Halon is the fire extinguisher of choice for a laser fire because it is effective in extinguishing fires caused by lasers. Halon is a clean agent that does not leave any residue, making it suitable for use in sensitive electronic equipment like lasers. It works by chemically interrupting the combustion process, effectively suppressing the fire. Additionally, Halon is non-conductive and non-corrosive, minimizing the risk of damage to the laser equipment.

Explanation

Halon is the fire extinguisher of choice for a laser fire because it is effective in extinguishing fires caused by lasers. Halon is a clean agent that does not leave any residue, making it suitable for use in sensitive electronic equipment like lasers. It works by chemically interrupting the combustion process, effectively suppressing the fire. Additionally, Halon is non-conductive and non-corrosive, minimizing the risk of damage to the laser equipment.

67. Immobilization of the hip joints after surgery is accomplished by the use of

Traction

Abduction pillow

Cast

Compression devise

An abduction pillow is used to immobilize the hip joints after surgery. This pillow helps to keep the legs separated and prevents the hip joints from moving closer together. By maintaining this position, the abduction pillow promotes proper healing and prevents any further damage to the surgical site. It also helps to reduce pain and discomfort by providing support and stability to the hip joints. Therefore, the use of an abduction pillow is an effective method for immobilizing the hip joints after surgery.

Explanation

An abduction pillow is used to immobilize the hip joints after surgery. This pillow helps to keep the legs separated and prevents the hip joints from moving closer together. By maintaining this position, the abduction pillow promotes proper healing and prevents any further damage to the surgical site. It also helps to reduce pain and discomfort by providing support and stability to the hip joints. Therefore, the use of an abduction pillow is an effective method for immobilizing the hip joints after surgery.

68. In which position would shoulder braces be indicted?

Reverse Trendelenburg

Extreme Trendelenburg

Fowler's

Kraske

Shoulder braces would be indicated in the extreme Trendelenburg position. Extreme Trendelenburg is a position where the patient's head is lower than the rest of the body, with the feet elevated. This position is often used in certain surgical procedures, such as pelvic surgeries. Shoulder braces are used to secure the patient's shoulders and prevent them from sliding down the operating table during surgery. By using shoulder braces in the extreme Trendelenburg position, the patient's shoulders can be effectively immobilized and provide stability during the procedure.

Explanation

Shoulder braces would be indicated in the extreme Trendelenburg position. Extreme Trendelenburg is a position where the patient's head is lower than the rest of the body, with the feet elevated. This position is often used in certain surgical procedures, such as pelvic surgeries. Shoulder braces are used to secure the patient's shoulders and prevent them from sliding down the operating table during surgery. By using shoulder braces in the extreme Trendelenburg position, the patient's shoulders can be effectively immobilized and provide stability during the procedure.

69. Chest rolls (bolsters)

Secure position

Minimize pressure on abdominal organs

Facilitate respiration

Minimize pressure on bony prominences

Chest rolls, also known as bolsters, are used to facilitate respiration. They help to support the chest and elevate it slightly, allowing for easier breathing. By providing this support, chest rolls can help to open up the airways and improve lung function. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals who may have difficulty breathing, such as those with respiratory conditions or limited mobility. By facilitating respiration, chest rolls can help to improve overall comfort and well-being for the individual.

Explanation

Chest rolls, also known as bolsters, are used to facilitate respiration. They help to support the chest and elevate it slightly, allowing for easier breathing. By providing this support, chest rolls can help to open up the airways and improve lung function. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals who may have difficulty breathing, such as those with respiratory conditions or limited mobility. By facilitating respiration, chest rolls can help to improve overall comfort and well-being for the individual.

70. Each of the following are measures used to control the effects of the laser plume EXCEPT

Smoke evacuators

Suctions

High filtration masks

Moistened drapes

Moistened drapes are not measures used to control the effects of the laser plume. Smoke evacuators, suctions, and high filtration masks are all commonly used to control the laser plume by removing or filtering the smoke and particles generated during laser procedures. Moistened drapes, on the other hand, are typically used to create a sterile field or to prevent contamination during surgery, but they do not directly control the effects of the laser plume.

Explanation

Moistened drapes are not measures used to control the effects of the laser plume. Smoke evacuators, suctions, and high filtration masks are all commonly used to control the laser plume by removing or filtering the smoke and particles generated during laser procedures. Moistened drapes, on the other hand, are typically used to create a sterile field or to prevent contamination during surgery, but they do not directly control the effects of the laser plume.

71. The procedure employing the use of a self-retaining laryngoscope and microscope is called a ____________.

Indirect laryngoscopy

Direct laryngoscopy

Suspension microlaryngoscopy

Laser microlaryngoscopy

Suspension microlaryngoscopy is the correct answer because it refers to a procedure that involves the use of a self-retaining laryngoscope and microscope. This procedure allows for a detailed examination and treatment of the larynx, and it is typically performed under general anesthesia. The use of a self-retaining laryngoscope helps to keep the larynx in an optimal position, while the microscope provides enhanced visualization during the procedure.

Explanation

Suspension microlaryngoscopy is the correct answer because it refers to a procedure that involves the use of a self-retaining laryngoscope and microscope. This procedure allows for a detailed examination and treatment of the larynx, and it is typically performed under general anesthesia. The use of a self-retaining laryngoscope helps to keep the larynx in an optimal position, while the microscope provides enhanced visualization during the procedure.

72. Which laser emission is primarily absorbed in tissue by hemoglobin or melanin?

CO2

Argon

Nd-YAG

Helium-neon

Argon laser emission is primarily absorbed in tissue by hemoglobin or melanin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, and melanin is a pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color. The absorption of argon laser light by these substances allows for targeted treatment of blood vessels or pigmented lesions in medical procedures such as laser surgery or dermatology. CO2, Nd-YAG, and helium-neon lasers have different wavelengths and are not primarily absorbed by hemoglobin or melanin.

Explanation

Argon laser emission is primarily absorbed in tissue by hemoglobin or melanin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, and melanin is a pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color. The absorption of argon laser light by these substances allows for targeted treatment of blood vessels or pigmented lesions in medical procedures such as laser surgery or dermatology. CO2, Nd-YAG, and helium-neon lasers have different wavelengths and are not primarily absorbed by hemoglobin or melanin.

73. Seamless tubular cotton that stretches to fit a contour and is used for padding is called a (n)

Ace bandage

Webril

Sheet wadding

Stockinette

Stockinette is a type of seamless tubular cotton fabric that can stretch to fit the contours of the body. It is commonly used for padding in medical applications, such as wrapping wounds or providing support for injured areas. This fabric is soft, breathable, and comfortable to wear, making it an ideal choice for medical purposes. Webril, on the other hand, is a non-woven cotton fabric that is often used for padding and protection, but it does not have the same stretch and contouring capabilities as stockinette. Ace bandage and sheet wadding are not specifically designed for padding and contouring purposes like stockinette.

Explanation

Stockinette is a type of seamless tubular cotton fabric that can stretch to fit the contours of the body. It is commonly used for padding in medical applications, such as wrapping wounds or providing support for injured areas. This fabric is soft, breathable, and comfortable to wear, making it an ideal choice for medical purposes. Webril, on the other hand, is a non-woven cotton fabric that is often used for padding and protection, but it does not have the same stretch and contouring capabilities as stockinette. Ace bandage and sheet wadding are not specifically designed for padding and contouring purposes like stockinette.

74. What type of catheter would facilitate the removal of small gallstones?

T-tube

Robinson

Fogarty

Rehfus

A Fogarty catheter would facilitate the removal of small gallstones. The Fogarty catheter is a specialized balloon catheter that can be inserted into the bile duct to capture and remove small stones. The balloon at the tip of the catheter can be inflated to create a seal, allowing the stones to be safely extracted from the duct. This type of catheter is commonly used in minimally invasive procedures for stone removal, providing a safe and effective method for treating gallstones.

Explanation

A Fogarty catheter would facilitate the removal of small gallstones. The Fogarty catheter is a specialized balloon catheter that can be inserted into the bile duct to capture and remove small stones. The balloon at the tip of the catheter can be inflated to create a seal, allowing the stones to be safely extracted from the duct. This type of catheter is commonly used in minimally invasive procedures for stone removal, providing a safe and effective method for treating gallstones.

75. The use of each of the following items are measures employed to reduce laser-induced injuries EXCEPT

Ebonized instruments

Anodized instruments

Plastic vaginal and rectal speculums

Reflective drapes

The use of ebonized instruments, anodized instruments, and reflective drapes are all measures employed to reduce laser-induced injuries. Ebonized instruments are made of wood and are non-reflective, reducing the risk of laser reflection. Anodized instruments have a protective coating that makes them less reflective. Reflective drapes are used to shield the surrounding area from laser beams. However, plastic vaginal and rectal speculums are not specifically designed to reduce laser-induced injuries.

Explanation

The use of ebonized instruments, anodized instruments, and reflective drapes are all measures employed to reduce laser-induced injuries. Ebonized instruments are made of wood and are non-reflective, reducing the risk of laser reflection. Anodized instruments have a protective coating that makes them less reflective. Reflective drapes are used to shield the surrounding area from laser beams. However, plastic vaginal and rectal speculums are not specifically designed to reduce laser-induced injuries.

76. Placement of a Levin tube would be in the

Ear

Large intestine

Stomach

Bladder

The placement of a Levin tube would be in the stomach. A Levin tube is a type of nasogastric tube that is inserted through the nose and down into the stomach. It is commonly used for various medical purposes such as feeding, administering medications, or removing gastric contents. The tube is specifically designed to be placed in the stomach, allowing for direct access to the organ and facilitating the desired medical interventions.

Explanation

The placement of a Levin tube would be in the stomach. A Levin tube is a type of nasogastric tube that is inserted through the nose and down into the stomach. It is commonly used for various medical purposes such as feeding, administering medications, or removing gastric contents. The tube is specifically designed to be placed in the stomach, allowing for direct access to the organ and facilitating the desired medical interventions.

77. A sponge that is cotton-filled gauze with a cotton thread attached is a

Patty

Tonsil

Kitner

Peanut

A sponge that is cotton-filled gauze with a cotton thread attached is commonly used in tonsil surgeries. The cotton-filled gauze helps absorb blood and other fluids during the procedure, while the cotton thread allows for easy removal of the sponge after the surgery. Therefore, the correct answer is tonsil.

Explanation

A sponge that is cotton-filled gauze with a cotton thread attached is commonly used in tonsil surgeries. The cotton-filled gauze helps absorb blood and other fluids during the procedure, while the cotton thread allows for easy removal of the sponge after the surgery. Therefore, the correct answer is tonsil.

78. Which of the following is NOT a type of ureteral catheter tip?

Whistle

Olive

Braasch bulb

Pezzar

The Pezzar catheter is actually a type of ureteral catheter tip, so it is not the correct answer. The other options listed, including whistle, olive, and Braasch bulb, are all types of ureteral catheter tips.

Explanation

The Pezzar catheter is actually a type of ureteral catheter tip, so it is not the correct answer. The other options listed, including whistle, olive, and Braasch bulb, are all types of ureteral catheter tips.

79. A central venous catheter is usually inserted into the

Brachial vein

Caphalic vein

Femoral vein

External jugular vein

A central venous catheter is usually inserted into the external jugular vein. This vein is located in the neck and provides a direct route to the superior vena cava, which is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart. Inserting the catheter into the external jugular vein allows for easy access to the central circulation and facilitates the administration of medications, fluids, and blood products. Additionally, this vein is relatively superficial and easily visible, making it a preferred site for central venous catheter insertion.

Explanation

A central venous catheter is usually inserted into the external jugular vein. This vein is located in the neck and provides a direct route to the superior vena cava, which is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart. Inserting the catheter into the external jugular vein allows for easy access to the central circulation and facilitates the administration of medications, fluids, and blood products. Additionally, this vein is relatively superficial and easily visible, making it a preferred site for central venous catheter insertion.

80. Extracorporeal circulation refers to circulation

Of blood outside of the body

Through the muscular tissue of the heart

Established through an anastomosis between two vessels

Of blood through the whole body EXCEPT the lungs

Extracorporeal circulation refers to the process of circulating blood outside of the body. This means that the blood is being pumped and oxygenated by a machine, such as a heart-lung bypass machine, instead of the body's own heart and lungs. This technique is commonly used during surgeries that require the heart to be stopped or when the lungs need to be bypassed. By redirecting the blood flow outside of the body, the surgeon can perform necessary procedures while maintaining oxygenation and circulation throughout the rest of the body.

Explanation

Extracorporeal circulation refers to the process of circulating blood outside of the body. This means that the blood is being pumped and oxygenated by a machine, such as a heart-lung bypass machine, instead of the body's own heart and lungs. This technique is commonly used during surgeries that require the heart to be stopped or when the lungs need to be bypassed. By redirecting the blood flow outside of the body, the surgeon can perform necessary procedures while maintaining oxygenation and circulation throughout the rest of the body.

81. The patient coming to the OR with rupture of esophageal varies may have a (n) ___________ in place to control bleeding.

Miller-Abbott

Franklin

Swan-Ganz

Sengstaken-Blakemore

The Sengstaken-Blakemore tube is used to control bleeding in patients with rupture of esophageal varices. This tube is inserted through the nose or mouth and down into the esophagus and stomach. It has two balloons, one in the esophagus and one in the stomach, which apply pressure to the bleeding varices and help stop the bleeding. The Sengstaken-Blakemore tube is a temporary measure to stabilize the patient until more definitive treatment can be provided.

Explanation

The Sengstaken-Blakemore tube is used to control bleeding in patients with rupture of esophageal varices. This tube is inserted through the nose or mouth and down into the esophagus and stomach. It has two balloons, one in the esophagus and one in the stomach, which apply pressure to the bleeding varices and help stop the bleeding. The Sengstaken-Blakemore tube is a temporary measure to stabilize the patient until more definitive treatment can be provided.

82. Which is the most necessary item for a blood transfusion?

Blood warmer

Blood filter

Blood pressure cuff

Refrigerator

A blood filter is the most necessary item for a blood transfusion. This is because a blood filter is used to remove any impurities or clots from the donated blood before it is transfused into the recipient's body. It helps ensure that only clean and safe blood is administered, reducing the risk of complications or infections during the transfusion process.

Explanation

A blood filter is the most necessary item for a blood transfusion. This is because a blood filter is used to remove any impurities or clots from the donated blood before it is transfused into the recipient's body. It helps ensure that only clean and safe blood is administered, reducing the risk of complications or infections during the transfusion process.

83. In which procedure would be a radiant warmer be found?

Sterilization

Cesarean section

Blood transfusion

Ramstedt operation

A radiant warmer would be found in a cesarean section procedure. This is because a cesarean section is a surgical procedure in which a baby is delivered through an incision in the mother's abdomen and uterus. The radiant warmer is used to provide warmth to the newborn immediately after birth, as they may have difficulty regulating their body temperature.

Explanation

A radiant warmer would be found in a cesarean section procedure. This is because a cesarean section is a surgical procedure in which a baby is delivered through an incision in the mother's abdomen and uterus. The radiant warmer is used to provide warmth to the newborn immediately after birth, as they may have difficulty regulating their body temperature.

84. Why is a 30-cc bag Foley used after a transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate?

Hemostasis

Decompression

Creation of negative pressure

Aspiration

After a transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate, a 30-cc bag Foley is used for hemostasis. This is because TUR of the prostate can cause bleeding, and the Foley catheter with a 30-cc bag helps to control and monitor the bleeding. The bag is filled with sterile saline solution, which helps to maintain pressure on the surgical site, promoting clot formation and preventing excessive bleeding. This ensures that any potential bleeding is controlled and allows for proper healing of the surgical site.

Explanation

After a transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate, a 30-cc bag Foley is used for hemostasis. This is because TUR of the prostate can cause bleeding, and the Foley catheter with a 30-cc bag helps to control and monitor the bleeding. The bag is filled with sterile saline solution, which helps to maintain pressure on the surgical site, promoting clot formation and preventing excessive bleeding. This ensures that any potential bleeding is controlled and allows for proper healing of the surgical site.

85. A secondary video monitor is referred to as a (n)

MAC

SMA

CAM-2

Slave

A secondary video monitor is referred to as a "slave" because it is controlled by a primary or "master" device. In this context, the primary device is responsible for sending signals and controlling the display on the secondary monitor. The term "slave" is commonly used in technology to describe a device or component that is subordinate to another device or component, and in this case, it signifies the secondary monitor's dependence on the primary device for operation and control.

Explanation

A secondary video monitor is referred to as a "slave" because it is controlled by a primary or "master" device. In this context, the primary device is responsible for sending signals and controlling the display on the secondary monitor. The term "slave" is commonly used in technology to describe a device or component that is subordinate to another device or component, and in this case, it signifies the secondary monitor's dependence on the primary device for operation and control.

86. Which catheter facilitates the infusion of chemotherapeutic drugs?

Hickman

Dorsey

Silverman

Huber

A Hickman catheter is specifically designed to facilitate the infusion of chemotherapeutic drugs. It is a type of central venous catheter that is inserted into a large vein, usually in the chest, and allows for the delivery of medications directly into the bloodstream. This type of catheter has multiple lumens, or channels, which can be used for administering chemotherapy drugs, as well as for blood draws and other medical procedures. The design and placement of the Hickman catheter make it an ideal choice for long-term chemotherapy treatments.

Explanation

A Hickman catheter is specifically designed to facilitate the infusion of chemotherapeutic drugs. It is a type of central venous catheter that is inserted into a large vein, usually in the chest, and allows for the delivery of medications directly into the bloodstream. This type of catheter has multiple lumens, or channels, which can be used for administering chemotherapy drugs, as well as for blood draws and other medical procedures. The design and placement of the Hickman catheter make it an ideal choice for long-term chemotherapy treatments.

87. Which of the following is not used for urethral dilation?

McCarthy dilator

VanBuren sound

Hegar dilator

Phillips filliform and followers

Hegar dilator is not used for urethral dilation. Hegar dilators are typically used for cervical dilation during gynecological procedures. They are slender, rod-like instruments with a rounded tip and a gradual increase in diameter along the length. While McCarthy dilator, VanBuren sound, and Phillips filliform and followers are commonly used for urethral dilation, Hegar dilator serves a different purpose in gynecology.

Explanation

Hegar dilator is not used for urethral dilation. Hegar dilators are typically used for cervical dilation during gynecological procedures. They are slender, rod-like instruments with a rounded tip and a gradual increase in diameter along the length. While McCarthy dilator, VanBuren sound, and Phillips filliform and followers are commonly used for urethral dilation, Hegar dilator serves a different purpose in gynecology.

88. A motorized device whose action prevents venous stasis and reduces risk of deep-vein clotting in high risk patients is

Pneumatic antishock garment

Military antishock trousers (MAST)

TED stockings

Sequesntial pneumatic compression boots

Sequential pneumatic compression boots are a motorized device that applies intermittent pressure to the legs, promoting blood flow and preventing venous stasis. This action reduces the risk of deep-vein clotting, especially in high-risk patients. Unlike the other options listed, such as the pneumatic antishock garment, military antishock trousers (MAST), or TED stockings, sequential pneumatic compression boots specifically target the lower extremities and provide a controlled compression pattern to enhance blood circulation and prevent clot formation.

Explanation

Sequential pneumatic compression boots are a motorized device that applies intermittent pressure to the legs, promoting blood flow and preventing venous stasis. This action reduces the risk of deep-vein clotting, especially in high-risk patients. Unlike the other options listed, such as the pneumatic antishock garment, military antishock trousers (MAST), or TED stockings, sequential pneumatic compression boots specifically target the lower extremities and provide a controlled compression pattern to enhance blood circulation and prevent clot formation.

89. If a sponge is intentionally left in the patient

A report is made to the supervisor

An incident report is completed

A notation is placed on the operative record

None of the above

When a sponge is intentionally left in a patient during a surgical procedure, a notation is placed on the operative record. This is done to ensure that there is a clear documentation of the incident for future reference. The notation serves as a record of the mistake made during the procedure and can be used to track any necessary follow-up actions or investigations. It also helps to ensure transparency and accountability in the medical practice.

Explanation

When a sponge is intentionally left in a patient during a surgical procedure, a notation is placed on the operative record. This is done to ensure that there is a clear documentation of the incident for future reference. The notation serves as a record of the mistake made during the procedure and can be used to track any necessary follow-up actions or investigations. It also helps to ensure transparency and accountability in the medical practice.

90. Resolving power of an operating microscope means

The ability to discern detail

The ability to enlarge the image

The adaptation of operative procedure to individual patient requirements

The ratio of image size on viewer's retina with and without magnification

The resolving power of an operating microscope refers to its ability to discern detail. This means that the microscope has the capability to clearly distinguish and visualize fine details in the object being observed. It is not related to the ability to enlarge the image or adapt the operative procedure to individual patient requirements. The ratio of image size on the viewer's retina with and without magnification is also not relevant to the concept of resolving power.

Explanation

The resolving power of an operating microscope refers to its ability to discern detail. This means that the microscope has the capability to clearly distinguish and visualize fine details in the object being observed. It is not related to the ability to enlarge the image or adapt the operative procedure to individual patient requirements. The ratio of image size on the viewer's retina with and without magnification is also not relevant to the concept of resolving power.

91. Which case would require the use of cottonoid strips?

Laminectomy

Tonsillectomy

Thorocotomy

Aortic aneurysmectomy

Cottonoid strips are commonly used in surgical procedures to control bleeding and provide hemostasis. A laminectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing a portion of the vertebral bone to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. This procedure often involves delicate manipulation of the surrounding tissues and structures, which can result in bleeding. Cottonoid strips can be used to absorb blood and provide gentle pressure to the surgical site, helping to control bleeding and maintain a clear field of view for the surgeon. Therefore, a laminectomy would require the use of cottonoid strips.

Explanation

Cottonoid strips are commonly used in surgical procedures to control bleeding and provide hemostasis. A laminectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing a portion of the vertebral bone to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. This procedure often involves delicate manipulation of the surrounding tissues and structures, which can result in bleeding. Cottonoid strips can be used to absorb blood and provide gentle pressure to the surgical site, helping to control bleeding and maintain a clear field of view for the surgeon. Therefore, a laminectomy would require the use of cottonoid strips.

92. An indwelling catheter used for chemotherapy administration is a

Fogarty

Tenckhoff

Palmaz

Gruntzig

A Tenckhoff catheter is a type of indwelling catheter that is commonly used for chemotherapy administration. It is designed with multiple side holes and a curled tip to ensure proper drainage and prevent blockages. The catheter is inserted into the peritoneal cavity and is used to deliver chemotherapy drugs directly into the abdominal cavity. This method allows for continuous and targeted delivery of the drugs, increasing their effectiveness while minimizing systemic side effects. The Tenckhoff catheter is also used for peritoneal dialysis, as it allows for the exchange of fluids in the peritoneal cavity.

Explanation

A Tenckhoff catheter is a type of indwelling catheter that is commonly used for chemotherapy administration. It is designed with multiple side holes and a curled tip to ensure proper drainage and prevent blockages. The catheter is inserted into the peritoneal cavity and is used to deliver chemotherapy drugs directly into the abdominal cavity. This method allows for continuous and targeted delivery of the drugs, increasing their effectiveness while minimizing systemic side effects. The Tenckhoff catheter is also used for peritoneal dialysis, as it allows for the exchange of fluids in the peritoneal cavity.

93. A Pezzer is a

Foley catheter

Bat-wing catheter

Ureteral catheter

Mushroom catheter

A mushroom catheter is a type of catheter that has a rounded tip resembling the shape of a mushroom. It is commonly used in medical procedures to drain fluids or administer medication into the bladder or other body cavities. The rounded shape of the tip helps to prevent the catheter from slipping out once it is inserted, making it suitable for long-term use.

Explanation

A mushroom catheter is a type of catheter that has a rounded tip resembling the shape of a mushroom. It is commonly used in medical procedures to drain fluids or administer medication into the bladder or other body cavities. The rounded shape of the tip helps to prevent the catheter from slipping out once it is inserted, making it suitable for long-term use.

94. A cast applied from the hips to the head, which is used to immobilize cervical fractures is a

Minerva jacket

Body jacket

Shoulder spica

Cylinder

A Minerva jacket is a type of cast that is applied from the hips to the head and is specifically used to immobilize cervical fractures. It provides support and stability to the neck and upper body, helping to prevent further injury and promote healing. The other options mentioned, such as body jacket, shoulder spica, and cylinder, are not typically used for immobilizing cervical fractures.

Explanation

A Minerva jacket is a type of cast that is applied from the hips to the head and is specifically used to immobilize cervical fractures. It provides support and stability to the neck and upper body, helping to prevent further injury and promote healing. The other options mentioned, such as body jacket, shoulder spica, and cylinder, are not typically used for immobilizing cervical fractures.

95. Which magnifying powers are available for the microscope eye pieces?

1x, 2x, 3x, and 4x

10x, 20x, 30x and 40x

10x, 12.5x, 16x, and 20x

300mm, 400mm, 500mm, 600mm

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

96. A dressing that is held in place by long suture ends crisscrossed and tied is called a

Passive

Strip closure

Proxi-strip

Stent

A dressing that is held in place by long suture ends crisscrossed and tied is called a stent.

Explanation

A dressing that is held in place by long suture ends crisscrossed and tied is called a stent.

97. Mersilene mesh

Cannot be resterilized

Can be steam sterilized once, if unused but not soiled

Can be resterilized, if soil is carefully washed off

Can be cold soaked for 10 minutes

Mersilene mesh can be steam sterilized once, if unused but not soiled. This means that if the mesh has not been used and is free from any dirt or contamination, it can undergo steam sterilization one time. However, if the mesh has been soiled or contaminated, it cannot be resterilized and should be discarded.

Explanation

Mersilene mesh can be steam sterilized once, if unused but not soiled. This means that if the mesh has not been used and is free from any dirt or contamination, it can undergo steam sterilization one time. However, if the mesh has been soiled or contaminated, it cannot be resterilized and should be discarded.

98. A common size chest tube is a

3 Fr.

10 Fr.

30 Fr.

60 Fr.

A common size chest tube is typically 30 Fr. "Fr" stands for French, which is a unit of measurement used to determine the diameter of a medical device. In the context of chest tubes, a 30 Fr tube is commonly used for draining fluid or air from the chest cavity. It is a size that is considered appropriate for most patients who require chest tube insertion.

Explanation

A common size chest tube is typically 30 Fr. "Fr" stands for French, which is a unit of measurement used to determine the diameter of a medical device. In the context of chest tubes, a 30 Fr tube is commonly used for draining fluid or air from the chest cavity. It is a size that is considered appropriate for most patients who require chest tube insertion.

99. Which synthetic mesh may be used in the presence of infection?

Prolene

Gore-tex

Mersilene

None of the above

Prolene is a synthetic mesh that can be used in the presence of infection. It is a non-absorbable material that is resistant to bacterial colonization, making it suitable for use in infected surgical sites. Prolene is commonly used in hernia repairs and other surgical procedures where there is a risk of infection. Gore-tex and Mersilene, on the other hand, are not recommended for use in infected areas.

Explanation

Prolene is a synthetic mesh that can be used in the presence of infection. It is a non-absorbable material that is resistant to bacterial colonization, making it suitable for use in infected surgical sites. Prolene is commonly used in hernia repairs and other surgical procedures where there is a risk of infection. Gore-tex and Mersilene, on the other hand, are not recommended for use in infected areas.

100. Stereotactic surgery takes place in the

Ear

Eye

Brain

Nose

Stereotactic surgery is a precise surgical technique that involves targeting specific areas of the brain with the help of imaging technology. It is used to treat various neurological conditions such as tumors, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. The surgery involves the use of a stereotactic frame that provides a three-dimensional coordinate system to guide the surgeon in navigating the brain. Therefore, the correct answer is brain, as stereotactic surgery specifically targets and operates on the brain.

Explanation

Stereotactic surgery is a precise surgical technique that involves targeting specific areas of the brain with the help of imaging technology. It is used to treat various neurological conditions such as tumors, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. The surgery involves the use of a stereotactic frame that provides a three-dimensional coordinate system to guide the surgeon in navigating the brain. Therefore, the correct answer is brain, as stereotactic surgery specifically targets and operates on the brain.

101. The pupose of the "slit" lamp in eye surgery is

Defining depth perception

Focusing ability

Magnifying power

Discerning detail

The purpose of the "slit" lamp in eye surgery is to define depth perception. This instrument allows the surgeon to examine the eye in detail and assess the depth of various structures within the eye. By using a narrow beam of light, the slit lamp helps to create a three-dimensional view of the eye, which is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment during eye surgery.

Explanation

The purpose of the "slit" lamp in eye surgery is to define depth perception. This instrument allows the surgeon to examine the eye in detail and assess the depth of various structures within the eye. By using a narrow beam of light, the slit lamp helps to create a three-dimensional view of the eye, which is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment during eye surgery.

102. The laser used most commonly for retinal detachment, tear, or hole is

Krypton

Nd-YAG

Argon

CO2

The most commonly used laser for retinal detachment, tear, or hole is argon. Argon laser photocoagulation is a widely accepted treatment for these conditions. It works by creating small burns on the retina, which help to seal the tear or hole and prevent further detachment. The argon laser is preferred for its ability to precisely target the affected area and its effectiveness in treating retinal conditions.

Explanation

The most commonly used laser for retinal detachment, tear, or hole is argon. Argon laser photocoagulation is a widely accepted treatment for these conditions. It works by creating small burns on the retina, which help to seal the tear or hole and prevent further detachment. The argon laser is preferred for its ability to precisely target the affected area and its effectiveness in treating retinal conditions.

103. A dissecting sponge that is a small roll of heavy cotton tape is a

Kitner

Peanut

Tonsil

Tape

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

104. Operative accessibility in thyroid surgery may be aided by the use of a (n)

Headrest

Shoulder braces

Arch bar

Shoulder bridge

The shoulder bridge is likely to aid operative accessibility in thyroid surgery because it provides support and elevation to the shoulders, allowing for better visibility and access to the surgical site. By lifting the shoulders, it creates space and improves the angle at which the surgeon can approach the thyroid gland. This can enhance the precision and ease of the surgical procedure, ultimately improving operative accessibility.

Explanation

The shoulder bridge is likely to aid operative accessibility in thyroid surgery because it provides support and elevation to the shoulders, allowing for better visibility and access to the surgical site. By lifting the shoulders, it creates space and improves the angle at which the surgeon can approach the thyroid gland. This can enhance the precision and ease of the surgical procedure, ultimately improving operative accessibility.

105. The operating microscope that visually employs fiberoptics for its light source is

Halogen

Tungsten

Coaxial illuminators

Paraxial illuminators

The operating microscope that visually employs fiberoptics for its light source is coaxial illuminators. Coaxial illuminators use fiberoptics to provide a direct and focused light source, which is essential for clear and precise visualization during surgical procedures. This technology allows for better illumination and visibility, improving the accuracy and success of the operation.

Explanation

The operating microscope that visually employs fiberoptics for its light source is coaxial illuminators. Coaxial illuminators use fiberoptics to provide a direct and focused light source, which is essential for clear and precise visualization during surgical procedures. This technology allows for better illumination and visibility, improving the accuracy and success of the operation.

106. Which endotracheal tube is contraindicated during laser surgery?

Flexible metal tube with external cuff attached

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube

Red rubber tube wrapped with reflecting tape

Commercial laser endotracheal (ET) tube

During laser surgery, the use of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube is contraindicated. This is because PVC is a flammable material and can catch fire when exposed to laser beams. The heat generated by the laser can cause the PVC tube to melt or ignite, leading to potential harm to the patient and surgical team. Therefore, it is important to avoid using PVC tubes during laser surgery and opt for alternative materials that are non-flammable and safe to use in this setting.

Explanation

During laser surgery, the use of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube is contraindicated. This is because PVC is a flammable material and can catch fire when exposed to laser beams. The heat generated by the laser can cause the PVC tube to melt or ignite, leading to potential harm to the patient and surgical team. Therefore, it is important to avoid using PVC tubes during laser surgery and opt for alternative materials that are non-flammable and safe to use in this setting.

107. An x-ray's photographic image is called a (n)

Ultrasound wave

Magnetic image

Roentgenogram

Computerized tomography

A roentgenogram is the correct term for an x-ray's photographic image. The word "roentgenogram" is derived from the name of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, the physicist who discovered x-rays. It is commonly used in the medical field to refer to the image produced by x-ray imaging techniques. The other options mentioned in the question, such as ultrasound wave, magnetic image, and computerized tomography, are not appropriate terms for an x-ray's photographic image.

Explanation

A roentgenogram is the correct term for an x-ray's photographic image. The word "roentgenogram" is derived from the name of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, the physicist who discovered x-rays. It is commonly used in the medical field to refer to the image produced by x-ray imaging techniques. The other options mentioned in the question, such as ultrasound wave, magnetic image, and computerized tomography, are not appropriate terms for an x-ray's photographic image.

108. Equate the radiation exposure in fluoroscopy as compared to that of a single x-ray.

The same exposure

2:1

5:1

10:1

The correct answer is 10:1. This means that the radiation exposure in fluoroscopy is ten times higher than that of a single x-ray. Fluoroscopy is a medical imaging technique that uses continuous x-ray beams to create real-time images of the body, while a single x-ray involves a brief exposure to radiation. Therefore, the radiation exposure in fluoroscopy is significantly higher compared to a single x-ray.

Explanation

The correct answer is 10:1. This means that the radiation exposure in fluoroscopy is ten times higher than that of a single x-ray. Fluoroscopy is a medical imaging technique that uses continuous x-ray beams to create real-time images of the body, while a single x-ray involves a brief exposure to radiation. Therefore, the radiation exposure in fluoroscopy is significantly higher compared to a single x-ray.

109. The tunable dye laser used to disintegrate kidney stones is the

ESWL

Candela

CO2

Nd-AG

The correct answer is "candela" because the question is asking for the type of tunable dye laser used to disintegrate kidney stones. The other options, such as ESWL, CO2, and Nd-AG, are not types of tunable dye lasers.

Explanation

The correct answer is "candela" because the question is asking for the type of tunable dye laser used to disintegrate kidney stones. The other options, such as ESWL, CO2, and Nd-AG, are not types of tunable dye lasers.

110. A device used to correct and counteract internal bleeding conditions and hypovolemia is a (n)

CT

IPB

CVP

MAST

A MAST (Military Anti-Shock Trousers) is a device used to correct and counteract internal bleeding conditions and hypovolemia. It applies pressure to the lower body, which helps to stabilize blood flow and prevent further blood loss. This device is commonly used in emergency medical situations, particularly in trauma cases, to provide temporary stabilization and buy time until further medical interventions can be performed.

Explanation

A MAST (Military Anti-Shock Trousers) is a device used to correct and counteract internal bleeding conditions and hypovolemia. It applies pressure to the lower body, which helps to stabilize blood flow and prevent further blood loss. This device is commonly used in emergency medical situations, particularly in trauma cases, to provide temporary stabilization and buy time until further medical interventions can be performed.

111. Balloon angioplasty is accomplished with the use of a __________ catheter.

Gruntzig

Gibbons

Garceau

Harris

Balloon angioplasty is a procedure used to open blocked or narrowed blood vessels. It involves the use of a catheter with a balloon at the tip. The balloon is inflated to compress the plaque against the vessel walls, widening the vessel and restoring blood flow. The correct answer, Gruntzig, refers to Andreas Gruntzig, a Swiss cardiologist who developed and popularized balloon angioplasty in the 1970s. Therefore, a Gruntzig catheter would be the appropriate choice for performing this procedure.

Explanation

Balloon angioplasty is a procedure used to open blocked or narrowed blood vessels. It involves the use of a catheter with a balloon at the tip. The balloon is inflated to compress the plaque against the vessel walls, widening the vessel and restoring blood flow. The correct answer, Gruntzig, refers to Andreas Gruntzig, a Swiss cardiologist who developed and popularized balloon angioplasty in the 1970s. Therefore, a Gruntzig catheter would be the appropriate choice for performing this procedure.

112. A common donor site for an autogenous bone graft is

Femur

Pelvis

Ilium

Ischium

The ilium is a common donor site for an autogenous bone graft. This is because the ilium is a flat and relatively large bone located in the pelvis, which makes it suitable for harvesting bone grafts. The ilium provides a good amount of bone material that can be used for grafting procedures, such as in spinal fusion surgeries or reconstructive procedures. Its accessibility and the quality of bone make it a preferred choice as a donor site for autogenous bone grafts.

Explanation

The ilium is a common donor site for an autogenous bone graft. This is because the ilium is a flat and relatively large bone located in the pelvis, which makes it suitable for harvesting bone grafts. The ilium provides a good amount of bone material that can be used for grafting procedures, such as in spinal fusion surgeries or reconstructive procedures. Its accessibility and the quality of bone make it a preferred choice as a donor site for autogenous bone grafts.

113. The risks of cone biopsy are minimized by using the

Cervitome

Cold knife

Scalpel

CO2 laser

The use of a CO2 laser minimizes the risks of cone biopsy because it provides precise and controlled cutting. The laser beam can be focused on a specific area, allowing for minimal damage to surrounding tissues. Additionally, the CO2 laser cauterizes blood vessels as it cuts, reducing bleeding during the procedure. This results in less postoperative pain, faster healing, and reduced risk of infection compared to other methods such as cervitome or cold knife.

Explanation

The use of a CO2 laser minimizes the risks of cone biopsy because it provides precise and controlled cutting. The laser beam can be focused on a specific area, allowing for minimal damage to surrounding tissues. Additionally, the CO2 laser cauterizes blood vessels as it cuts, reducing bleeding during the procedure. This results in less postoperative pain, faster healing, and reduced risk of infection compared to other methods such as cervitome or cold knife.

114. The laser used primarily for port-wine stain lessons of the skin is the

Argon

Krypton

Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG)

Ruby

The ruby laser is commonly used for port-wine stain lesions of the skin. This type of laser emits pulses of red light that are specifically absorbed by the blood vessels in the skin, causing them to heat up and coagulate. This helps to reduce the appearance of the port-wine stain by shrinking the blood vessels. The ruby laser has been found to be effective in treating this condition, making it the correct answer.

Explanation

The ruby laser is commonly used for port-wine stain lesions of the skin. This type of laser emits pulses of red light that are specifically absorbed by the blood vessels in the skin, causing them to heat up and coagulate. This helps to reduce the appearance of the port-wine stain by shrinking the blood vessels. The ruby laser has been found to be effective in treating this condition, making it the correct answer.

115. A temporary biologic dressing is

Porcine

Telfa

Collagen

Mesh

A temporary biologic dressing refers to a type of dressing that is used for a short period of time to protect and promote healing of a wound. In this case, the correct answer is "porcine," which means that the dressing is made from pig tissue. Porcine dressings are commonly used in wound care due to their biocompatibility and ability to provide a moist environment for wound healing. They can help to control bleeding, reduce pain, prevent infection, and promote tissue regeneration.

Explanation

A temporary biologic dressing refers to a type of dressing that is used for a short period of time to protect and promote healing of a wound. In this case, the correct answer is "porcine," which means that the dressing is made from pig tissue. Porcine dressings are commonly used in wound care due to their biocompatibility and ability to provide a moist environment for wound healing. They can help to control bleeding, reduce pain, prevent infection, and promote tissue regeneration.

116. Laser surgery performed in the rectal area should be preceded by

Suctioning of lower bowel to remove methane gas

Suctioning out the lower bowel contents

Packing the rectum with dry, counted sponges

A and C

Laser surgery performed in the rectal area should be preceded by suctioning of the lower bowel to remove methane gas. This is because methane gas, which is produced by bacteria in the colon, can be ignited by the laser, potentially causing an explosion or fire. Therefore, it is important to remove the methane gas before performing laser surgery in order to ensure the safety of the patient and the surgical team.

Explanation

Laser surgery performed in the rectal area should be preceded by suctioning of the lower bowel to remove methane gas. This is because methane gas, which is produced by bacteria in the colon, can be ignited by the laser, potentially causing an explosion or fire. Therefore, it is important to remove the methane gas before performing laser surgery in order to ensure the safety of the patient and the surgical team.

117. Each are measures to prevent heat loss in newborn, or children in the OR EXCEPT

Hypothermia blanket is prepared

Water mattress is warmed

Webril is wrapped on extremities

Solutions for skin prep and intraoperative use are warmed

The given options describe measures to prevent heat loss in newborns or children in the operating room. The options include warming a water mattress, wrapping webril on extremities, and warming solutions for skin prep and intraoperative use. The correct answer states that preparing a hypothermia blanket is not a measure to prevent heat loss. This implies that using a hypothermia blanket does not help in maintaining the body temperature of the newborn or child.

Explanation

The given options describe measures to prevent heat loss in newborns or children in the operating room. The options include warming a water mattress, wrapping webril on extremities, and warming solutions for skin prep and intraoperative use. The correct answer states that preparing a hypothermia blanket is not a measure to prevent heat loss. This implies that using a hypothermia blanket does not help in maintaining the body temperature of the newborn or child.

118. A laminaria tent is used to

Suction uterine contents

Close cervix

Dilate cervix

Visualize uterus

A laminaria tent is a medical device used to dilate the cervix. It is typically made of dried seaweed and is inserted into the cervix. As it absorbs moisture, it swells and gradually expands the cervix, allowing for easier access to the uterus. This procedure is commonly performed before certain gynecological procedures such as surgical abortions or the placement of an intrauterine device (IUD). Therefore, the correct answer is "dilate cervix".

Explanation

A laminaria tent is a medical device used to dilate the cervix. It is typically made of dried seaweed and is inserted into the cervix. As it absorbs moisture, it swells and gradually expands the cervix, allowing for easier access to the uterus. This procedure is commonly performed before certain gynecological procedures such as surgical abortions or the placement of an intrauterine device (IUD). Therefore, the correct answer is "dilate cervix".