Navedtra 14295b, Hospital Corpsman: Chapter 18 Pharmacy

Laxatives are medications that help to facilitate the passage and elimination of feces from the colon and rectum. They work by either softening the stool, increasing bowel movements, or lubricating the intestines. Laxatives are commonly used to relieve constipation and promote regular bowel movements.

The most common method of administering medications is orally. This means that the medication is taken by mouth, usually in the form of a pill or liquid. Oral administration is preferred because it is convenient, non-invasive, and allows for easy absorption of the medication into the bloodstream through the digestive system. Other methods such as parenteral administration (injection), topical application (on the skin), and intravenous administration (directly into the veins) are less common and usually reserved for specific situations or conditions.

The amount of medication administered is commonly referred to as the "dose". This term is used to describe the specific quantity of medication that is prescribed or given to a patient. It is important to administer the correct dose to ensure the medication is effective and safe for the individual.

Antacids are used to counteract hyperacidity in the stomach. Hyperacidity is often caused by excessive production of stomach acid, leading to symptoms such as heartburn and indigestion. Antacids work by neutralizing the excess acid in the stomach, providing relief from these symptoms. They contain ingredients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, or aluminum hydroxide, which react with the acid to form salts and water. This helps to reduce the acidity levels and restore the normal pH balance in the stomach, alleviating the discomfort caused by hyperacidity.

Toxicology is the study of poisons, their actions, their detection, and the treatment of the conditions produced by them. It involves examining the effects of toxic substances on living organisms, understanding their mechanisms of action, and developing methods to detect and treat poisoning cases. This field is crucial in assessing the safety of chemicals, drugs, and environmental pollutants, and plays a vital role in public health and forensic investigations.

The official system of weights and measures used by Navy Pharmacy Departments for weighing and calculating pharmaceutical preparations is the Metric system. This system is widely used in the field of medicine and pharmacy due to its standardized units and ease of conversion. It provides accurate and consistent measurements, ensuring the safety and effectiveness of pharmaceutical preparations.

The term "sublingual" is used to define a medication that is placed under the tongue. This method of administration allows the medication to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the rich network of blood vessels under the tongue. It is commonly used for medications that need to be rapidly absorbed or bypass the digestive system.

Disinfectants are agents that are used to disinfect inanimate objects and are primarily germicidal in their action. They are specifically designed to kill or inactivate microorganisms on surfaces, reducing the risk of infection or contamination. Unlike antiseptics, which are used on living tissues, disinfectants are intended for non-living objects such as countertops, floors, or medical instruments. Cephalosporins and sulfonamides, on the other hand, are types of antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections in humans and animals.

Antitussives are agents that inhibit or suppress coughing. They work by blocking the cough reflex, reducing the urge to cough. These medications are commonly used to relieve cough symptoms caused by conditions such as colds, flu, allergies, or respiratory infections. Antitussives can be found in various forms, including syrups, lozenges, and tablets. By suppressing coughing, they provide temporary relief and allow the body to heal without the discomfort and irritation caused by frequent coughing.

The two primary factors that determine a dose are age and weight. Age is an important factor as it can affect the metabolism and clearance of drugs from the body. Younger individuals may require different dosages compared to older individuals due to differences in their body's ability to process medications. Weight is also crucial as it can impact the distribution and elimination of drugs. Heavier individuals may require higher doses to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Sex is not mentioned as a determining factor in this context, and the option "None" is not a valid choice as age and weight are indeed important factors in determining a dose.

Also known as Milk of Magnesia

Vasoconstrictors are substances that are used to produce constriction of the blood vessels, leading to an increase in blood pressure. They work by narrowing the blood vessels, which reduces the amount of blood flowing through them. This constriction can be beneficial in certain situations, such as when treating low blood pressure or stopping bleeding. Vasoconstrictors can be medications or naturally occurring substances, and they are commonly used in medical settings to regulate blood pressure.

Cephalosporins are similar to penicillins, some patients allergic to penicillin may also be allergic to cephalosporin medications.

Semisolid, fatty, or oily preparations of medicinal substances are called ointments. Ointments are typically used topically on the skin and are designed to provide a protective or therapeutic effect. They are often used for conditions such as skin infections, burns, or dry skin. Ointments have a greasy consistency and are able to penetrate the skin to deliver the active ingredients. They are different from suspensions, elixirs, and capsules, which are other forms of medication delivery with different properties and uses.

Histamines are substances released by most cells distributed in connective tissues usually near blood vessels. They promote some of the reactions associated with inflammation and allergies such as asthma and hay fever.

Antihistamines are medications commonly used to treat allergies. One of the side effects of antihistamines is drowsiness. This is because antihistamines can cross the blood-brain barrier and affect the central nervous system, leading to sedation and drowsiness. This side effect is particularly common with first-generation antihistamines, while second-generation antihistamines are designed to be less sedating. Drowsiness caused by antihistamines can impair a person's ability to perform tasks that require alertness, such as driving or operating machinery. Therefore, it is important to be aware of this potential side effect when taking antihistamines.

The expression of equality of two ratios is called a proportion. A proportion is a statement that two ratios are equal. It is often written using a colon or a fraction to compare the two ratios. In a proportion, the cross products of the ratios are equal. Proportions are used in various mathematical problems involving ratios and can be solved by finding the missing term or simplifying the given ratios.

Gelatin shells containing solid or liquid medicinal substances to be taken orally are called capsules. Capsules are a common form of medication delivery that provide a convenient and easy way to consume medicines. The gelatin shell helps to protect the medication inside and allows for controlled release in the body. Capsules are often preferred over pills as they can be easier to swallow and may have a faster onset of action.

Suppositories are solid bodies that are intended to introduce medicinal substances into the various orifices of the body. They are typically inserted into the rectum or vagina and slowly dissolve, releasing the medication. Suppositories are commonly used when oral administration is not possible or not effective, and they provide a localized effect on the specific area of the body where they are inserted.

The relationship of one quantity to another quantity of like value is called a ratio. A ratio compares the two quantities and shows how many times one quantity is greater or smaller than the other. In this case, the ratio is 18:28, indicating that the first quantity is 18 and the second quantity is 28.

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Non-narcotic analgesics are medications that relieve pain without causing unconsciousness or impairing mental capacities. These medications work by blocking the production of chemicals called prostaglandins, which are responsible for pain and inflammation. Examples of non-narcotic analgesics include acetaminophen (Tylenol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and aspirin. These medications are commonly used to manage mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, muscle aches, and menstrual cramps, without causing sedation or mental impairment.

Vitamin C is believed to prevent the common cold and treat various conditions such as asthma, atherosclerosis, wounds, schizophrenia, and cancer when taken in high doses. It is known for its antioxidant properties and its role in boosting the immune system. However, it is important to note that while vitamin C may have some benefits, taking excessively high doses can lead to adverse effects and it is always recommended to consult a healthcare professional before taking any supplements.

Pharmacology is the study of drugs, their properties, uses, and effects on living organisms. It involves the study of how drugs interact with the body, how they are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated. Pharmacology is an essential discipline in medicine as it helps in understanding the therapeutic effects and potential side effects of drugs, which is crucial in the treatment and prevention of diseases. Therefore, the correct answer is "Drugs".

Ranitidine (Zantac) is used in conjunction with antacids to treat duodenal ulcers. Ranitidine is a type of medication known as an H2 blocker, which works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach. This helps to relieve the symptoms of duodenal ulcers and promote healing. Antacids, on the other hand, work by neutralizing the acid already present in the stomach. By combining the two medications, the acid production is reduced and the existing acid is neutralized, providing effective relief for duodenal ulcers.

Emollients are bland or fatty substances that can be applied to the skin to make it more pliable and soft. They help to moisturize and soothe the skin, preventing dryness and irritation. Emollients are commonly used in skincare products such as lotions, creams, and ointments to improve the texture and appearance of the skin. They work by forming a protective barrier on the skin's surface, trapping moisture and preventing it from evaporating. Emollients are especially beneficial for individuals with dry or sensitive skin, as they help to restore and maintain the skin's natural moisture balance.

Elixirs are aromatic, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions containing medicinal substances. They are commonly used as a vehicle for delivering medications in a pleasant and palatable form. Elixirs are different from other options such as mixtures, potions, or medicines, as they specifically refer to this type of solution.

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Diuretics are agents that increase the rate of urine formation. They work by increasing the excretion of water and electrolytes from the kidneys, leading to increased urine production. This helps to reduce fluid retention and lower blood pressure. Diuretics are commonly used to treat conditions such as hypertension, edema, and congestive heart failure.

Medications introduced into the body through inhalation are in the form of gas. When inhaled, the medication is converted into a gas or vapor, which is then inhaled into the lungs. This allows the medication to be quickly absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs' large surface area and provides a direct route to the target area, such as the respiratory system. Inhaled medications are commonly used to treat respiratory conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Penicillin is one of the most effective and least toxic antimicrobial agents. It is a type of antibiotic that works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria. Penicillin is highly effective against a wide range of bacterial infections and has been used for decades to treat various diseases. It is considered to be relatively safe with minimal side effects compared to other antimicrobial agents.

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NOTE: Barbiturates may be habit forming.

Oxytocics are medications that produce a rhythmic contraction of the uterus. These medications are commonly used to induce or augment labor during childbirth. They work by stimulating the release of oxytocin, a hormone that naturally causes contractions of the uterus. Oxytocics can be administered through various routes, including intravenous injection or nasal spray, and are effective in promoting regular and coordinated contractions of the uterus. By producing rhythmic contractions, oxytocics help to facilitate labor and delivery.

A contraindication refers to any condition that makes a particular treatment or procedure inadvisable. It is a factor or circumstance that suggests that the treatment or procedure may cause harm or have detrimental effects on the patient. In other words, it is a reason to avoid or not use a specific treatment due to potential risks or complications.

Silver sulfadiazine is commonly used in the treatment of burns. It is a topical antimicrobial agent that helps prevent and treat infections in burn wounds. It works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi, reducing the risk of infection and promoting wound healing. Silver sulfadiazine is particularly effective in treating burns because it has broad-spectrum activity against a wide range of microorganisms commonly found in burn wounds. Its use is limited to burns and it is not typically used for other conditions such as surgical wounds, prostatitis, or furunculosis.

Keyword: Dispensing

Guaifenesin is a bronchomucotropic agent. It is commonly used as an expectorant to help loosen and thin mucus in the airways, making it easier to cough up. This medication works by increasing the volume and reducing the viscosity of respiratory tract secretions, which helps to clear the airways and improve breathing. Guaifenesin is often used to relieve symptoms associated with respiratory conditions such as coughs, bronchitis, and chest congestion.

Astringents are medications that cause shrinkage of the skin and mucous membranes. They work by constricting blood vessels and reducing inflammation, leading to a tightening effect on the tissues. This can be beneficial in treating conditions such as acne, hemorrhoids, and minor skin irritations. Astringents are commonly used topically and can be found in various forms such as toners, lotions, and creams. They are not to be confused with emollients, which are moisturizers that help soften and soothe the skin. Histamines are substances released by the body during allergic reactions, and antitussives are medications used to suppress coughing.

PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS

Antacids are the drug group most often used to treat dyspepsia. Dyspepsia is a condition characterized by discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by symptoms like bloating, nausea, and heartburn. Antacids work by neutralizing the excess stomach acid that can contribute to these symptoms, providing relief and improving digestion. They are commonly available over the counter and can be taken as needed to alleviate dyspepsia symptoms. Emollients, astringents, and absorbents are not typically used in the treatment of dyspepsia, making antacids the correct answer.

Subcutaneous

The United States Pharmacopedia and National Formulary (USP-NF) provides tests for medication identity, quality, strength, and purity. It is a comprehensive reference book that contains standards for the quality of medicines, dietary supplements, and other healthcare products. The USP-NF ensures that medications meet certain standards and are safe and effective for use. It is widely used by healthcare professionals and regulatory agencies to ensure the quality and integrity of medications in the United States.

The U.S. Federal Food, Medication, and Cosmetics Act designated USP-NF as the official reference for medications marketed in the United States. USP-NF stands for United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary, which is a compendium of drug information and standards for the quality, purity, and strength of medications. It is used by healthcare professionals, regulatory agencies, and manufacturers to ensure the safety and efficacy of medications in the United States.

Purified protein derivative is an example of a drug injected intradermally. Intradermal injection involves injecting medication into the dermis, which is the layer of skin just below the epidermis. Purified protein derivative is commonly used in the tuberculin skin test to diagnose tuberculosis. It is injected into the skin and a reaction is observed to determine if the person has been exposed to the bacteria that causes tuberculosis.

Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy is the most widely used text/reference in American pharmacies. This book is considered a comprehensive resource for pharmacists, providing detailed information on various aspects of pharmacy practice, including pharmaceutical sciences, pharmacy law, patient care, and drug therapy. It is widely recognized and trusted for its accuracy and relevance in the field of pharmacy.

Medication refers to any chemical substance that is used to treat, cure, or prevent a disease or medical condition. It can have an effect on living tissue by interacting with biological processes or systems, but it is not used as a food source. Antitussives, emollients, and astringents are all types of medications that have specific effects on the body, but they are not the general term for any chemical substance used in medical treatment.

Medications are classified according to set criteria, including their purpose or therapeutic use. This classification helps in organizing and understanding different medications based on their intended therapeutic effects. Therefore, "Therapeutic" is the correct answer as it represents one of the specific areas in which medications are classified. It refers to medications that are used to treat or alleviate symptoms of a specific disease or condition.

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The Controlled Substance Act of 1970 established five schedules or categories related to a medication's potential for abuse, medical usefulness, and degree of dependency if abused. These schedules classify drugs based on their level of restriction and regulation.