N312 Musculoskeletal Quiz

Tendons are the connective tissues that attach muscles to bones. They are strong and flexible, allowing for the transfer of force from the muscle to the bone, enabling movement. Tendons also help stabilize joints and provide support to the skeletal system.

A joint is a place of union between 2 or more bones. It is a structure that allows movement and provides stability to the body. Joints are found throughout the body and come in different types, such as hinge joints, ball and socket joints, and pivot joints. They are surrounded by connective tissues, including ligaments and tendons, which help to support and stabilize the joint.

Ligaments are the musculoskeletal structures that connect bones to each other at the joint level and encase the joint capsule. They provide stability and support to the joint, preventing excessive movement and maintaining proper alignment. Unlike tendons, which connect muscles to bones, ligaments primarily function to connect bones and reinforce the joint structure.

Decreased cardiac output is not a risk factor for the elderly associated with reduction in bone density. While decreased cardiac output can lead to various health issues, it does not directly contribute to the reduction in bone density. Factors such as increased risk of fractures, thoracic kyphosis, and reduction in height are commonly associated with bone density reduction in the elderly.

Cartilage is avascular connective tissue, meaning it does not have blood vessels. It receives nutrients and oxygen through diffusion from surrounding tissues. This lack of blood vessels is one of the reasons why cartilage has a limited ability to heal and regenerate.

shoulder, elbow, wrist, thumb, hip, knee, ankle and proximal cervical vertebrae.

Synarthroses are the least movable joints. Synarthroses are immovable joints that allow little to no movement. They are characterized by the presence of fibrous connective tissue, such as in the sutures of the skull. Unlike diarthroses (freely movable joints) and amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints), synarthroses provide stability and support rather than mobility.

Herberden’s nodules or Bouchard’s nodes are associated with osteoarthritis

As individuals age, it is common for them to experience a reduction in muscle mass, narrowing of joint spaces due to a decrease in water content of cartilage, and thinning of intervertebral discs. However, decreased body fat is not a normal change of the musculoskeletal system in the elderly. In fact, it is more common for older adults to experience an increase in body fat due to factors such as hormonal changes, decreased physical activity, and a slower metabolism.

Muscles account for about 40-50% of our body weight. This is because muscles are dense and heavy tissues that make up a significant portion of our body mass. They are responsible for movement, posture, and stability, and play a crucial role in overall body function. Therefore, it is not surprising that they make up a substantial percentage of our body weight.

Flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation are movements that can be assessed as part of the range of motion (ROM) in the spine. The spine is a highly flexible structure that allows for these movements. Flexion refers to bending the spine forward, extension involves bending it backward, lateral bending is the side-to-side movement, and rotation is the twisting motion. Therefore, the spine is the correct location to assess these specific movements.

Valgus stress, Varus stress, Anterior drawer, Lachman test, Posterior drawer, McMurray test

Alcohol abuse and smoking a pack a day increase one's risk for osteoporosis. Alcohol abuse can interfere with the body's ability to absorb calcium, which is necessary for maintaining strong bones. It can also affect hormone levels and lead to bone loss. Smoking, on the other hand, can decrease bone density and increase the risk of fractures. Both alcohol abuse and smoking can have detrimental effects on bone health, making individuals more susceptible to osteoporosis.

Lie down, Sit down, Climb onto table, Undress, Fasten buttons

Pain; ROM; Crepitation; Deviation