Musculoskeletal System

Exposure to sunlight is responsible for the creation of Vitamin D in skin cells. When the skin is exposed to sunlight, it triggers a reaction that converts a substance in the skin called 7-dehydrocholesterol into Vitamin D3. This inactive form of Vitamin D is then converted into its active form by the liver and kidneys. Therefore, the influence of sunlight is crucial for the production of Vitamin D in skin cells.

red bone marrow: makes blood cells
yellow marrow; contains fat

The most common fractures are those resulting from sudden injury. This means that fractures are most commonly caused by accidents or trauma that occur suddenly, such as falls, car accidents, or sports injuries. Fractures caused by sudden injury are more common than those caused by fatigue or pathologic conditions.

These make the bone rigid

Compact bone: laid down in layers like an onion: outside

Osteoclasts- "bone breaking" cells

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue during the process of bone remodeling and growth. They play a crucial role in maintaining bone density and shape by removing old or damaged bone tissue. This process allows for the continual renewal and repair of bone throughout life. Osteoclasts are vital for maintaining bone health and are regulated by various hormones and signaling molecules in the body.

osteogenesis imperfect: defective synthesis of connective tissue, including bone matrix
osteomalacia: a generalized bone condition in which there is inadequate mineralization of bone
osteomyelitis: an acute or chronic infection of the bone and marrow
osteopenia: decreased bone density
osteoporosis: decreased bone mass/density, decreased cancellous (spongy) bone strength, bone matrix and mineralization is decreased
Paget disease: regions of excessive bone turnover, new bone is disorganized, deformation and fracture common
Rickets: vitamin D deficiency, inadequate calcium absorption from diet
scoliosis: a lateral curvature of the spine
systemic sclerosis: collagen deposits in skin and internal organs

Osteosarcoma: begins in osteogenic cells of the bone and is the most common type of bone cancer
Ewing sarcoma: small round cell tumors of bone and soft tissue origin
Chondrosarcoma: its origin in the cartilaginous elements of bone
Metastases: multiple in occurrence, originating primarily from cancers of the breast, lung, and prostate

Gout is a form of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. The pathogenesis, or development, of gout is linked to elevated levels of serum uric acid. When there is an excess of uric acid in the blood, it can form crystals in the joints, leading to inflammation and pain. Therefore, maintaining normal levels of serum uric acid is crucial in preventing and managing gout.

the bone rigid block oxygen and food diffusin, so bone must contain blood vessles

Gout is a form of arthritis that occurs when there is a build-up of uric acid crystals in the joints. The most common site for gout to occur is in the big toe joint. This is because the big toe joint is often subjected to more stress and pressure, making it more susceptible to inflammation and the deposition of uric acid crystals. Additionally, the temperature of the big toe joint is slightly lower than other joints, which further promotes the formation of crystals. Therefore, the big toe is the most common site of gout.

Osteogenic cells: divide to form the other bone cells
Osteoblasts: lay down the extracellular matrix
Osteocytes: Live in the mature bone and maintain the extracellular matrix
Osteoclasts: Break down the extracellular matrix

PTH acts to maintain serum levels of ionized calcium; it increases the release of calcium and phosphae from bone, the conservation of calcium and elimination of phosphate by kidney, and the intestinal reabsorption of calcium through vitamin D

Changes in organ function (organ damage, inflammation, and failure): pathologic fracture
Local effects of tumors (e.g., compression of nerves or veins, stretching of periosteum): pain and weakness
Nonspecific signs of tissue breakdown (e.g., protein wasting, bone breakdown): calcium release, hypercalcemia

osteogenesis imperfect: defective synthesis of connective tissue, including bone matrix
osteomalacia: a generalized bone condition in which there is inadequate mineralization of bone
osteomyelitis: an acute or chronic infection of the bone and marrow
osteopenia: decreased bone density
osteoporosis: decreased bone mass/density, decreased cancellous (spongy) bone strength, bone matrix and mineralization is decreased
Paget disease: regions of excessive bone turnover, new bone is disorganized, deformation and fracture common
Rickets: vitamin D deficiency, inadequate calcium absorption from diet
scoliosis: a lateral curvature of the spine
systemic sclerosis: collagen deposits in skin and internal organs

osteogenesis imperfect: defective synthesis of connective tissue, including bone matrix
osteomalacia: a generalized bone condition in which there is inadequate mineralization of bone
osteomyelitis: an acute or chronic infection of the bone and marrow
osteopenia: decreased bone density
osteoporosis: decreased bone mass/density, decreased cancellous (spongy) bone strength, bone matrix and mineralization is decreased
Paget disease: regions of excessive bone turnover, new bone is disorganized, deformation and fracture common
Rickets: vitamin D deficiency, inadequate calcium absorption from diet
scoliosis: a lateral curvature of the spine
systemic sclerosis: collagen deposits in skin and internal organs

Oxygen and food can diffuse through this gel.
Therefore, the tissue does not need blood vessels

Diarthroses: highly mobile ex: shoulder

osteogenesis imperfect: defective synthesis of connective tissue, including bone matrix
osteomalacia: a generalized bone condition in which there is inadequate mineralization of bone
osteomyelitis: an acute or chronic infection of the bone and marrow
osteopenia: decreased bone density
osteoporosis: decreased bone mass/density, decreased cancellous (spongy) bone strength, bone matrix and mineralization is decreased
Paget disease: regions of excessive bone turnover, new bone is disorganized, deformation and fracture common
Rickets: vitamin D deficiency, inadequate calcium absorption from diet
scoliosis: a lateral curvature of the spine
systemic sclerosis: collagen deposits in skin and internal organs

Osteogenic cells: divide to form the other bone cells
Osteoblasts: lay down the extracellular matrix
Osteocytes: Live in the mature bone and maintain the extracellular matrix
Osteoclasts: Break down the extracellular matrix

Osteogenic cells: divide to form the other bone cells
Osteoblasts: lay down the extracellular matrix
Osteocytes: Live in the mature bone and maintain the extracellular matrix
Osteoclasts: Break down the extracellular matrix

PTH acts to maintain serum levels of ionized calcium

Calcitonin inhibits the release of calcium and phosphate, thereby serving to lower serum calcium levels.

Changes in organ function (organ damage, inflammation, and failure): pathologic fracture
Local effects of tumors (e.g., compression of nerves or veins, stretching of periosteum): pain and weakness
Nonspecific signs of tissue breakdown (e.g., protein wasting, bone breakdown): calcium release, hypercalcemia

Changes in organ function (organ damage, inflammation, and failure): pathologic fracture
Local effects of tumors (e.g., compression of nerves or veins, stretching of periosteum): pain and weakness
Nonspecific signs of tissue breakdown (e.g., protein wasting, bone breakdown): calcium release, hypercalcemia

Epiphysis = end
Diaphysis = shaft
- contains bone marrow
red bone marrow: makes blood cells
yellow marrow; contains fat
Metaphysis = widening before the end of the bone

osteogenesis imperfect: defective synthesis of connective tissue, including bone matrix
osteomalacia: a generalized bone condition in which there is inadequate mineralization of bone
osteomyelitis: an acute or chronic infection of the bone and marrow
osteopenia: decreased bone density
osteoporosis: decreased bone mass/density, decreased cancellous (spongy) bone strength, bone matrix and mineralization is decreased
Paget disease: regions of excessive bone turnover, new bone is disorganized, deformation and fracture common
Rickets: vitamin D deficiency, inadequate calcium absorption from diet
scoliosis: a lateral curvature of the spine
systemic sclerosis: collagen deposits in skin and internal organs

osteogenesis imperfect: defective synthesis of connective tissue, including bone matrix
osteomalacia: a generalized bone condition in which there is inadequate mineralization of bone
osteomyelitis: an acute or chronic infection of the bone and marrow
osteopenia: decreased bone density
osteoporosis: decreased bone mass/density, decreased cancellous (spongy) bone strength, bone matrix and mineralization is decreased
Paget disease: regions of excessive bone turnover, new bone is disorganized, deformation and fracture common
Rickets: vitamin D deficiency, inadequate calcium absorption from diet
scoliosis: a lateral curvature of the spine
systemic sclerosis: collagen deposits in skin and internal organs

they both have living cells that secrete the extracellular matrix in which the cells are housed.
>extracelluar matrix
- Ground substance
- Intercellular protein fibers
Characteristics of the tissue depend on the extracellular matrix
ex: collagen; white, strong

Osteogenic cells: divide to form the other bone cells
Osteoblasts: lay down the extracellular matrix
Osteocytes: Live in the mature bone and maintain the extracellular matrix
Osteoclasts: Break down the extracellular matrix

Hyaline cartilage : very few fibers ex: caostal cartilages that joint the ribs to the sternum and vertebrae.
Fibrocartilage: some elastin fibers ex: intervertebral disks, the symphysis pubs
Elastic cartilage: many elastin fibers ex: external ear, epiglottis, larynx

1. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are formed when they needed to remodel bone.
2. Osteoclasts remove damaged areas of bone.
3. Osteoblasts come after them and replace the extracellular matrix.

osteogenesis imperfect: defective synthesis of connective tissue, including bone matrix
osteomalacia: a generalized bone condition in which there is inadequate mineralization of bone
osteomyelitis: an acute or chronic infection of the bone and marrow
osteopenia: decreased bone density
osteoporosis: decreased bone mass/density, decreased cancellous (spongy) bone strength, bone matrix and mineralization is decreased
Paget disease: regions of excessive bone turnover, new bone is disorganized, deformation and fracture common
Rickets: vitamin D deficiency, inadequate calcium absorption from diet
scoliosis: a lateral curvature of the spine
systemic sclerosis: collagen deposits in skin and internal organs

1. Hematoma forms and fibirin network fills it
2. Cells grow along fibirin meshwork to form new tissue
3. Calcium salts deposited in new tissue
4. New tissue remodedled into normal shape

osteogenesis imperfect: defective synthesis of connective tissue, including bone matrix
osteomalacia: a generalized bone condition in which there is inadequate mineralization of bone
osteomyelitis: an acute or chronic infection of the bone and marrow
osteopenia: decreased bone density
osteoporosis: decreased bone mass/density, decreased cancellous (spongy) bone strength, bone matrix and mineralization is decreased
Paget disease: regions of excessive bone turnover, new bone is disorganized, deformation and fracture common
Rickets: vitamin D deficiency, inadequate calcium absorption from diet
scoliosis: a lateral curvature of the spine
systemic sclerosis: collagen deposits in skin and internal organs

osteogenesis imperfect: defective synthesis of connective tissue, including bone matrix
osteomalacia: a generalized bone condition in which there is inadequate mineralization of bone
osteomyelitis: an acute or chronic infection of the bone and marrow
osteopenia: decreased bone density
osteoporosis: decreased bone mass/density, decreased cancellous (spongy) bone strength, bone matrix and mineralization is decreased
Paget disease: regions of excessive bone turnover, new bone is disorganized, deformation and fracture common
Rickets: vitamin D deficiency, inadequate calcium absorption from diet
scoliosis: a lateral curvature of the spine
systemic sclerosis: collagen deposits in skin and internal organs

Reduction is the first step in the treatment and recovery process of a fracture. It involves realigning the broken bones to their normal position. This can be done through manual manipulation or surgical intervention. Once the bones are properly aligned, the next step is immobilization. This is done by applying casts, splints, or other devices to keep the bones in place and prevent further movement. Immobilization helps in the healing process. Lastly, after the fracture has healed, the focus shifts to restoring function and rehabilitating the affected area. This may involve physical therapy, exercises, and other interventions to regain strength, flexibility, and mobility.

Transverse: ceused by simple angulatory forces
Oblique: unstable and may change position after reduction
Spiral: results from a twisting motion, or torque
Comminuted: has more than two pieces
Segmental:
Butterfly:
Impacted: when the fracture fragments are wedged together

Location: proximal, midshaft, or distal
The direction of fracture line (transverse, oblique, spiral)
Type (comminuted, segmental, butterfly, or impacted)

SLE can damage any tissue
-Arthralgia
-Skin lesions (butterfly rash)
-Glomerulonephritis
-Pleuritis
-Pericarditis
-Atherosclerosis
-CNS inflammations

Calcitonin is a hormone that is responsible for inhibiting the release of calcium from the bone. It also reduces the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells that break down bone tissue. Additionally, calcitonin inhibits the activation of vitamin D in the kidney, which is necessary for the absorption of calcium. Finally, it also inhibits the reabsorption of calcium by the kidney.

Rheumatoid Arthritis
-Autoimmune disorder
-Antibodies against IgG fragments
-Cause inflamattion in the joint
-Abnormal healing responses lay down granulation tissue (pannus)

Osteoarthritis Syndrome
-Degenerative joint disease
-Inflammation of the joints often secondary to physical damage
-Damaged joint cartilage tries to heal itself
--Creating osteophytes or sprus
-Cartilage contains more water, less collagen
--Cartilage becomes weak, rough, eroded
--No longer protects the ssurface of the bone

Transverse: ceused by simple angulatory forces
Oblique: unstable and may change position after reduction
Spiral: results from a twisting motion, or torque
Comminuted: has more than two pieces
Segmental:
Butterfly:
Impacted: when the fracture fragments are wedged together

Location: proximal, midshaft, or distal
The direction of fracture line (transverse, oblique, spiral)
Type (comminuted, segmental, butterfly, or impacted)

Rheumatoid Arthritis
-Autoimmune disorder
-Antibodies against IgG fragments
-Cause inflamattion in the joint
-Abnormal healing responses lay down granulation tissue (pannus)

Osteoarthritis Syndrome
-Degenerative joint disease
-Inflammation of the joints often secondary to physical damage
-Damaged joint cartilage tries to heal itself
--Creating osteophytes or sprus
-Cartilage contains more water, less collagen
--Cartilage becomes weak, rough, eroded
--No longer protects the ssurface of the bone