.
During epiblast cell ingression
In the second trimester
During the fetal period
Immediately following cleavage
During embryogenesis
True
False
Both endochondral & membranous ossification
Only endochondral ossification
Only membranous ossification
By direct ossification of mesenchyme
By ossification of neural crest cells
Mesenchyme
Apical ectodermal ridge
Neural crest cells
Hyaline cartilage
Ectoderm
True
False
A malformation of the hand or foot resulting in shortened digits
A malformation of the hand or foot resulting in fusion of two or more digits.
A malformation of the hand or foot resulting in extra digits.
A malformation of the hand or foot resulting in the absence of the long bones of the limb
A malformation of the hand or foot resulting in a lobster-claw deformity
Anteroposterior
Sagital
Dorsoventral
Proximodistal
Transverse
True
False
Paraxial mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm
Somatic mesoderm
Splanchnic mesoderm
Neural crest cells
Dorsomedial lip (DML)
Sclerotome
Dermomyotome
Ventrolateral lip (VLL)
Intermediate mesoderm
Each vertebrae develops from a single somite
The nucleus pulposus forms from the sclerotome
Vertebrae form from the dermatome portion of each somite
Each vertebral myotome bridges two vertebrae to permit spinal movement
Vertebrae are patterned by Pax genes
Ectoderm
Intraembryonic mesoderm
Endoderm
Extraembryonic mesoderm
Hypoblast cells
Scalenes, prevertebral, geniohyoid, and infrahyoid muscles
Flexor muscles of the trunk
Quadratus lumborum
Pelvic diaphragm
All of the above
None, trunk muscles are not derived from paraxial mesoderm
Sclerotome
Dermatome
Myotome
All regions of the somite
Splanchnic mesoderm
Somatic mesoderm
Somitic mesoderm
Sclerotome
Endoderm
Third week
Fourth week
Fifth week
Sixth week
Seventh week
4
5
6
9
12
The upper limb rotates almost 90 degrees in a medial direction
Limb rotation is necessary for correct muscle positioning
The lower limb rotates 90 degrees in a lateral direction
The upper limb rotates before the lower limb
Limb rotation does not affect limb innervation
Ribs
Vertebral bodies
Intervertebral segments
Dermis
Intersegmental nerves
Chondrocranium
Membranous neurocranium
Viscerocranium
Pre-chordal chondrocranium
Cartilaginous neurocranium
Premature fusion of the anterior fontanelle
Premature fusion of the posterior fontanelle
Premature fusion of one or more fibrous sutures
Fusion of the meninges to the fibrous sutures
An evagination of the meninges through an opening in the one or more fibrous sutures
The AER is responsible for regulating patterning across the thumb to the pinky
The progress zone contains differentiated, amitotic cells
Fingers and toes are the first limb structures to form
The ZPA produces SHH which diffuses to form a concentration gradient
The limbs are the only structures devoid of Hox gene expression
An adaptation on the skull bones to the birth canal which allows the skull bones to overlap during birth
The progressive shaping of the flat bones of the skull throughout gestation
The molecular interaction between the skull bones and the brain to help shape the skull
The fusing together of the three sections of the fetal skull; the chondrocranium, the viscerocranium and the membranous neurocranium
The growth of paranasal air-sinuses and maturation of the skull bones to make the skull more proportioned
Thalidomide can also cause sterility
Thalidomide is a potent teratogen linked to severe facial malformations
Thalidomide should not be taken during the fetal period for risk of intra-uterine growth retardation
Thalidomide should not be taken during the critical period of limb development because it can cause severe limb defects
Thalidomide increases the risk of an ectopic pregnancy
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