Nervous System Quiz Test

Salivation and lacrimation are examples of autonomic reflexes because they are involuntary responses controlled by the autonomic nervous system. These reflexes are not under conscious control and are regulated by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Salivation refers to the production of saliva in response to certain stimuli, such as the smell or taste of food, while lacrimation refers to the production of tears in response to irritation or emotion. Both of these reflexes are important for maintaining the health and function of the digestive and visual systems, respectively.

There are indeed 12 pairs of cranial nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for various functions related to sensory and motor activities of the head and neck. Each cranial nerve has a specific function and innervates different regions of the head and neck, including the face, eyes, ears, and tongue. Therefore, the statement "There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves" is correct.

Amanda's symptoms, such as rapid breathing, dilated pupils, sweating, and a pounding heart, are all characteristic of the "fight or flight" response, which is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. This system is responsible for activating the body's physiological responses to perceived threats or stressors, preparing the body for immediate action. In this case, Amanda's encounter with the potential carjacking triggered her sympathetic nervous system, causing these physical symptoms. The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, is responsible for promoting relaxation and restoring the body to its normal state after the threat has passed. The somatic system controls voluntary movements, while the nervous system encompasses the entire network of nerves in the body.

The somatic nervous system is responsible for innervating skeletal muscles. It controls voluntary movements and allows us to consciously control our muscles. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, on the other hand, control involuntary processes and innervate smooth muscles and glands. Therefore, the correct answer is the somatic nervous system.

The statement is true because most of the ascending and descending tracts in the brain, which carry sensory and motor information, cross over from one side of the body to the other. This crossover occurs at a structure called the medulla oblongata, located at the base of the brainstem. This arrangement allows for the integration and coordination of information between the two sides of the body and the cerebral hemisphere.

The diencephalon is a region of the brain that includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information, relaying it to the cerebral cortex. The hypothalamus is involved in regulating various bodily functions such as temperature, hunger, and thirst. The epithalamus contains the pineal gland, which secretes melatonin and is involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles. Therefore, all of the above options are correct as they are all parts of the diencephalon.

The blind spot of the eye refers to the area on the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye. This area lacks photoreceptor cells, specifically rods and cones, which are responsible for detecting light and converting it into electrical signals that the brain can interpret. As a result, no visual information can be perceived in the blind spot. Therefore, the statement "The blind spot of the eye contains no photoreceptors" is true.

The auditory area is responsible for processing sound information and is located in the temporal lobe of the brain. This area is specifically involved in the perception and interpretation of auditory stimuli, including language and music. The temporal lobe is located on the sides of the brain, near the temples, and is involved in various functions related to memory, language, and hearing.

The lobes of the brain are the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Each lobe has different functions and is responsible for different aspects of cognition and perception. The frontal lobe is involved in decision-making, problem-solving, and motor control. The temporal lobe is responsible for processing auditory information and memory. The parietal lobe is involved in sensory perception and spatial awareness. The occipital lobe is responsible for processing visual information.

A person suffering from cerebellar disease would not be able to perform pronation and supination movements, fast. The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, including fine motor skills such as pronation and supination. Damage to the cerebellum can result in difficulties with coordination and precision of movements, making it challenging to perform these movements quickly and accurately.

After a hearty meal, the parasympathetic nervous system kicks in to help you digest the meal. This branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for promoting rest and digest activities. It stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes, increases blood flow to the digestive organs, and promotes peristalsis, which helps move food through the digestive tract. The parasympathetic nervous system works in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the fight or flight response.

The correct answer is "Third, fourth and sixth cranial nerves." The third cranial nerve, also known as the oculomotor nerve, controls most of the movements of the eyeball. The fourth cranial nerve, also known as the trochlear nerve, is responsible for the downward and inward movement of the eyeball. The sixth cranial nerve, also known as the abducens nerve, controls the lateral movement of the eyeball. These three cranial nerves work together to coordinate the movements of the eyeball in different directions.

The thought of a juicy steak causing salivation is an example of an autonomic reflex. Autonomic reflexes are involuntary responses controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which regulates bodily functions such as digestion. Salivation is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, specifically the parasympathetic division, which is responsible for rest and digestion. Therefore, the salivation response to the thought of a juicy steak is an example of an autonomic reflex.

The statement that there are 33 pairs of spinal nerves is false. In reality, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge from the spinal cord and are responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Each pair of spinal nerves is associated with a specific region of the body and plays a crucial role in motor control and sensory perception.

The representation of the body on the brain depends on the functional importance of the part being represented. This means that areas of the brain that are responsible for more important functions will have larger representations, while areas responsible for less important functions will have smaller representations. This is known as cortical magnification. So, the size of the part being represented, the location of the part being represented, and the blood supply of the part being represented are not the main factors determining the representation on the brain.

The parietal lobe is responsible for processing sensory information, including taste. Therefore, if Phil's sense of taste is impaired after his cerebral hemorrhage, it is likely that the parietal lobe, which is involved in taste perception, has been affected.

Hydrocephalus is a condition characterized by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, leading to increased pressure. This can occur due to various reasons, including increased production of CSF, blockage of arachnoid villi (which are responsible for reabsorbing CSF), and blockage of openings in the fourth ventricle. Therefore, all of the given options - increased production of CSF, blockage of arachnoid villi, and blockage of openings in the fourth ventricle - can contribute to the development of hydrocephalus.

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the choroid plexus. The choroid plexus is a network of blood vessels located in the ventricles of the brain. It produces cerebrospinal fluid by filtering blood plasma and secreting it into the ventricles. This fluid then circulates around the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and protection to these structures. The other options mentioned, such as meningeal blood vessels, arachnoid villi, and pia mater, are not directly involved in the formation of cerebrospinal fluid.

The subdural space is a potential space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater in the brain. It is not a space that normally contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The CSF is primarily found in the ventricles of the brain (such as the third and fourth ventricles) and in the subarachnoid space, which is the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. Therefore, the subdural space is the correct answer as it does not typically contain CSF.

The somatic nervous system is responsible for innervating skeletal muscles. This system controls voluntary movements and allows us to consciously control our muscles. It sends signals from the central nervous system to the muscles, allowing us to move and perform various actions. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, on the other hand, control involuntary functions and do not directly innervate skeletal muscles.

The muscles of the tongue are innervated by the XII cranial nerve or hypoglossal. This nerve controls the movement of the tongue and allows for speech, swallowing, and chewing. Damage to the hypoglossal nerve can result in difficulty with these functions, such as slurred speech or difficulty swallowing.

Peter's severe head injury resulted in a change in his personality, impaired judgment, and inappropriate social behavior. These symptoms suggest damage to the frontal lobe of his brain. The frontal lobe is responsible for various cognitive functions, including personality, decision-making, and social behavior. Damage to this area can lead to alterations in these aspects of a person's behavior and functioning.

Drinking orange juice, which contains citric acid, stimulates the release of enzymes from the stomach. This suggests that certain receptors are being stimulated. Among the options given, chemoreceptors are the most likely to be stimulated. Chemoreceptors are sensory receptors that respond to chemical stimuli, such as the presence of citric acid in orange juice. They are responsible for detecting and responding to changes in the chemical composition of the environment, making them the most suitable receptors to be stimulated in this scenario.

The components of a reflex arc include a receptor, which detects the stimulus; an afferent neuron, which carries the sensory information from the receptor to the integration center; an integration center, which processes the information and determines the appropriate response; an efferent neuron, which carries the motor information from the integration center to the effector; and an effector, which carries out the response to the stimulus.

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, which prepares the body for action. It increases heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and causes bronchodilation to allow more oxygen into the lungs. However, it does not cause pupillary constriction. In fact, the sympathetic nervous system causes pupillary dilation to allow more light into the eyes and enhance vision in preparation for potential danger or heightened awareness.

Descending tracts refer to the neural pathways that carry information from the brain to the spinal cord. These tracts allow the brain to send signals and commands to the spinal cord, which in turn controls various motor and sensory functions of the body. This communication is essential for voluntary movements, reflexes, and the transmission of sensory information from the body to the brain for processing. Therefore, the correct answer is "From the brain to the spinal cord."

When a person sustains a severe head injury affecting the occipital lobe, which is responsible for processing visual information, it is likely that they will experience visual problems. The occipital lobe is located at the posterior aspect of the skull, so damage to this area can lead to issues with vision such as blurred vision, difficulty seeing certain colors or shapes, or even complete loss of vision in some cases. Therefore, it is reasonable to suspect that this person would have visual problems as a result of the injury.

The distribution of spinal nerves includes 8 cervical nerves, 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves, 5 sacral nerves, and 1 coccygeal nerve.

The thalamus is considered the primary sensory relay station in the brain. It receives sensory information from various parts of the body and sends it to the corresponding areas in the cerebral cortex for further processing. The thalamus acts as a filter, selectively allowing certain sensory signals to reach the cortex while blocking others. This helps in focusing attention and prioritizing important sensory information. Additionally, the thalamus also plays a role in regulating sleep, consciousness, and alertness.

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response in the body. It causes vasoconstriction, or narrowing of blood vessels, in most regions of the body to redirect blood flow to vital organs and muscles. However, in skeletal muscle, the sympathetic nervous system causes vasodilation instead of vasoconstriction. This allows for increased blood flow to the muscles during times of physical activity or stress. Therefore, the correct answer is skeletal muscle.

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for controlling the body's rest and digest functions. It promotes relaxation and conserves energy. One of the functions controlled by the parasympathetic system is the secretion of salivary glands. When the parasympathetic system is activated, it stimulates the production and release of saliva, which aids in digestion. Therefore, the correct answer is secretion of salivary glands.

Efferent fibers are motor fibers that exit through the ventral root and carry information from the CNS. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" as all the statements mentioned are true.

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Spinocerebellar tracts carry impulses from the spinal cord to the cerebellum. These tracts are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the cerebellum, which plays a crucial role in coordinating movement, balance, and posture. The impulses carried by the spinocerebellar tracts provide the cerebellum with important information about the position and movement of the limbs, allowing it to make adjustments and fine-tune motor control.

The correct answer is "Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons." This statement is correct because ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cell bodies, are associated with afferent nerve fibers. Afferent nerve fibers are responsible for carrying sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system. Therefore, the cell bodies of these sensory neurons are located in the ganglia associated with these afferent fibers.

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released in the parasympathetic nervous system. It plays a key role in transmitting signals between nerve cells and is involved in various bodily functions such as regulating heart rate, digestion, and promoting relaxation. GABA, serotonin, and dopamine are neurotransmitters involved in other functions within the nervous system, but they are not specifically associated with the parasympathetic nervous system.

The correct answer is the vertebro-carotid system. This is because the blood supply of the brain is provided by two major arteries: the vertebral arteries and the carotid arteries. The vertebral arteries supply blood to the posterior part of the brain, while the carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior part of the brain. These two systems join together to form the vertebro-carotid system, which ensures a sufficient blood supply to the entire brain.

Oligodendrocytes are responsible for forming myelin in the central nervous system (CNS). Myelin is a fatty substance that wraps around nerve fibers, acting as an insulating layer and allowing for faster and more efficient transmission of nerve impulses. Unlike Schwann cells, which form myelin in the peripheral nervous system, oligodendrocytes are found within the CNS. Satellite cells are involved in supporting and protecting neurons, while microglia are immune cells in the CNS. Therefore, the correct answer is oligodendrocytes.

Impulses from the right side of the body will go to the left cerebral hemisphere. This is because the brain is cross-wired, with the left hemisphere controlling the right side of the body and vice versa. Therefore, sensory information from the right side of the body is processed in the left cerebral hemisphere.

Motor neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, controlling movement and other bodily functions. The cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the anterior (ventral) horn of the spinal gray matter. This is where the motor neurons receive input from other neurons and send out their axons to connect with muscles or glands. The dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons, not motor neurons. The posterior horn of spinal gray matter is involved in sensory processing, not motor control. The white matter of the spinal cord contains axons that transmit signals between different parts of the nervous system.

The hypothalamus is a small region in the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. It helps in modulating the diurnal rhythm, controlling body temperature, regulating thirst, and controlling the activity of the pituitary gland. However, controlling speech is not a function of the hypothalamus. Speech production is primarily controlled by the areas in the cerebral cortex, such as Broca's area in the frontal lobe. Therefore, the correct answer is controlling speech.

A decrease in the number of astrocytes in the central nervous system would affect the nutrition to the neurons. Astrocytes play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of the nervous system, including providing nutrients to neurons. They regulate the uptake and release of substances such as glucose, lactate, and amino acids, which are essential for neuronal function. Therefore, a decrease in astrocytes would disrupt this nutrient supply, potentially leading to impaired neuronal function and overall neural health.

Microglia is a type of phagocytic cell in the nervous system. They are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system and play a crucial role in maintaining brain homeostasis. Microglia are responsible for engulfing and removing cellular debris, pathogens, and dead neurons through phagocytosis. They also contribute to the immune response in the brain and have been implicated in various neurological disorders.

The conus medullaris refers to the conical tapered portion at the end of the spinal cord. It is the terminal point of the spinal cord and marks the beginning of the cauda equina, a bundle of nerves that extends beyond the spinal cord. The conus medullaris is an important landmark in spinal cord anatomy and is often used as a reference point for spinal procedures and surgeries.

The cerebellum does not control the contralateral side of the body. It is responsible for coordinating and regulating movement, posture, and balance, but its control is primarily ipsilateral, meaning it affects the same side of the body. The contralateral control is mainly carried out by the motor cortex in the brain. Therefore, the statement is false.

Saltatory conduction is actually seen in myelinated fibers, not non-myelinated fibers. In myelinated fibers, the myelin sheath acts as an insulating layer around the axon, allowing the electrical impulse to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next. This speeds up the conduction of the impulse along the axon. In non-myelinated fibers, the impulse travels continuously along the entire length of the axon, without jumping between nodes. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

The given statement that "Object recognition by touch and texture is a function of the frontal lobe" is incorrect. Object recognition by touch and texture is primarily associated with the parietal lobe, not the frontal lobe. The parietal lobe is responsible for processing sensory information, including touch and texture, and integrating it with other sensory inputs to recognize objects. The frontal lobe, on the other hand, is involved in higher cognitive functions such as decision-making, problem-solving, and personality. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X are associated with taste. Cranial nerve VII, also known as the facial nerve, carries taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Cranial nerve IX, also known as the glossopharyngeal nerve, carries taste sensations from the posterior one-third of the tongue. Cranial nerve X, also known as the vagus nerve, carries taste sensations from the epiglottis and the lower pharynx. These three cranial nerves collectively innervate the taste buds on different regions of the tongue and throat, allowing us to perceive different tastes.

Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is produced in the ventricles of the brain and flows through the central canal of the spinal cord. It also fills the subarachnoid space, which is the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" as cerebrospinal fluid is present in the ventricles of the brain, central canal of the spinal cord, and subarachnoid space.

The canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles is called the cerebral aqueduct. This canal, also known as the aqueduct of Sylvius, is a narrow passage located in the midbrain. It allows for the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the third and fourth ventricles, which helps to maintain the balance and circulation of CSF within the brain.