CCNA 1 Final Exam V5.0

An SSH (Secure Shell) connection provides a secure CLI (Command Line Interface) session with encryption to a Cisco switch. SSH is a network protocol that allows secure remote access to devices over an unsecured network. It encrypts the data transmitted between the client and the server, ensuring confidentiality and integrity of the communication. This makes it the preferred choice for remote management and configuration of network devices, such as Cisco switches, as it protects against unauthorized access and eavesdropping.

The Ctrl-Shift-6 key combination is used to interrupt the ping process. This keystroke combination sends a break signal to the switch, causing it to stop the current process, in this case, the ping command. Interrupting the ping process can be useful in situations where the administrator wants to stop the continuous ping or troubleshoot network connectivity issues.

The command "login block-for 60 attempts 5 within 60" would help mitigate brute-force password attacks against the router by blocking login attempts for a specified period of time after a certain number of failed attempts. In this case, it would block login attempts for 60 seconds after 5 consecutive failed attempts within a 60-second window. This helps prevent attackers from repeatedly guessing passwords and gaining unauthorized access to the router.

In a network with QoS implemented, the highest priority will be given to the audio conference as it requires real-time transmission with low latency to ensure clear and uninterrupted communication. The second priority will be given to financial transactions as they involve sensitive and critical data that needs to be securely transmitted and processed. The lowest priority will be given to web page viewing as it is less time-sensitive and can tolerate some delays or fluctuations in network performance. Therefore, the correct order of priorities from highest to lowest is audio conference, financial transactions, and web page.

The maximum TTL value that is used to reach the destination www.cisco.com is 13.

Twisting opposing circuit wire pairs together is a procedure used to reduce the effect of crosstalk in copper cables. When the wires are twisted together, any electromagnetic interference or crosstalk is canceled out or minimized because the induced voltages in each wire are equal and opposite. This helps to maintain signal integrity and reduce interference between adjacent wires in the cable.

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is the correct answer because it provides high-speed digital transmission over regular phone lines. DSL technology allows data to be transmitted at a higher frequency range than voice calls, enabling faster internet speeds. It is a popular choice for residential and small business users who want a reliable and fast internet connection without the need for expensive infrastructure upgrades. DSL connections are widely available and offer faster speeds compared to dial-up, satellite, cell modem, or cable modem connections.

When part of an Internet radio transmission is not delivered to the destination, the transmission continues without the missing portion. This means that the missing part is not re-sent, and the radio transmission carries on playing without interruption.

The physical layer of the OSI model is responsible for encoding frames into electrical, optical, or radio wave signals. This means that it converts the digital data from the upper layers into a format that can be transmitted over the physical media. By encoding the frames into signals, the physical layer ensures that the data can be transmitted across different types of media, such as copper wires, fiber optic cables, or wireless signals. This is an important function as it enables communication between devices on a network by allowing the transmission of data across physical media.

The Destination Address field in an IPv4 packet header typically stays the same during its transmission. This field contains the IP address of the intended recipient of the packet, and it remains unchanged as the packet travels through the network. The other fields such as Flag, Time-to-Live, and Packet Length may be modified or updated during transmission to ensure proper routing and delivery of the packet.

The administrator would configure an IP address on the VLAN 1 interface in order to manage the switch remotely. VLAN 1 is the default management VLAN on most switches and is typically used for remote management purposes. By assigning an IP address to the VLAN 1 interface, the administrator can access the switch remotely using protocols such as SSH or Telnet.

Area C would most likely be an extranet for the company network shown because it is positioned outside the company's internal network but still connected to it. An extranet is a private network that allows external parties, such as business partners or customers, to access certain resources or services of the company's internal network. Area C is located between the company's network and the internet, indicating that it serves as a gateway for external access while maintaining some level of security and control.

NAT (Network Address Translation) provides a solution to IPv4 address depletion by allowing multiple devices to share one public IP address. It works by translating private IP addresses used within a local network into a single public IP address when communicating with devices outside the network. This allows for more efficient use of limited IPv4 addresses and enables multiple devices to access the internet using a single public IP address.

When a network administrator issues the "copy running-config startup-config" command in a Cisco switch, the new configuration will be saved in the startup-config file located in the NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory). This file is used to store the configuration that will be loaded during the switch's startup process. Therefore, if the switch is restarted, it will load the new configuration that was saved, resulting in the new configuration being applied to the switch.

The command "ipconfig /displaydns" can be used by the technician to show any cached DNS entries for the web page. This command displays the contents of the DNS resolver cache, which includes any recently resolved DNS names and their corresponding IP addresses. By using this command, the technician can check if the telnet site's DNS entry is present in the cache, which could help identify if the issue is related to DNS resolution.

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The password needed to access user EXEC mode when using a console connection to switch SW1 is "lineconin".

The technician is using the ping 127.0.0.1 command to test the TCP/IP stack on a network host. The IP address 127.0.0.1 is known as the loopback address, which is used to test network connectivity on the local machine. By pinging this address, the technician can determine if the TCP/IP stack is functioning properly on the host machine.

After the hostname command is issued, the prompt that will display is "Switch(config)#". This prompt indicates that the administrator is in global configuration mode and can make changes to the switch's configuration.

CSMA/CA stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance. It is a method used to manage contention-based access on a wireless network. In this method, devices listen to the wireless medium before transmitting to avoid collisions. If the medium is idle, the device can transmit its data. However, if the medium is busy, the device waits for a random amount of time before attempting to transmit again. This helps to reduce collisions and manage access to the network efficiently.

When the destination MAC address of a received frame is not in the MAC table, a Layer 2 switch will forward the frame out of all ports except for the port at which the frame was received. This is because the switch does not know the specific port to which the frame should be forwarded, so it floods the frame to all other ports in order to reach the destination device.

WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) is easily compromised because it uses a weak encryption algorithm and has known vulnerabilities. It can be cracked within minutes using readily available tools. This makes it susceptible to unauthorized access and data breaches. As a result, WEP is no longer considered secure and is not recommended for wireless networks.

The subnet 192.168.1.128/25 would include the address 192.168.1.192 as a usable host address because the range of usable host addresses for this subnet is from 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254. Since 192.168.1.192 falls within this range, it is a usable host address in this subnet.

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The network administrator should enter the IP address 192.168.11.252 at the prompt because it is the address of the TFTP server where the running configuration will be copied.

If the default gateway address is incorrectly configured on a host, the host will not be able to communicate with hosts in other networks. The default gateway is the IP address of the router that connects the local network to other networks. By incorrectly configuring the default gateway address, the host will not be able to send packets to the correct router for routing to other networks. As a result, communication with hosts in other networks will not be possible.

The purpose of the routing process is to select the paths that are used to direct traffic to destination networks. Routing involves determining the most efficient path for data packets to travel from the source to the destination network. This is done by analyzing the network topology, considering factors such as network congestion, link quality, and shortest path algorithms. By selecting the appropriate paths, routing ensures that data reaches its intended destination efficiently and effectively.

Configuring the "ipv6 unicast-routing" command on a router enables the router to function as an IPv6 router. This command allows the router to forward unicast IPv6 packets between different networks, making it capable of routing IPv6 traffic. It does not assign the router to the all-nodes multicast group, permit only unicast packets, or prevent the router from joining the all-routers multicast group.

A wireless NIC (Network Interface Card) is necessary for a wireless client to be installed on a WLAN because it allows the device to connect to the wireless network. The wireless client software is also necessary as it enables the device to communicate with the wireless network and access its resources. The other options, such as media, custom adapter, crossover cable, and wireless bridge, are not necessary components for installing a wireless client on a WLAN.

Routers use metrics to determine the best path to a destination network. The metric value represents the cost or preference of a particular route. In this case, the router chooses the path with the lower metric value associated with the destination network. This means that the route with the lower cost or higher preference will be selected as the preferred path. By selecting the lower metric value, the router ensures efficient and reliable routing of network traffic.

The group of IPv6 addresses that cannot be allocated as a host source address is FF00::/8. This is because FF00::/8 is a multicast address range, which is used for communication to multiple hosts simultaneously. Multicast addresses are not assigned to individual hosts, but rather to groups of hosts that are interested in receiving the multicast traffic. Therefore, FF00::/8 cannot be used as a source address for a single host.

The entry 192.168.3.255 ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff indicates a static map entry. In ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), static map entries are manually configured mappings between IP addresses and MAC addresses. In this case, the entry is for the broadcast address of the network (192.168.3.255) and the corresponding MAC address (ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff). Since it is manually configured, it is considered a static map entry.

The MAC addresses of PC0 and PC1 will be contained in the S1 MAC address table associated with the Fa0/1 port because the ping is issued from PC0, PC1, and PC3 in that order. The MAC addresses of the devices that send traffic through a switch port are recorded in the MAC address table. Since PC2 is not involved in the ping process, its MAC address will not be included in the table.

A router will first search for startup configuration information in NVRAM, which stands for Non-Volatile Random Access Memory. This is where the router stores its configuration files. If the configuration is not found in NVRAM, the router will then search for it in TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), which is a network protocol used for transferring files. Finally, if the configuration is not found in TFTP, the router will enter setup mode, where the user can manually configure the router.

During normal operation, most Cisco switches run the IOS from RAM. RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of computer memory that allows data to be read and written quickly. The IOS (Internetwork Operating System) is the software that runs on Cisco devices and provides the necessary functionality for network operations. Running the IOS from RAM allows for faster access and execution of commands, making it the preferred location for the operating system to be stored during normal operation.

A converged network combines multiple types of communication services, such as data, voice, and video, onto a single network infrastructure. This reduces the cost of deploying and maintaining separate networks for each service, as well as the associated hardware and cabling. By consolidating these services onto a single network, organizations can streamline their infrastructure, reduce complexity, and save on costs. This allows for more efficient use of resources and easier management of the network.

The default gateway address is the IP address of the Router1 interface that connects the PC1 LAN to Router1. This means that any traffic that is not destined for the local LAN will be sent to the default gateway, which in this case is Router1. Router1 will then forward the traffic to its appropriate destination, such as the internet or other networks.

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ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used to discover a physical address (MAC address) from a known logical address (IP address). It uses broadcast messages to send a request to all devices on the network, asking "Who has this IP address?". The device with the corresponding IP address responds with its MAC address, allowing the sender to establish a direct communication link. Therefore, the correct answer is ARP, broadcast.

The purpose of the network security accounting function is to keep track of the actions of a user. This function helps in monitoring and recording the activities performed by a user on the network, such as logging in, accessing resources, and performing various actions. By maintaining an audit trail of user actions, network security accounting helps in identifying any suspicious or unauthorized activities, detecting potential security breaches, and ensuring accountability for user actions.

The majority of addresses within the /8 block IPv4 bit space are public addresses. Public addresses are used to identify devices on the internet and are assigned by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to their customers. These addresses are globally unique and can be accessed from anywhere on the internet. Private addresses, on the other hand, are used for local network communication and are not routable over the internet. Multicast addresses are used for one-to-many communication, and experimental addresses are used for research and testing purposes.

When a device is configured to use DHCP, it broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER message when it boots up. This message is sent to identify any available DHCP servers on the network. The purpose of this broadcast is to allow the client to discover and establish a connection with a DHCP server, which will then assign the necessary IP address, subnet mask, DNS server address, and default gateway address to the client.

The auto-MDIX feature on a switch refers to the automatic configuration of an interface for a straight-through or a crossover Ethernet cable connection. This means that the switch can detect the type of cable being used (straight-through or crossover) and configure the interface accordingly, eliminating the need for manual cable swapping. This feature allows for easier and more flexible network setup, as it removes the requirement for specific cable types in order to establish a connection between devices.

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) messages are used to provide feedback on the transmission of IP packets. These messages are sent between network devices to report errors, congestion, or other issues related to the delivery of IP packets. ICMP messages allow network administrators to monitor the status and performance of their networks and troubleshoot any problems that may arise during packet transmission. Therefore, the purpose of ICMP messages is to provide feedback on the transmission of IP packets.

The receiving device checks the FCS field in the frame to verify if there are any transmission errors. The FCS (Frame Check Sequence) field contains a checksum that is used to detect errors in the frame during transmission. By checking the FCS field, the receiving device can determine if the frame was received correctly or if there are any errors that occurred during transmission. This helps ensure the integrity of the data being transmitted and allows for error detection and correction if necessary.

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The asterisk (*) in the exhibited output designates which file system is the default file system.

The LLC sublayer of the data link layer places information in the frame, allowing multiple Layer 3 protocols to use the same network interface and media. This means that different protocols can share the same physical connection and transmit their data over the network. The LLC sublayer accomplishes this by adding a header to the frame that includes information about the protocol being used. This allows the receiving device to correctly interpret and process the data.

A Layer 3 switch differs from a Layer 2 switch because it allows for the assignment of an IP address to a physical port. This feature is not supported in Layer 2 switches, which means that Layer 3 switches have the capability to operate at both the network layer (Layer 3) and the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. This allows Layer 3 switches to perform routing functions, such as forwarding packets based on IP addresses, in addition to the switching functions performed by Layer 2 switches.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) provides the function of detection of out-of-order and missing packets. This means that TCP keeps track of the sequence of packets being sent and received, and if any packets are received out of order or if any packets are missing, TCP detects and handles it. This ensures that the data is reliably transmitted and received in the correct order, enhancing the reliability and integrity of the communication.