Anatomy Final Exam Practice Test

The statement that bodies of vertebrae have active marrow is true. Marrow is the soft, spongy tissue found inside bones, and it is responsible for producing blood cells. In the case of vertebrae, the bodies contain red bone marrow, which is actively involved in the production of red and white blood cells. This marrow is crucial for the body's immune system and the transportation of oxygen throughout the body. Therefore, the statement is correct.

Criteria of cervical vertebrae:
-Transverse Foramen
-Vertebral foramen
-Bifid spinous process
-Transverse process has anterior and posterior tubercle
The mammilary process is a characteristic of lumbar vertebrae.

Bell's palsy results due to damage of the facial nerve. This condition causes sudden weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face. The facial nerve controls the movement of these muscles, as well as the sense of taste in the front two-thirds of the tongue. Damage to the facial nerve can occur due to inflammation, viral infections like herpes simplex, or other factors, leading to the characteristic symptoms of Bell's palsy.

In the lumbar area, the spinal canal is not completely covered by bone. There is space between adjacent laminae.

In infants, the cord ends at L3. After birth, there in no more growth in nervous tissue. The body elongates but the cord cannot stretch to match it.

The axis (atlanto-axial joint) allows for the "no" movement (head rotation) while the atlas (atlanto-occipital joint) allows for the "yes" movement (neck flexion).

Splenius capitis and semispinalis capitis are surrounded by prevertebral fasica. The strat muscles of the neck are not.

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is innervated by the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI), not by the ventral rami. The ventral rami are responsible for innervating the muscles of the limbs and the anterior and lateral trunk muscles, but not the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

The buccinator muscle is not involved in the process of mastication, which is the chewing of food. Instead, the buccinator muscle is responsible for actions such as compressing the cheeks and assisting in the production of certain sounds during speech. The other muscles listed, including the masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, and temporalis, are all muscles that are directly involved in the process of mastication by moving the jaw and assisting in the chewing and grinding of food.

Rectus capitis major is a boundary of the suboccipital triangle, not a muscle of the eye.
Lateral rectus is innervated by abducens nerve (damage to this nerve causes twisted eye). This is the only eyeball muscle innervated by abducens.
Inferior oblique is innervated by oculomotor nerve, which innervates the rest of the eye muslces (other than the exceptions explained by this question).

The mylohyoid muscle is innervated by the trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve and is responsible for the sensory and motor functions of the face. It has three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The mandibular branch innervates the muscles of mastication, including the mylohyoid muscle. Therefore, the correct answer is Trigeminal.

The suboccipital triangle is a region located at the base of the skull, formed by the rectus capitis posterior major, superior oblique of the head, and inferior oblique of the head muscles. These muscles surround the suboccipital nerve, which passes through the triangle. The semispinalis capitis muscle is not a boundary of the suboccipital triangle. Therefore, it does not contribute to the formation of this anatomical region.

A fracture of the hyoid bone does not affect voice production because the hyoid bone is not directly involved in the production of sound. The hyoid bone is located in the neck and serves as an attachment point for muscles involved in swallowing and speaking. It helps to support the tongue and larynx, which are important for articulating speech sounds. However, the actual production of sound occurs in the larynx and vocal cords, which are not directly affected by a fracture of the hyoid bone.

The thalamus is responsible for relaying sensory information to the appropriate areas of the brain. It relays information related to touch, taste, hearing, and sight. However, smell is an exception as it bypasses the thalamus and directly sends signals to the olfactory cortex. Therefore, the correct answer is smell.

The latissimus dorsi muscle is not connected to the external oblique muscle. The latissimus dorsi is a large muscle that originates from the lower back and attaches to the upper arm, while the external oblique muscle is located on the sides of the abdomen. Although both muscles play a role in trunk rotation and stabilization, they do not have a direct connection.

Verterbral artery is a branch of the first part of subclavian vein.
Superior thyroid, lingual, facial, maxillary, ascending pharangeal, occipital, and superficial temporal arteries are the 7 branches of the external carotid artery.

The branches of the facial nerve innervate the muscles of the face and control facial expressions. The pterigoid muscle is not innervated by the facial nerve, but rather by the trigeminal nerve. Therefore, it is not considered a branch of the facial nerve.

The thyroid gland is located in the neck and is situated just below the larynx. It is not located under the omohyoid muscle, which is a muscle located in the lower neck region. The other options listed (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, platysma, sternomastoid) are all muscles in the neck region and are located above the thyroid gland.

Omohyoid is a muscle that attaches to the scapula. It originates from the superior border of the scapula and inserts into the hyoid bone. This muscle is responsible for the movement and stabilization of the hyoid bone during swallowing and speaking. The other options listed, such as the clavicle, thyroid cartilage, and sternum, are not directly attached to the omohyoid muscle.

Superficial to deep: Splenius capitis, levator scapulae, middle scalene, posterior scalene

Errector spinae encompasses the longissimuss, ileocostalis, and spinalis muscles.
Serratus posterior inferior and superior are innervated by anterior primary rami.

The thoracic curvature of the back refers to the natural curve in the upper part of the spine. This curve is known as kyphosis and is considered a primary curvature because it is present from birth. Kyphosis is characterized by a rounded or hunched appearance of the upper back. Therefore, the given answer is correct as it includes both kyphosis and primary curvature, which accurately describe the thoracic curvature of the back.

The clavicle is the correct answer because it is the only bone listed that does not have any direct attachment to the hyoid bone. The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located in the neck, and it serves as a point of attachment for various muscles involved in swallowing and speaking. The sternum, mandible, scapula, mastoid, and temporal bone all have some form of attachment or connection to the hyoid bone, either directly or indirectly through muscles or ligaments.

Deep to platysma and superficial to sternocleidomastoid

Facial nerve receives taste sensations from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue via the chorda tympani.
Hypoglossal nerve provides the motor innervation for the whole tongue.
Lingual nerve provides the general sense for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
Glossalpharyngeal nerve provides the special sense and general sense for the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
A branch of vagus nerve (internal laryngeal nerve) provides innervation for sensing bitterness.