Seismic Signals: Seismic Wave & Imaging Quiz
"Seismic Signals: Seismic Wave & Imaging Quiz" invites you to embark on a seismic journey through the Earth's dynamic depths. This quiz is tailored for geophysics enthusiasts, students, and professionals eager to delve into the world of seismic waves and imaging techniques.
Navigate through questions that explore the fundamentals of seismic wave propagation, from P-waves to S-waves and beyond. Test your understanding of how seismic signals provide invaluable insights into the Earth's subsurface structures, detecting everything from oil reservoirs to earthquake fault lines.
Challenge yourself with queries on seismic imaging methods, including reflection and refraction techniques, seismic tomography, and the Read moreinterpretation of seismic data. Whether you're a seismology novice or a seasoned researcher, this quiz offers a comprehensive assessment of your knowledge in seismic phenomena and imaging technology.
Uncover the secrets of seismic signals, explore the tools that unveil the Earth's hidden layers, and gain a deeper appreciation for the role of seismic waves in geophysics. "Seismic Signals" is not just a quiz; it's an exploration of the seismic symphony that reverberates beneath our feet. Take the quiz and let the seismic signals guide your understanding of Earth's dynamic processes.
- 1.
Why do we need seismic migration / seismic imaging?
- A.
Enhancing velocity information of subsurface.
- B.
Correct apparent reflector position that was obtained in pre-processing data.
- C.
Removing the effect of noise and multiples from the seismic data.
- D.
As a connector to Geology-Geophysics sequence (G&G Link).
Correct Answer
B. Correct apparent reflector position that was obtained in pre-processing data.Explanation
Before migration, the apparent seismic data is located at wrong position.Rate this question:
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- 2.
The following are the information can be obtained from a seismic trace EXCEPT:
- A.
Wavenumber.
- B.
Bulk Modulus.
- C.
Frequency.
- D.
Velocity.
Correct Answer
B. Bulk Modulus.Explanation
Except for bulk modulus (which is the properties of the rock), wavenumber, frequency and velocity can be calculated from a signal waveform.Rate this question:
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- 3.
What is the TRUE concept of a wave?
- A.
Wave move in plane and only able to travel in a straight line.
- B.
Wave can either be reflected and or refracted only.
- C.
Wave can be attenuated by any factor.
- D.
The wave movement is a process of heat transfer.
Correct Answer
C. Wave can be attenuated by any factor.Explanation
Wave can be diffracted, therefore answer 1 & 2 is wrong. The wave movement is based on the energy transfer, not the heat transfer.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which statements is TRUE about Fourier Transform?
- A.
An algorithm used to convert time domain data to Fourier domain.
- B.
An algorithm function that turns frequency data into sinusoidal waves.
- C.
A transform used in engineering for complex number arithmetic.
- D.
Mathematical tool that shows us how to deconstruct the waveform into its sinusoidal components.
Correct Answer
A. An algorithm used to convert time domain data to Fourier domain.Explanation
Fourier transform is a mathematical tools to convert time domain signal into frequency domain signal and vice versa.Rate this question:
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- 5.
When a S-wave strikes an interface, the energy will be partitioned into the following wave EXCEPT:
- A.
Reflected Shear wave.
- B.
Transmitted Shear wave.
- C.
Reflected Surface wave.
- D.
Reflected Pressure wave.
Correct Answer
C. Reflected Surface wave.Explanation
Surface wave is a different type of wave, and not produced from P or S-waveRate this question:
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- 6.
Which of the following sequence indicate the correct velocity sequence (from fastest toslowest) ?
- A.
Scholte wave > S-wave > Rayleigh wave > Love wave.
- B.
P-wave > S-wave > Love wave > Rayleigh wave.
- C.
P-wave > Love wave > Rayleigh wave > S-wave.
- D.
P-wave > Stoneley wave > S-wave > Scholte wave.
Correct Answer
B. P-wave > S-wave > Love wave > Rayleigh wave.Explanation
The correct answer is P-wave > S-wave > Love wave > Rayleigh wave. This is because P-waves are primary waves that travel fastest through the Earth's interior, followed by S-waves which are slower. Love waves and Rayleigh waves are surface waves that travel slower than both P-waves and S-waves. Therefore, the correct velocity sequence from fastest to slowest is P-wave > S-wave > Love wave > Rayleigh wave.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The figure shows a seismic activity in an earthquake occurs recently. Identify the seismic events indicate in X
- A.
Surface Waves.
- B.
P-Waves.
- C.
S-Waves.
- D.
Converted Waves.
Correct Answer
A. Surface Waves.Explanation
The figure shows a seismic activity, and the seismic events indicated in X are surface waves. Surface waves are seismic waves that travel along the Earth's surface and cause the most damage during an earthquake. They have a slower velocity compared to P-waves and S-waves, and they produce a rolling or swaying motion. Surface waves are responsible for the shaking and destruction of buildings and infrastructure during an earthquake.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The two figures show two similar shot record but the right figure appears differently due to some external factors affecting seismic wave propagation. Which is the most probable factor influence the shot record in the right figure?
- A.
Absorption.
- B.
Geometrical Spreading.
- C.
Multiples.
- D.
Scattering.
Correct Answer
B. Geometrical Spreading.Explanation
Geometrical spreading is the most probable factor that influences the shot record in the right figure. Geometrical spreading refers to the phenomenon where seismic waves spread out as they propagate through the subsurface. This spreading causes the amplitude of the waves to decrease with increasing distance from the source. In the right figure, the shot record appears differently due to the effect of geometrical spreading, which causes the amplitudes of the seismic waves to decrease as they travel away from the source.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Current data acquisition, processing and imaging put high emphasise on acquiring and imaging the seismic data using low frequency seismic signal. Why do we need low frequency signal?
- A.
Better inversion result using Full Waveform Inversion technique.
- B.
Improve seismic resolution of thin beds.
- C.
Enhance seismic image during seismic migration.
- D.
Reduce Fresnel zone for better 3D migration.
Correct Answer
A. Better inversion result using Full Waveform Inversion technique.Explanation
Low frequency signal from broadband acquisition will be useful in developing low frequency model, which will be used in the full waveform inversion.Rate this question:
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- 10.
From acoustic wave equation derivation, several other equations can be derived including:i. Helmholtz equation.ii. Dispersion equation.iii. Rayleigh integral equation.iv. Elastic wave equation.
- A.
I, ii and iv.
- B.
I, ii and iii.
- C.
I, iii and iv.
- D.
Ii, iii and iv.
Correct Answer
C. I, iii and iv.Explanation
Only dispersion equation cannot be derived from wave equation. It is derived from NMO equation.Rate this question:
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- 11.
A diffraction response for a homogeneous single velocity media is:
- A.
Non-Hyperbolic.
- B.
Amplitude decays exponentially from apex.
- C.
Phase is asymmetrical.
- D.
Frequency attenuated with depth.
Correct Answer
B. Amplitude decays exponentially from apex.Explanation
The diffraction response for a homogeneous single velocity media is characterized by the amplitude decaying exponentially from the apex. This means that as the diffraction wave propagates away from the source, its amplitude decreases rapidly. This is a common behavior observed in diffraction phenomena, where the energy of the wave is dispersed over a larger area as it spreads out. The other options mentioned in the question, such as non-hyperbolic response, asymmetrical phase, and frequency attenuation with depth, are not applicable to the diffraction response in this scenario.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The following is principle of Huygens’ Principle EXCEPT:
- A.
Every point is the source of a secondary wave front.
- B.
These secondary wave front can propagate upward or downward.
- C.
Amplitude & phase in secondary wave front is same as the primary wave front.
- D.
The superposition of these secondary wave front will create a new wave front.
Correct Answer
C. Amplitude & phase in secondary wave front is same as the primary wave front.Explanation
Huygens' Principle states that every point on a wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets, which propagate in all directions. These secondary wavelets have the same amplitude and phase as the primary wavefront. The superposition of these secondary wavefronts creates a new wavefront. Therefore, the statement "Amplitude & phase in secondary wavefront is same as the primary wavefront" is incorrect according to Huygens' Principle.Rate this question:
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- 13.
A dispersive media is characterized by:
- A.
Velocity changing linearly with depth.
- B.
Interval velocity changing with time.
- C.
Velocity function of frequency.
- D.
Phase change according to velocity.
Correct Answer
C. Velocity function of frequency.Explanation
A dispersive media is characterized by its velocity function of frequency. This means that the velocity of waves in the media varies depending on the frequency of the wave. In other words, waves of different frequencies will travel at different speeds through the media. This phenomenon is observed in materials such as water or glass, where waves with higher frequencies (shorter wavelengths) tend to travel faster than waves with lower frequencies (longer wavelengths). This velocity-frequency relationship is a key characteristic of dispersive media.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The characteristics of Stoneley wave is given by:
- A.
A type of body wave.
- B.
Found at solid-solid interface.
- C.
Can be derived from Rayleigh wave.
- D.
Have a speed close to P-wave velocity.
Correct Answer
B. Found at solid-solid interface.Explanation
The characteristics of Stoneley wave include being found at solid-solid interfaces. Stoneley waves are a type of body wave that can be derived from Rayleigh waves and have a speed close to P-wave velocity. This means that they propagate along the boundary between two solid materials.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Diffraction hyperbola for a constant velocity is:
- A.
Same irrespective of depth.
- B.
Narrower as depth increase.
- C.
Broader as depth increase.
- D.
Shorter as depth increase.
Correct Answer
C. Broader as depth increase.Explanation
The diffraction hyperbola refers to the pattern of waves spreading out after passing through an obstacle or aperture. As the depth increases, the waves have more space to spread out, resulting in a broader diffraction hyperbola. Therefore, the correct answer is "Broader as depth increases."Rate this question:
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- 16.
What is the correct effect to seismic image, if the seismic data acquisition is conducted with a higher fold number?
- A.
Better resolution
- B.
Poor imaging
- C.
Poor resolution
- D.
Better signal to noise ratio
Correct Answer
D. Better signal to noise ratioExplanation
Seismic data acquisition with a higher fold number leads to a better signal-to-noise ratio. This means that the desired seismic signals are stronger and more distinguishable from the background noise. As a result, the seismic image produced will have clearer and more reliable data, improving the overall quality of the image.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Seismic wave propagation is usually affected by absorption phenomenon. What is the consequences of absorption ?
- A.
Delay in phase of seismic signal.
- B.
Wave propagate scattered away from receiver.
- C.
Increase in signal frequency.
- D.
Constant seismic signal amplitude.
Correct Answer
A. Delay in phase of seismic signal.Explanation
When seismic waves propagate through a medium, they can experience absorption, which refers to the energy loss of the waves as they travel. This absorption leads to a delay in the phase of the seismic signal. In other words, the arrival time of the seismic signal is delayed due to the energy being absorbed by the medium. This delay in phase can affect the accuracy of seismic data interpretation and analysis.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Choose the correct statement about Evanesecent Wave:
- A.
The wave field imaginary solution cannot be remove through kz solution.
- B.
The evanescent wave energy decay linearly from the source
- C.
The wave field cannot be reconstructed for measurement at far-field.
- D.
The far field wave energy is consider relevant.
Correct Answer
C. The wave field cannot be reconstructed for measurement at far-field.Explanation
The statement "The wave field cannot be reconstructed for measurement at far-field" is the correct statement about Evanescent Wave. This means that the wave field, which represents the distribution of the wave at different points in space, cannot be accurately measured or reconstructed at far-field distances. This is because the evanescent wave decays rapidly as it propagates away from the source, making it difficult to capture and measure its properties accurately.Rate this question:
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- 19.
From an acoustic wave equation, how we can derive a ray tracing signal?
- A.
By taking a Fourier transform from time domain to frequency domain.
- B.
By incorporating imaginary solution to wave equation.
- C.
By taking into account the elastic component of the seismic wave.
- D.
By taking a high frequency approximation to the wave equation.
Correct Answer
D. By taking a high frequency approximation to the wave equation.Explanation
In order to derive a ray tracing signal from an acoustic wave equation, a high frequency approximation to the wave equation is used. This approximation allows for simplification of the equation and focuses on the high frequency components of the wave. By neglecting lower frequency components, the ray tracing signal can be obtained, which provides information about the propagation of the wave and its interaction with the medium it travels through.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Which one of the following theory is not involved in wave field propagation in a homogenous media?
- A.
Principle of Superposition
- B.
Rayleigh Integral.
- C.
Gauss Theorem
- D.
Green's Function
Correct Answer
A. Principle of SuperpositionExplanation
The principle of superposition states that when two or more waves meet at a point, the resultant displacement at that point is equal to the algebraic sum of the individual displacements. This principle is involved in wave field propagation in a homogeneous media. However, the other options - Rayleigh Integral, Gauss Theorem, and Green's Function - are all mathematical methods or concepts that are used in wave field propagation. Therefore, the correct answer is Principle of Superposition.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Rayleigh wave can penetrate deep into earth.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Rayleigh waves, also known as ground roll, are a type of surface wave that travels along the surface of the Earth. Unlike body waves, such as P and S waves, Rayleigh waves do not penetrate deep into the Earth's interior. Instead, they propagate along the surface, causing the ground to move in an elliptical motion. Therefore, the statement that Rayleigh waves can penetrate deep into the Earth is false.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Fresnel zone is a function of angle of incidence.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The Fresnel zone is not a function of the angle of incidence. The Fresnel zone is a region around a line of sight where radio waves can be diffracted and interfere with each other. It is determined by the distance between the transmitter and receiver, and is independent of the angle of incidence. Therefore, the given statement is false.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Reflection coefficient as a function of angle for a plane wave impinging on a plane reflector obeys Newton’s Law.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is false because the reflection coefficient as a function of angle for a plane wave impinging on a plane reflector does not obey Newton's Law. Newton's Law refers to the laws of motion and does not directly apply to the reflection of waves. The reflection coefficient is determined by the properties of the reflecting surface and the angle of incidence, and is not related to Newton's Law.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Surface wave attenuate in linear with depth.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Surface waves do not attenuate linearly with depth. In fact, they tend to become stronger as they propagate closer to the surface. This is because surface waves are primarily influenced by the properties of the uppermost layers of the Earth's crust, where they are generated. As they travel deeper into the Earth, they may lose some energy due to scattering and other factors, but they do not attenuate in a linear fashion.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Ultimate vibroseis signal is in zero-phase after correlation with reference signal.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because the term "zero-phase" refers to the alignment of the peaks and troughs of a signal with the reference signal. When the ultimate vibroseis signal is correlated with the reference signal, it means that the two signals are compared and matched. If the correlation is successful, it indicates that the peaks and troughs of the ultimate vibroseis signal are perfectly aligned with the reference signal, resulting in a zero-phase signal. Therefore, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Shear wave cannot pass through water.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Shear waves are a type of seismic waves that travel through solids but cannot pass through liquids. Water is a liquid, so shear waves cannot pass through it. Therefore, the given statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 27.
A dynamite or air-gun signal is in minimum phase.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
A dynamite or air-gun signal is said to be in minimum phase because it has a fast onset and decays quickly. In minimum phase signals, the energy is concentrated in the initial part of the signal, and the amplitude decreases rapidly over time. This is characteristic of explosive signals like dynamite or air-gun signals, which produce a sudden burst of energy followed by a rapid decrease.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Rayleigh wave has velocity close to P-wave.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is false because Rayleigh waves have a velocity that is slower than P-waves. Rayleigh waves are a type of surface wave that travel along the Earth's surface and cause the ground to move in an elliptical motion. They are slower than P-waves, which are the fastest seismic waves and travel through the interior of the Earth. Therefore, the given statement is incorrect.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Rayleigh wave particle motion is in the direction of propagation.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Rayleigh waves are a type of surface wave that travel along the surface of a medium, such as the ground. The particle motion of Rayleigh waves is not in the direction of propagation, but rather in an elliptical or circular motion. This means that as the wave travels, the particles move both horizontally and vertically in a rolling motion. Therefore, the correct answer is false.Rate this question:
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- 30.
P-wave can pass through gaseous media.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
P-waves, also known as primary waves, are a type of seismic waves that are generated by earthquakes or other seismic events. They are the fastest seismic waves and can travel through both solid and liquid media. Unlike S-waves, which cannot pass through liquids, P-waves can also pass through gaseous media. This is because P-waves are compressional waves that propagate by compressing and expanding the material they pass through, and gases can be compressed and expanded. Therefore, the statement that P-waves can pass through gaseous media is true.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Diffraction response can be evaluated using Eikonal equation.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement "Diffraction response can be evaluated using Eikonal equation" is incorrect. The Eikonal equation is used to describe the propagation of wavefronts, not specifically for evaluating diffraction response. Diffraction is a phenomenon that occurs when a wave encounters an obstacle or passes through a narrow aperture, causing it to spread out and bend around the edges. Diffraction can be analyzed using various mathematical methods such as the Huygens-Fresnel principle or the Fraunhofer diffraction equation. Therefore, the correct answer is False.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Evanescent wave is not existed in real seismic data acquisition.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
The statement is false because evanescent waves do exist in real seismic data acquisition. Evanescent waves are a type of wave that occurs when a seismic wave encounters a change in medium or a boundary. These waves are characterized by their decay in amplitude as they propagate away from the boundary. In seismic data acquisition, evanescent waves play a crucial role in imaging subsurface structures and can provide valuable information about the geology of an area. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that evanescent waves do not exist in real seismic data acquisition.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Lower full fold data may affect the resolution of the seismic data.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Lower full fold data refers to having fewer seismic traces or data points per unit area. This means that there are fewer measurements to analyze and interpret, which can result in a lower resolution of the seismic data. With lower full fold data, there may be gaps or uncertainties in the seismic image, making it more difficult to accurately identify and locate subsurface features or formations. Therefore, the statement that lower full fold data may affect the resolution of the seismic data is true.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Diffraction curves are wider as depth increases.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
As depth increases, the diffraction curves become wider. This is because diffraction occurs when waves encounter an obstacle or pass through a narrow opening. When the waves pass through a larger opening or encounter a larger obstacle, they spread out more, resulting in wider diffraction curves. Therefore, it is true that diffraction curves are wider as depth increases.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Rayleigh integral is the simplification version of Kirchhoff integral based on several assumptions.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that the Rayleigh integral is indeed a simplified version of the Kirchhoff integral. It is derived by making certain assumptions, such as considering a spherical wavefront and assuming that the source and observer are far apart. These simplifications allow for easier calculations and analysis of acoustic fields. Therefore, the statement that the Rayleigh integral is a simplification of the Kirchhoff integral is true.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Shear modulus describe how difficult it is to deform a cube of material under an applied shearing force.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because shear modulus is a measure of the material's resistance to shear deformation. It describes how difficult it is to deform a cube of material when a shearing force is applied. A higher shear modulus indicates a stiffer material that is more resistant to deformation, while a lower shear modulus indicates a more easily deformable material. Therefore, the statement accurately describes the concept of shear modulus.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Angular frequency is a frequency calculate over a period of time.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Angular frequency is not a frequency calculated over a period of time. Instead, it is a measure of how quickly an object or system oscillates or rotates. It is defined as the rate of change of angular displacement with respect to time and is measured in radians per second. Therefore, the given statement is false.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Diffraction can only image reflector dip from 0 to 45 degree.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
This statement is false. Diffraction can actually image reflector dip from 0 to 90 degrees. Diffraction is a phenomenon where waves bend around obstacles or spread out after passing through a narrow opening. It is commonly used in seismic imaging to analyze subsurface structures. The statement incorrectly limits the range of reflector dip that can be imaged using diffraction.Rate this question:
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- 39.
A reflection seen on a seismic section can be explained through diffraction concept.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
A reflection seen on a seismic section can be explained through the diffraction concept because diffraction refers to the bending and spreading of waves around obstacles or through openings. When seismic waves encounter subsurface structures such as faults or boundaries between different rock layers, they can diffract or scatter, causing reflections to be observed on a seismic section. These reflections provide valuable information about the subsurface geology and can be used to map and interpret the Earth's subsurface.Rate this question:
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- 40.
The intersection between wave front and diffraction curve will give positions of apparent and true image points.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because when a wave front intersects with a diffraction curve, it indicates the positions of both the apparent and true image points. This intersection helps determine the locations where the wave is diffracted and forms an image.Rate this question:
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