Mcc Quiz For Final Year B. Tech IT

High-frequency radio waves use sky propagation. This means that they are transmitted through the Earth's atmosphere and are reflected or refracted by the different layers of the atmosphere. This allows the radio waves to travel long distances, even beyond the horizon, by bouncing off the ionosphere. Sky propagation is commonly used in long-distance communication and is particularly effective for high-frequency radio waves.

Ad-hoc is the correct answer because it refers to a wireless network topology where wireless stations communicate directly with each other without the need for a central access point. In this topology, each station acts as a peer and can communicate with any other station within range. This arrangement is commonly used in small-scale or temporary networks where a central infrastructure is not available or necessary.

The IEEE 802.11a standard provides for 8 non-overlapping channels. This means that there are 8 different frequency bands available for use in wireless communication, ensuring that multiple devices can operate simultaneously without interfering with each other. This allows for efficient and reliable wireless networking in environments with high device density.

The term used to define the mechanisms included in network services that maintain consistent performance for a network's medium is "Second generation".

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is the wireless communications technology used in retail operations to identify and secure merchandise. It involves using small tags or labels that contain a unique identifier and can be attached to products. These tags can be read by RFID readers, allowing retailers to track inventory, prevent theft, and improve overall supply chain management. RFID technology is widely used in the retail industry as it provides real-time visibility and accurate data about the movement and location of merchandise.

IEEE 802.15 is the correct answer because it specifically defines the technologies used for personal area networks (PANs). This standard is also known as Bluetooth and is used for short-range wireless communication between devices such as smartphones, laptops, and wearable devices. It enables the formation and management of PANs, allowing devices to connect and communicate with each other in a small, localized area.

A wireless extension to a wired network can eliminate the need for new cables to be installed because wireless technology allows devices to connect to the network without the use of physical cables. This means that existing wired devices can be connected to the network wirelessly, eliminating the need for additional cables to be installed.

The RF band allocated to the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical industry is 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz. This frequency range is commonly used for various applications such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and microwave ovens. It is designated specifically for non-licensed use by the ISM industry, allowing for the development and deployment of a wide range of devices and technologies.

The correct answer is "Extended service set". In a network with more than one access point, an extended service set (ESS) is used. An ESS is created by connecting multiple basic service sets (BSS) together through a distribution system. This allows devices to seamlessly roam between different access points while maintaining a continuous network connection.

Frequency reuse is the core concept used in cellular technology. This concept involves dividing the available frequency spectrum into smaller cells and reusing the same frequencies in different cells that are sufficiently far apart. By doing so, cellular networks can accommodate a large number of users and increase the capacity of the network. This allows for efficient utilization of the limited frequency spectrum and enables seamless communication between mobile devices. TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) and Code reuse are not the core concepts used in cellular technology.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is a digital cellular technology that allows multiple users to share the same frequency band simultaneously. It provides better coverage and capacity compared to GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), which is a competing cellular technology. CDMA can support more users in a given area and provides a wider coverage range, making it more efficient in terms of capacity and coverage. Therefore, the given statement that the coverage and capacity of CDMA is more than that of GSM is true.

Circuit switching is most commonly used in systems that require 'real-time' communications, such as voice and live media transmissions. In circuit switching, a dedicated communication path is established between the sender and receiver before the transmission begins. This ensures a continuous and uninterrupted connection, which is crucial for real-time applications where delay or loss of data is not acceptable. Unlike packet switching, which breaks data into small packets and sends them individually, circuit switching guarantees a fixed bandwidth for the entire duration of the transmission, making it ideal for time-sensitive applications.

Active scanning allows a wireless NIC to connect to an access point without needing to wait for a beacon from the access points within its range. In active scanning, the NIC sends out probe requests to search for available access points. This allows the NIC to quickly find and connect to an access point without waiting for a beacon signal.

Bluetooth forms a piconet with less than 8 Bluetooth devices. A piconet is a small network that consists of one master device and up to seven slave devices. The master device controls the communication within the piconet, while the slave devices listen to the master and respond when needed. This ad-hoc logical structure allows for efficient and coordinated communication between the devices in the piconet.

The correct answer is "Distributed." In 802.11, the coordination function is a necessary component of the MAC (Media Access Control) function. It operates similarly to the CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) protocol, which is used to manage access to the wireless medium and avoid collisions between devices trying to transmit at the same time. The coordination function ensures that devices in a wireless network can take turns transmitting data and avoid interference.

SNR stands for Signal-to-Noise Ratio, which is a measurement used to indicate the amount of interference to a particular location. It compares the strength of the desired signal to the level of background noise present. A higher SNR indicates less interference and better signal quality, while a lower SNR suggests more interference and poorer signal quality. Therefore, SNR is the appropriate measurement to determine the amount of interference affecting a specific location.

Portability in the software world refers to the ability of a software program to be easily transferred or adapted to different operating systems or hardware models. This means that the software can run seamlessly on various platforms without requiring significant modifications or reprogramming. Portability is essential for developers and users as it allows for flexibility and accessibility, enabling the software to reach a wider audience and be used in diverse environments.

An access point is a device that allows wireless workstations to connect to a wired network. It acts as a bridge between the two, enabling the wireless workstations to access the resources of the wired network. This means that devices such as laptops or smartphones that are equipped with wireless capabilities can connect to the access point and then access files, printers, or other resources on the wired network. The access point essentially extends the reach of the wired network to wireless devices.

The correct answer is Star. In an infrastructure WLAN, all devices connect to a central access point (AP) which acts as a hub. The AP manages the wireless network and controls the flow of data between devices. This topology resembles a star, where the AP is at the center and the devices are connected to it. This allows for efficient communication and easy scalability as new devices can be added without disrupting the network.

A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is typically associated with a personal operating space. This refers to the area immediately surrounding an individual, such as within a few meters. WPANs are designed for short-range wireless communication between devices, allowing for convenient connectivity within a limited space. Therefore, the personal operating space is the most appropriate and commonly associated space for a WPAN.

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) belongs to the fourth generation of wireless communication systems. It is a digital modulation technique that divides the available spectrum into multiple subcarriers, which are orthogonal to each other. This allows for efficient use of the spectrum and enables high-speed data transmission. OFDM is a key technology used in 4G and 5G networks, making it a characteristic of the fourth generation of wireless communication.

The primary factors that determine how well a moving connection can remain linked to a WLAN are 802.11 roaming, roaming configuration, and duration of the movement. Peer-to-peer is not a primary factor in this context as it refers to a direct connection between two devices without the involvement of a central network or access point.

The IEEE 802.11n standard supports data rates of 100 Mbps. It is a wireless networking standard that was developed to improve the speed and range of wireless networks. It uses multiple antennas and advanced modulation techniques to achieve higher data rates. The other options, 802.11h, 802.11c, and 802.11i, do not support data rates of 100 Mbps. 802.11h is a standard for spectrum and transmit power management, 802.11c is a standard for bridge operations, and 802.11i is a standard for wireless network security.

Capacity is not a common parameter covered by site survey software. Site survey software typically focuses on parameters such as signal strength, access point criteria, and signal-to-noise ratio to analyze and optimize wireless network performance. Capacity refers to the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a network, and while it is an important consideration for network planning, it is not typically included as a parameter in site survey software.

In an ad-hoc mode, each node must have the capability to relay network signals from one node to another, creating a peer-to-peer network as needed. This means that all nodes in the network have equal capabilities and can directly communicate with each other without the need for a centralized server or infrastructure. This allows for a decentralized and flexible network where each node can act as both a client and a server.

An RF spectrum analyzer is a specialized device used to receive and analyze a wide range of RF signals. It allows the user to define the frequency range of interest and provides detailed information about the signals present within that range. By analyzing the spectrum, users can identify and measure various parameters such as signal strength, frequency, and bandwidth, which is crucial for tasks like troubleshooting, interference detection, and signal characterization.

RF Interferences is not a consideration when deciding between a WLAN and a wired LAN beyond the network medium. RF Interferences refers to the interference caused by other wireless devices or environmental factors that can disrupt the wireless signal. While RF Interferences can impact the performance of a WLAN, it is still a consideration when deciding between WLAN and wired LAN, as both types of networks can be affected by RF Interferences. Therefore, RF Interferences cannot be the correct answer in this context.

When more than 8 Bluetooth devices are present within the range of a master device, they form multiple piconets organized into a scatternet. A piconet is a network of devices where one device acts as the master and the others act as slaves. In this case, there are multiple piconets formed, each with its own master device and slaves. These piconets are then interconnected to form a scatternet, allowing communication between devices in different piconets.

EMI stands for Electromagnetic Interference. It is the type of interference emitted by nearby electrical motors, appliances, or faulty connections. EMI refers to the electromagnetic energy that disrupts the normal functioning of electronic devices or systems. It can cause signal degradation, loss of data, or even complete failure of the affected equipment. EMI can be generated by various sources such as power lines, radio waves, or other electronic devices. To mitigate EMI, shielding and grounding techniques are often employed in electronic designs.

Time-Division Duplex (TDD) does not increase the battery life of mobile phones. TDD is a technology that allows for transmission and reception to occur on the same frequency but at different time slots. This means that a single radio frequency can be used for both transmission and reception, eliminating the need for separate frequencies for uplink and downlink. However, the use of TDD does not directly impact the battery life of mobile phones.

In infrastructure mode, all the wireless stations on the WLAN communicate directly and only with an access point to create a Basic Service Set. This means that the access point acts as a central hub for all the wireless devices to connect to and communicate with each other. The Basic Service Set is the most common type of service set in wireless networks and provides the basic functionality for wireless communication within a specific area.

Optical diffusion is a transmission method that bounces IR light beams off of ceilings and walls to support connectivity within a single room or small office. This technique utilizes the properties of light to create a network that is capable of transmitting data wirelessly. By bouncing the light beams off of surfaces, it ensures that the signal is evenly distributed throughout the space, allowing for reliable connectivity. This method is particularly useful in situations where running cables or using traditional wireless methods may not be feasible or effective.

Site survey software is used to establish a two-way data network using stationary and mobile devices at various points within the proposed radio coverage area. It helps in determining the optimal placement of access points and identifying any potential interference or coverage issues. This software allows for the collection of data such as signal strength, interference levels, and network performance, which can then be used to plan and optimize the network deployment.

The connectivity from the exchange to customer premises is commonly referred to as the Access Network or Local Loop. This network is responsible for connecting individual customers to the central exchange, allowing them to access various services and transmit data. The Access Network or Local Loop plays a crucial role in providing communication services to customers, enabling them to connect to the wider data network and access the internet, make phone calls, and utilize other telecommunications services. The terms "Data network" and "Bridge network" do not accurately describe this specific type of connectivity.

When an office worker connects to a WLAN BSS from his desktop, the wireless network mode being used is infrastructure mode. Infrastructure mode refers to a network setup where wireless devices connect to a central access point or router. In this mode, the access point acts as a bridge between the wireless devices and the wired network, allowing the office worker to access resources and services within the network.

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is the modulation method used with 802.11a PHY (Physical Layer) in Wi-Fi networks. OFDM divides the available frequency spectrum into multiple subcarriers that are orthogonal to each other, allowing for efficient transmission of data. This modulation method is particularly effective in dealing with multipath interference and provides high data rates and robustness in wireless communication.

An access point is a WLAN device that provides communications management services to wireless workstations. It acts as a central hub for wireless devices to connect to a wired network and provides a wireless signal for devices to access the network. It allows multiple devices to connect simultaneously and manages the communication between the wireless devices and the network, ensuring efficient and secure data transfer.

LMP stands for Link Manager Protocol, which is responsible for performing various tasks in Bluetooth communication. It handles the link setup, authentication, link configuration, and the discovery of other Bluetooth devices. LMP is responsible for managing the link between Bluetooth devices, ensuring secure and reliable communication. It works in conjunction with other protocols like L2CAP, Radio, and SIG to enable seamless Bluetooth connectivity and functionality.

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is responsible for developing and promoting standards for internet protocols and technologies. As MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network) is a type of network that does not rely on any fixed infrastructure, it requires specific standards for its implementation in internet access. Therefore, it is logical that the IETF would be involved in developing MANET standards for use in internet access.

Violettooth is not an example of a wireless PAN's cable replacement technology. This is because Violettooth is not a recognized or commonly used technology for wireless communication. It is likely a made-up term or a misspelling of the well-known Bluetooth technology, which is commonly used for wireless communication in personal area networks (PANs). IrDA standard, ZigBee, and Bluetooth are all examples of wireless PAN's cable replacement technologies that are widely used and recognized in the industry.

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The correct answer is 802.11i. The 802.11i task group is responsible for defining security improvements for the 802.11x wireless standards. The "i" in 802.11i stands for "improvements" and specifically focuses on enhancing the security features of the wireless standards. This task group aims to address vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the existing standards to ensure better security for wireless networks.

The receive signal strength indicator (RSSI) is used to measure the strongest signal on a particular channel at a specific location. This indicator helps in determining the signal strength of a wireless connection, allowing users to assess the quality and reliability of the signal. By measuring the RSSI, users can identify the strongest signal available and make informed decisions about their network connectivity.

A pilot network refers to a small subset of an entire planned network. It is a preliminary implementation or test of a network in a limited area or with a limited number of users. This allows for the evaluation of the network's performance, functionality, and feasibility before full-scale deployment. A pilot network helps in identifying any potential issues or improvements that need to be addressed before expanding the network to a larger scale.

In the 802.11x standard, frames are forwarded between access points within the same network in an Extended Service Set (ESS) topology. ESS is a network configuration where multiple access points are connected to create a larger coverage area. This allows devices to seamlessly roam between access points while maintaining connectivity to the same network. Frames are forwarded between access points in an ESS to ensure continuous and uninterrupted communication for devices within the network.

Backhaul is the term commonly used for the communications link used to carry subscriber traffic to the Internet. It refers to the transmission of data from a local network to a central network or data center. This link is responsible for connecting the subscriber's network to the larger Internet infrastructure, allowing for the transfer of data between the subscriber and the Internet. The backhaul link is typically a high-capacity connection that ensures efficient and reliable transmission of data. It plays a crucial role in providing connectivity and access to the Internet for subscribers.

WWAN stands for Wireless Wide Area Network. It is the correct acronym for the type of network that uses wireless communications technologies to interconnect geographically separated local area networks for the purpose of exchanging transmitted data.

A PAN, or Personal Area Network, is a communications network that connects computing and other devices in the immediate vicinity of an individual to support their activities. This network is typically used for personal use, allowing devices such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops to connect to each other and share data. It has a limited range and is commonly used for tasks such as file sharing, printing, and connecting peripheral devices like keyboards or headphones.

The correct answer is overlapping. Before the installation of WLAN begins, it is important to test each identified location using an access point. The objective of the design and installation is to create a wireless environment that provides overlapping coverage for every wireless device on the network. This means that there should be sufficient coverage in each location, with multiple access points overlapping their coverage areas to ensure seamless connectivity and signal strength throughout the network.

IBSS stands for Independent Basic Service Set, which is a type of base station associated with ad-hoc and peer-to-peer wireless networking. In an IBSS network, devices can communicate directly with each other without the need for a centralized access point. This allows for a decentralized and self-configuring network, making it suitable for scenarios where there is no existing infrastructure or when devices need to establish direct connections with each other.

Open Systems authentication is a method where the access point allows any device with the correct Service Set Identifier (SSID) to connect without any further authentication. This means that as long as the device knows the correct SSID, it can join the network without providing any additional credentials or keys. This type of authentication is considered to be less secure compared to other methods like Shared-Key or Wi-Fi Protected Access, as it does not require any form of encryption or verification of the device's identity.

Bluetooth is implemented in a device as an integrated microprocessor module referred to as an application module. This module allows the device to connect and communicate with other Bluetooth-enabled devices. It handles the processing and management of Bluetooth protocols and functionalities, enabling the device to perform various tasks such as data transfer, wireless audio streaming, and remote control operations. The application module acts as the bridge between the device's hardware and the Bluetooth technology, facilitating seamless wireless connectivity and functionality.

The correct answer is "Radio." The radio layer of the Bluetooth specification is responsible for defining the operations of the Bluetooth transceiver in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. This layer handles the transmission and reception of radio signals, ensuring that devices can communicate with each other over Bluetooth.

RFI stands for Radio Frequency Interference, which refers to the broadcast or generated electrical signals that can disrupt wireless communications. These signals can come from various sources such as electronic devices, power lines, or other wireless systems. RFI can cause interference and degrade the quality of wireless signals, leading to communication disruptions or poor performance.

A wireless router includes and supports the functions of an access point, allowing devices to connect to a wireless network, a wireless switch, enabling communication between devices on the network, and a router, which directs network traffic between different networks. It combines these functions into a single device, making it a convenient and efficient solution for wireless networking. A bridge is a device that connects two different networks together, a PC Card is a type of expansion card for laptops, and a NIC (Network Interface Card) is a hardware component that allows a computer to connect to a network.

There are two possible systems to support 4G. This implies that there are two different technologies or standards that can be used to provide 4G connectivity.

The term used to designate the nodes in an ad-hoc network is the Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). An IBSS is a network that consists of multiple devices that communicate directly with each other without the need for a central access point. In an ad-hoc network, each device functions as both a client and an access point, allowing for peer-to-peer communication. This is different from a Basic Service Set (BSS), which refers to a network that includes a central access point. The other options, Extended Service Set (ESS) and Extended Basic Service Set (EBSS), are not relevant to ad-hoc networks.

IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g provide for 3 non-overlapping channels. This means that these two standards allow for the use of three separate channels that do not overlap with each other, ensuring that multiple devices can communicate simultaneously without interference.

When a wireless transmission reflects off solid objects in its line of sight (LoS) path, it can result in a condition called multipath. Multipath occurs when the reflected signals take different paths and reach the receiver at different times, causing interference and signal degradation. This can lead to errors, data loss, and reduced signal quality.

IEEE 802.10 is the correct answer because this committee is specifically responsible for the development of security standards within the IEEE 802 family of standards. The other committees mentioned, 802.16, 802.15, and 802.11, focus on different aspects of networking and wireless communication, but not specifically on security standards.

A Hands-Free Bluetooth Profile defines the means for the remote control and voice connections of hands-free devices, such as a cell phone connected to a Bluetooth in-car kit. This means that the Bluetooth profile allows for the control and transmission of voice data between the hands-free device and the connected device, such as a cell phone. It enables users to make and receive phone calls, use voice commands, and perform other voice-related functions without the need for physical interaction with the device.

The general rule of propagation is the inverse-square law, which states that the strength of an electromagnetic wave decreases as the distance over which it is transmitted increases. This means that the intensity of the wave diminishes as it travels further away from its source. Therefore, propagation is the correct answer as it refers to the way in which the wave spreads or travels through space.

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a modulation technique that divides a wide frequency band into multiple narrowband sub-channels. In this case, it divides a 20 MHz RF channel into 48 narrowband sub-channels. Each sub-channel is then used to carry a separate carrier signal, allowing for simultaneous transmission of multiple data signals. Therefore, OFDM is the correct answer.

Implementing wireless VoIP requires the use of telephones that include an RF transmitter and antenna. VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol, which is a technology that allows voice communication over the internet. In order to use wireless VoIP, telephones need to have an RF transmitter and antenna to transmit and receive voice signals wirelessly.

A WAN switch is a device that serves as a bridging point for different communication technologies and forwards outbound and inbound traffic on a switched network. Unlike a LAN switch, which is used to connect devices within a local area network, a WAN switch is specifically designed to handle traffic between different networks over a wide area network. Therefore, a WAN switch is the correct answer as it is the device that performs the described function.

RFI stands for Radio Frequency Interference. It refers to any unwanted electromagnetic disturbance that disrupts the proper functioning of electronic devices or systems. RFI can be categorized into two general categories: broadcast and electrical. Broadcast RFI is caused by external sources such as radio and television transmissions, while electrical RFI is caused by internal sources such as power lines and electrical equipment.

During the second generation, the versions created were 2.5 and 2.75.

When extending an existing wireless network, the design issues of overlap, redundancy, and roaming must also be considered. Roaming refers to the ability of a wireless device to seamlessly connect to different access points as it moves within the coverage area. This ensures uninterrupted connectivity and a smooth transition between access points. Therefore, when installing additional access points, it is important to consider the roaming capabilities to maintain a reliable and efficient wireless network.

In an ad-hoc WLAN, each wireless node operates independently and directly communicates with other nodes without the need for a central access point. This type of network is called an Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). In an IBSS, all nodes are equal and there is no centralized control. This allows for a more flexible and decentralized network where devices can easily connect and communicate with each other. Therefore, the correct answer is IBSS.

The correct answer is UNII. UNII stands for Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure and it operates in the frequency range of 4.9 GHz to 5.825 GHz. UNII bands are used for wireless communication devices such as Wi-Fi routers and access points. These bands provide high-speed wireless connectivity for various applications including home networks, businesses, and public hotspots.

IBSS stands for Independent Basic Service Set. In IBSS mode, devices are able to connect to each other whenever they are within each other's range as long as they agree to a few basic link parameters. This mode is commonly used in ad-hoc wireless networks where devices communicate directly with each other without the need for a central access point.

A Bluetooth scatternet is formed when two or up to 10 piconets are connected through one or more common devices. This means that multiple piconets, each consisting of a master and several slave devices, can be interconnected to form a larger network. The common devices act as bridges or relays, enabling communication between the different piconets. This allows for increased flexibility and scalability in Bluetooth networks, as more devices can be added and interconnected to expand the network.

IEEE 802.11b ad-hoc networks are formed on an Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) or the equivalent of a peer-to-peer wireless network. In an IBSS, wireless devices communicate directly with each other without the need for a centralized access point. This allows devices to connect and communicate with each other in a decentralized manner, creating a self-configuring and self-organizing network.

IEEE 802.20 is the correct answer because it specifically defines the Physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) layers for Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs). The other options, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.15, and IEEE 802.11, define standards for other types of wireless networks such as WiMAX, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi respectively.