Motor Speech Quiz 5

Apraxia is a neurological disorder that affects an individual's ability to perform purposeful movements, despite having intact muscles and coordination. This means that apraxia can occur without muscular weakness. Individuals with apraxia may struggle with activities such as speaking, writing, or even simple gestures. Therapy is an essential treatment approach for apraxia, as it can help individuals improve their motor planning and coordination skills. While apraxia can present challenges, it does not mean that a child with apraxia cannot learn.

The optic nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain. In cases of stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI), the optic nerve can be affected, leading to changes in vision. The optic chiasm is the point where the optic nerves from each eye intersect. At this point, half of the fibers from each optic nerve cross the midline, while the other half remains on the same side (ipsilateral). This arrangement allows for the integration of visual information from both eyes in the brain. Therefore, in patients with stroke and TBI, the distribution of retinal fibers at the optic chiasm can be altered, resulting in changes in vision.

Dysarthria is a speech disorder that affects the speed, strength, range, timing, and accuracy of speech movements. It impairs the ability to properly coordinate and control the muscles involved in speech production, resulting in difficulties with articulation, pronunciation, and overall speech clarity.

Hyperkinetic and hypokinetic dysarthria are both motor speech disorders that result from problems with the extrapyramidal circuitry, specifically the basal ganglia. The extrapyramidal circuitry is responsible for regulating and coordinating voluntary movements, including speech. Dysfunction in this circuitry can lead to abnormal muscle movements and control, causing the characteristic speech impairments seen in these dysarthrias. The cerebellar circuitry is primarily involved in coordinating motor movements and is not directly related to dysarthria. Upper motor neuron lesions, on the other hand, can cause spastic dysarthria but are not specifically related to hyperkinetic or hypokinetic dysarthria.

Flaccid dysarthria results from damage or dysfunction in the lower motor neurons. The lower motor neurons are responsible for carrying signals from the brain to the muscles involved in speech production. When these neurons are affected, it can lead to weakness, reduced muscle tone, and impaired coordination of the muscles involved in speech. This results in the characteristic symptoms of flaccid dysarthria, such as slurred speech, breathiness, and difficulty with articulation.

The correct answer is to review the medical history, identify salient features, and identify confirmatory signs. This is because when assessing someone with dysarthria, it is important to review their medical history to understand the underlying causes and any previous treatments. Identifying salient features helps to determine the specific characteristics of the dysarthria, such as the type and severity. Lastly, identifying confirmatory signs involves looking for additional physical signs or symptoms that support the diagnosis of dysarthria. These three components provide a comprehensive approach to assessing someone with dysarthria.

Palilalia refers to the compulsive repetition of words. It is a speech disorder characterized by the involuntary repetition of words or phrases. People with palilalia often repeat their own words or the words of others immediately after they have been spoken. This repetition can occur multiple times, and it is often difficult for individuals with palilalia to control or stop the repetition. Palilalia can be a symptom of various neurological conditions, such as Tourette syndrome or certain types of dementia.

The correct answer includes the five sensory systems: visual system (related to vision), olfactory (related to smell), auditory (related to hearing), gustatory (related to taste), and somasthetic (related to touch and body position). These sensory systems are responsible for receiving and processing information from the environment and sending it to the brain for interpretation and response.

Flaccid dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that is characterized by weak, flaccid muscles in the face, throat, and respiratory system, resulting in difficulties with speech production. It is typically caused by damage to the nerves or muscles involved in speech production. The given answer states that flaccid dysarthria results from damage to direct and indirect pathways, which is not true. Flaccid dysarthria is specifically caused by damage to the lower motor neurons, which are responsible for transmitting signals from the brain to the muscles. The direct and indirect pathways are not involved in this particular type of dysarthria.

Third order sensory neurons project to the cerebral cortex from the thalamus, specifically to the primary sensory cortex on the same side of the body (ipsilateral). These neurons are responsible for relaying sensory information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex, allowing for the perception and interpretation of sensory stimuli.

Flutter refers to a rapid low amplitude voice tremor. This means that the voice trembles or shakes quickly and with a small range of movement. It is characterized by a rapid and slight quivering or vibration in the voice, which can affect the quality and clarity of speech. This condition is often associated with certain medical conditions or vocal disorders, and it can impact a person's ability to communicate effectively.

First-order sensory neurons are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the sense organ to the central nervous system. They innervate the sense organ in the peripheral nervous system on the same side of the body (ipsilateral). This allows them to detect and transmit sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, or pain to the brain or spinal cord for further processing and interpretation.