connect all photoreceptors to each other

electrically couple photoreceptors

are found between horizontal cells in rod ribbon synapses

What are the first and second most common IPL synapses in primate?

1. conventional dyad; 2. amacrine-amacrine

1. amacrine-amacrine; 2. conventional dyad

1. conventional dyad; 2. amacrine-amacrine

1. conventional dyad; 2. serial

Morphology Of The Opl And IPL (Em)

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| Written by Tseemore

Tseemore

Community Contributor

Quizzes Created: 24 | Total Attempts: 12,524

Questions: 17 | Attempts: 86 | Updated: Mar 22, 2023

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Questions and Answers

1.

A cone pedicle has more invaginations than a rod spherule.
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
Correct Answer
A. True

Explanation
Cones have 12-25 invaginations/pedicle and rods have 1 invag/spherule....this is because the cone pedicle is much larger than the rod spherule

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2.

Describe the post synaptic cell arrangement in cone ribbon synapses.
3.

In cones, the invaginating synapses are involved in the ___ pathway and the flat synapses are involved in the ___ pathway.
- A.
  
  Off; on
- B.
  
  On; off
Correct Answer
B. On; off

Explanation
Non-invaginating synapses are typically with a flat BP

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4.

Rods typically have more than 1 central process.
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
Correct Answer
A. True

Explanation
Rods have more than 3 processes that synapse due to more central processes.

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5.

In cone ribbon synapses, the horizontal cells are NOT connected by gap junctions.
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
Correct Answer
B. False

Explanation
In rod ribbon synapses, there is no junction btw the laterally placed H cells (like those of the cone pedicles). Cone horizontal cells are separated by glial tissue, but as the glial tissue thins you start to get adherent (gap) junctions

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6.

Gap junctions:
- A.
  
  Connect all photoreceptors to each other
- B.
  
  Electrically couple photoreceptors
- C.
  
  Are found between horizontal cells in rod ribbon synapses
- D.
  
  2 of the above
- E.
  
  All of the above
Correct Answer
D. 2 of the above

Explanation
a and b are true. c would be true if it said, CONE ribbon synapses instead of rod

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7.

Adherent junctions are made of ___ gap junctions which are made of _______ (protein)
- A.
  
  1; connexins
- B.
  
  3; microtubules
- C.
  
  3; connexins
Correct Answer
C. 3; connexins

Explanation
We can stain connexins in order to locate gap junctions

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8.

How many different BPs are there in primates?
- A.
  
  1
- B.
  
  5
- C.
  
  7
Correct Answer
C. 7

Explanation
There are seven different BPs in primates.

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9.

Diffuse BPs contact ____ cone(s) and midget BPs contact ____ cone(s)
- A.
  
  Many; 1
- B.
  
  1; many
Correct Answer
A. Many; 1

Explanation
Diffuse bipolar cells (BPs) make contact with multiple cones, while midget bipolar cells (BPs) only make contact with a single cone. This means that diffuse BPs receive input from a broader range of cones, allowing for more generalized visual information processing. On the other hand, midget BPs have a more specific connection with a single cone, enabling them to relay detailed information about color and fine visual details.

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10.

Indicate the types of IPL synapses.
- A.
  
  Conventional dyad
- B.
  
  BP-BP
- C.
  
  Amacrine-amacrine
- D.
  
  Reciprocal
- E.
  
  Reverse
- F.
  
  Serial
Correct Answer(s)
A. Conventional dyad
C. Amacrine-amacrine
D. Reciprocal
F. Serial

Explanation
The types of IPL synapses indicated in the answer are conventional dyad, amacrine-amacrine, reciprocal, and serial. A conventional dyad synapse refers to a synapse between a bipolar cell and a ganglion cell. An amacrine-amacrine synapse occurs between two amacrine cells. A reciprocal synapse involves the exchange of signals between two neurons. A serial synapse refers to a chain of synapses where the output of one synapse becomes the input for the next synapse.

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11.

What are the first and second most common IPL synapses in primate?
- A.
  
  1. amacrine-amacrine; 2. conventional dyad
- B.
  
  1. conventional dyad; 2. amacrine-amacrine
- C.
  
  1. conventional dyad; 2. serial
Correct Answer
B. 1. conventional dyad; 2. amacrine-amacrine

Explanation
The first and second most common IPL synapses in primate are the conventional dyad and amacrine-amacrine synapses.

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12.

In an amacrine-amacrine synpase; one BP synapses with one amacrine which then synpases on another amacrine
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
Correct Answer
B. False

Explanation
in this synapse, 1 BP synapses with 2 amacrines.

In a serial synapse; 1 BP syns with 1 amacrine and then that amacrine syns with another amacrine which syns with a GC

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13.

A serial synapse in the IPL allows for:
- A.
  
  Informational integration
- B.
  
  Information amplification
- C.
  
  Information refinement
- D.
  
  2 of the above
- E.
  
  All of the above
Correct Answer
D. 2 of the above

Explanation
a and c are correct

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14.

In a reciprocal synapse in the IPL, information can flow both ways between a BP and a GC
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
Correct Answer
B. False

Explanation
Info can flow both ways between a BP and an amacrine cell --> this allwos the amacrine cell to determine what info it gets from the BP cell (feedback loop)

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15.

Cats have ___ GCs and primates have___.
- A.
  
  2;3
- B.
  
  3;2
- C.
  
  3;3
Correct Answer
B. 3;2

Explanation
Gatos: alpha, beta, gamma
Primates: P-alpha; P-beta

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16.

Which type of GC has the largest dendritic spread, axon diamter and cell body?
- A.
  
  Alpha
- B.
  
  Beta
- C.
  
  Gamma
Correct Answer
A. Alpha

Explanation
Alpha neurons typically have the largest dendritic spread, axon diameter, and cell body compared to beta and gamma neurons. This means that alpha neurons have more extensive branching of their dendrites, a larger diameter for their axons, and a larger cell body. These characteristics allow alpha neurons to transmit signals over longer distances and integrate information from a larger number of inputs.

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17.

Which type of GC has the smallest dendritic spread?
- A.
  
  Alpha
- B.
  
  Beta
- C.
  
  Gamma
Correct Answer
B. Beta

Explanation
The dendritic spread will tell us how far from the cell body the cell is getting info from

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Morphology Of The Opl And IPL (Em)

A cone pedicle has more invaginations than a rod spherule.

Describe the post synaptic cell arrangement in cone ribbon synapses.

In cones, the invaginating synapses are involved in the _ pathway and the flat synapses are involved in the _ pathway.

Rods typically have more than 1 central process.

In cone ribbon synapses, the horizontal cells are NOT connected by gap junctions.

Gap junctions:

Adherent junctions are made of _ gap junctions which are made of _____ (protein)

How many different BPs are there in primates?

Diffuse BPs contact cone(s) and midget BPs contact cone(s)

Indicate the types of IPL synapses.

What are the first and second most common IPL synapses in primate?

In an amacrine-amacrine synpase; one BP synapses with one amacrine which then synpases on another amacrine

A serial synapse in the IPL allows for:

In a reciprocal synapse in the IPL, information can flow both ways between a BP and a GC

Cats have _ GCs and primates have_.

Which type of GC has the largest dendritic spread, axon diamter and cell body?

Which type of GC has the smallest dendritic spread?

Morphology Of The Opl And IPL (Em)

A cone pedicle has more invaginations than a rod spherule.

Describe the post synaptic cell arrangement in cone ribbon synapses.

In cones, the invaginating synapses are involved in the ___ pathway and the flat synapses are involved in the ___ pathway.

Rods typically have more than 1 central process.

In cone ribbon synapses, the horizontal cells are NOT connected by gap junctions.

Gap junctions:

Adherent junctions are made of ___ gap junctions which are made of _______ (protein)

How many different BPs are there in primates?

Diffuse BPs contact ____ cone(s) and midget BPs contact ____ cone(s)

Indicate the types of IPL synapses.

What are the first and second most common IPL synapses in primate?

In an amacrine-amacrine synpase; one BP synapses with one amacrine which then synpases on another amacrine

A serial synapse in the IPL allows for:

In a reciprocal synapse in the IPL, information can flow both ways between a BP and a GC

Cats have ___ GCs and primates have___.

Which type of GC has the largest dendritic spread, axon diamter and cell body?

Which type of GC has the smallest dendritic spread?

In cones, the invaginating synapses are involved in the _ pathway and the flat synapses are involved in the _ pathway.

Adherent junctions are made of _ gap junctions which are made of _____ (protein)

Diffuse BPs contact cone(s) and midget BPs contact cone(s)

Cats have _ GCs and primates have_.