1st National Online Law Quiz Competition

The given scenario describes an agreement between A and B. A promises to deliver his watch to B, and in return, B promises to pay a sum of Rs 2,000. Both parties have made mutual promises, indicating that they have reached an agreement.

The maximum gap permissible between two sessions of the Parliament is 6 months. This means that there cannot be a period longer than 6 months between the end of one session and the beginning of the next session. This ensures that there is regularity and continuity in the functioning of the Parliament, allowing for the timely discussion and passage of legislation. A longer gap could disrupt the legislative process and hinder the government's ability to address important issues in a timely manner.

The right to freedom is guaranteed in Article 19 of the Indian Constitution. This article grants citizens certain fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of speech and expression, freedom to assemble peacefully, freedom to form associations or unions, freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India, and freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country. Therefore, the correct answer is 19.

The correct answer is (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv). This is because section 354A of the Indian Penal Code defines sexual harassment as a combination of various acts, including physical contact and advances involving unwelcome and explicit sexual overtures, a demand or request for sexual favors, showing pornography against the will of a woman, and making sexually colored remarks. Therefore, all of these acts must be committed in order for a man to be guilty of the offense of sexual harassment under section 354A.

The correct answer is Both [A] and [B]. This means that one can become a Hindu through conversion or re-conversion. Conversion refers to someone from a different religion choosing to become a Hindu, while re-conversion refers to someone who was previously a Hindu but had converted to another religion and then chooses to return to Hinduism. Both options are valid paths for individuals seeking to become Hindus.

Article 32 is referred to as "the jewel of the Constitution" because it guarantees the right to constitutional remedies. This article empowers individuals to directly approach the Supreme Court of India for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. It acts as a safeguard against the violation of these rights by the government or any other authority. The significance of Article 32 lies in its role in protecting and upholding the fundamental rights of citizens, making it a crucial and highly regarded provision in the Indian Constitution.

The phrase "ignorantia juris non excusat" is a Latin term that translates to "ignorance of the law is no excuse." This legal principle means that individuals cannot avoid legal consequences or penalties by claiming that they were unaware of the law. In other words, ignorance of the law is not a valid defense in legal proceedings. This principle is based on the idea that it is the responsibility of individuals to familiarize themselves with the laws of their jurisdiction and abide by them.

The given scenario describes a situation where a man inserts any object or body part (other than the penis) into the vagina, urethra, or anus of a woman, either by himself or by making her do so with him or another person. This act is considered non-consensual and constitutes rape. Sexual harassment refers to unwanted sexual advances or behavior, while sexual assault encompasses a range of non-consensual sexual acts. However, in this specific case, the act described meets the legal definition of rape.

Article 352 of the Indian Constitution deals with the declaration of a national emergency. This provision empowers the President of India to proclaim a state of emergency in the entire country or in a specific part thereof, in case of war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. During a national emergency, the central government assumes greater control over the states and can exercise its authority to override state laws and take necessary actions to address the emergency situation. This provision ensures that the central government can effectively respond to threats to the nation's security and integrity.

In cases where there is no specific provision in the Contract Act, the decision is made based on the following factors: the provisions of any law of the land, the usage of the trade, and the provisions of personal law. However, any of these factors can only be applied if they are not inconsistent with the provisions of the Contract Act. This means that if any of the above factors conflict with the Contract Act, they cannot be used to decide the case.

This statement is true because it is a legal principle that all illegal agreements are considered void. This means that they have no legal effect and cannot be enforced by either party. However, not all void agreements are necessarily illegal. There are certain circumstances where an agreement may be void, such as when it is entered into under duress or involves a minor. In these cases, the agreement is void but not illegal. Therefore, it can be concluded that all illegal agreements are void, but not all void agreements are illegal.

An agreement to murder a person cannot be enforceable by law because it is a criminal act and goes against the principles of justice and morality. The law exists to protect individuals and promote the well-being of society, and murder is a serious offense that undermines these principles. Therefore, any agreement or contract related to murder would be considered void and unenforceable.

Both 'X' and 'Y' are liable for the murder of 'Z' because even though 'X' did not hit 'Z' with the spear, they were still actively involved in the act of murder by standing on guard with a weapon. Their presence and participation in the crime make them equally responsible for the outcome. Therefore, both 'X' and 'Y' are liable for the murder of 'Z'.

The correct answer is "bride completes the age of 18 years and bridegroom completes the age of 21 years." According to this answer, the marriage can be solemnized between two Hindus when the bride is at least 18 years old and the bridegroom is at least 21 years old. This is likely based on legal requirements or cultural norms that determine the minimum age for marriage in Hindu communities.

The correct answer is "Offeree". In contract law, the offeree is the party to whom an offer is made. They have the power to accept or reject the offer. The offeror is the party who makes the offer, while the promisor is the party who makes a promise in a contract. Therefore, the offeree is the only party mentioned in the options who can accept an offer.

The correct answer is 44th. The 44th amendment to the Indian Constitution removed the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights. This amendment was passed in 1978 and aimed to limit the power of the government to acquire private property. It was a significant change as the Right to Property was initially included as a Fundamental Right in the Constitution. The 44th amendment ensured that the right to property would now be considered as a legal right rather than a fundamental right.

The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 inserted multiple sections in the Indian Penal Code, 1860. These sections are Section 376A, Section 376B, and Sections 166A, 166B, and 354C. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above."

Forbearance refers to the act of refraining from doing something. In contract law, an offer is a proposal made by one party to another with the intention of creating a legal relationship. According to the given statement, if a party refrains from doing something, it can be considered as a valid offer. This means that the act of forbearance can be seen as an offer that can be accepted by the other party, leading to the formation of a contract. Therefore, the statement is true.

The Public Undertaking Committee is a parliamentary committee. Parliamentary committees are established by the Parliament to examine specific issues and make recommendations. The Public Undertaking Committee specifically focuses on the functioning and performance of public sector undertakings. It reviews the policies, operations, and financial aspects of these undertakings to ensure transparency, accountability, and efficiency. As a parliamentary committee, it plays a crucial role in overseeing the functioning of public sector undertakings and holding them accountable to the Parliament and the public.

Section 5(i) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 prohibits bigamy. Bigamy refers to the act of marrying someone while already being legally married to another person. This section of the act makes it illegal for a Hindu individual to have more than one spouse at the same time. Therefore, the correct answer is "Bigamy."

Section 53A of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 was inserted by the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013. This section specifically deals with the examination of an accused person by a medical practitioner in cases of sexual offenses. It provides guidelines for the medical examination of the accused and the admissibility of the medical report as evidence in court. This amendment was made to ensure a fair and just trial in cases of sexual offenses and to protect the rights of the accused.

Section 10 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 provides for 'judicial separation'. This section outlines the grounds on which a married couple can seek a judicial separation, which is a legal separation recognized by the court but does not dissolve the marriage. It allows the couple to live separately and have certain legal protections without ending the marriage.

Under section 498A of IPC, cruelty includes harassment of the woman. This means that any form of harassment or mistreatment towards a woman, whether physical or mental, can be considered as cruelty under this section. It does not specify that cruelty can only be physical or mental, or that it can only be committed by the wife. Therefore, the correct answer is harassment of the woman, as it encompasses all forms of cruelty towards women under this section.

Lord Macaulay was the President of the drafting committee of the Indian Penal Code. He was a British historian, politician, and administrator who played a significant role in the development of the Indian legal system. Macaulay's committee was responsible for drafting and codifying the Indian Penal Code, which was enacted in 1860. His efforts in shaping the Indian legal system had a lasting impact and the Indian Penal Code continues to be one of the main criminal codes in India today.

In a valid contract, enforceability is the first and most important factor. It refers to the ability of the parties involved to legally enforce the terms and conditions of the contract. Without enforceability, the contract would not hold any legal weight and would not be binding. Money and force may be relevant factors in certain types of contracts, but they do not come before enforceability in determining the validity of a contract.

The emergency provisions of the Constitution of India have been borrowed from the German Constitution. This is because the framers of the Indian Constitution were influenced by the Weimar Constitution of Germany, which had extensive provisions for emergency situations. The German Constitution provided for the declaration of a state of emergency in case of internal disturbances or external aggression, and the suspension of certain fundamental rights during such emergencies. The Indian Constitution also includes similar provisions, such as the declaration of a state of emergency and the suspension of certain fundamental rights in emergency situations.

The correct answer is "All of the above" because the provisions of the Indian Contract Act take precedence over the provisions of Hindu law, Mohammedan law, and the usage or customs of trade. This means that if there is any conflict between the Indian Contract Act and these other laws or customs, the provisions of the Indian Contract Act will prevail.

Under section 60 of IPC, the sentence of imprisonment can be partly rigorous and partly simple. This means that in certain cases, the court has the discretion to impose a sentence that includes both rigorous imprisonment and simple imprisonment. The decision on whether to impose a wholly rigorous or wholly simple imprisonment or a combination of both depends on the specific circumstances of the case and the discretion of the court.

The Fundamental Duties in the Constitution of India were adopted from the Russian Constitution. The concept of Fundamental Duties was added to the Indian Constitution in 1976 through the 42nd Amendment. The idea of incorporating Fundamental Duties was inspired by the Soviet Union's Constitution, which emphasized the importance of citizens' responsibilities towards the state and society. These duties aim to promote a sense of social responsibility, national integration, and respect for the country's heritage and culture among Indian citizens.

Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 deals with the legitimacy of children of void and voidable marriages. This means that if a marriage is declared void or voidable by a court, the children born out of such marriages will still be considered legitimate. The section ensures that the children are not penalized for the invalidity of their parents' marriage and are entitled to all the rights and privileges that come with legitimacy.

The correct answer is 73rd amendment. The 73rd amendment to the Indian Constitution, passed in 1992, made elections to the local government bodies in rural areas mandatory. This amendment aimed to decentralize power and promote grassroots democracy by establishing Panchayati Raj institutions. It provided constitutional status to the Panchayats and ensured their representation, powers, and responsibilities. This amendment was a significant step towards empowering local communities and promoting participatory governance at the grassroots level.

Dying declarations are statements made by a person who is on the verge of death and is aware of their impending death. These statements are considered to be reliable and trustworthy as the person has no motive to lie or fabricate information. Section 32 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, allows for the admissibility of dying declarations as evidence in court. This section states that statements made by a person who is believed to be in a dying condition, regarding the cause of their death or any circumstances leading to their death, are admissible as evidence. Therefore, Section 32 is the correct provision under which dying declarations are admissible.

B can sue A for the recovery of the promised amount under the Indian Contract Act, 1972. The Act recognizes the validity of agreements and promises made between parties, and if one party fails to fulfill their promise, the other party has the right to seek legal remedies. In this case, A promised to pay B a sum of Rs 1 lakh if B passed the CA exams in the first attempt. B fulfilled the condition by passing the exam in the first attempt, but A failed to fulfill their promise. Therefore, B can file a suit to recover the amount promised.

The correct answer is "Contracts made on and after 1 September, 1872". This is because the Contract Act applies to contracts that are made on or after 1 September, 1872. The Act does not apply to contracts made before this date or to contracts made before this date but to be enforced after 1 September, 1872. Therefore, the Act only applies to contracts that are made on or after the specified date.

According to the Hindu Marriage Act, marriage is considered a sacrament. This means that it is a religious and sacred union between two individuals. In Hinduism, marriage is not just a legal contract, but also a spiritual and divine bond that is believed to be ordained by the gods. The sacramental nature of marriage signifies its importance and significance in Hindu culture and religion.

Section 11 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 provides for 'void marriage'. This means that any marriage which is declared null and void from the beginning is covered under this section. It includes marriages that are prohibited by law, such as those involving prohibited degrees of relationship, bigamy, or where one of the parties is already married. Section 11 outlines the conditions under which a marriage is considered void and has legal implications for the parties involved.

The term "illegal" encompasses everything that is an offense, prohibited by law, and furnishes ground for civil action. In other words, it includes all actions or behaviors that are considered unlawful or against the established legal framework. Therefore, the answer "all the above" is correct as it encompasses all the mentioned aspects of illegality.

The Speaker presides over the joint sitting of the Parliament. In a joint sitting, both the Lok Sabha (Lower House) and the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) come together to discuss and pass a particular legislation. The Speaker, who is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha, is responsible for maintaining order and conducting the proceedings of the joint sitting. The Speaker ensures that all members have an opportunity to speak and that the rules of the Parliament are followed during the joint sitting.

The document will become irrelevant if it is not an entry made in a public or other official book, register, or record. This means that the document must be a formal record or entry that is made by a public servant or in an official capacity. If the document does not meet this criteria, it cannot be considered as evidence under section 35 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

The correct answer is both (A) and (B) because Section 31 of the Indian Evidence Act states that admissions are not conclusive proof of the matters admitted. This means that they can be challenged or rebutted. However, admissions can also operate as estoppels, meaning that they can prevent a person from denying a fact that they have previously admitted. Therefore, both options (A) and (B) are correct as they accurately reflect the provisions of Section 31.

Section 326B of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 deals with the offence of voluntarily throwing or attempting to throw acid. This section specifically addresses the act of throwing or attempting to throw acid on another person, which is considered a serious offence. The section provides for punishment for such acts, including imprisonment and fine.

In criminal cases under Section 54 of the Indian Evidence Act, it is not permissible to present evidence that the defendant bore a bad reputation in the community, has a disposition to commit the crime charged, or had no other occasions committed particular acts of the same class evincing such disposition. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of them" because none of these factors can be used as evidence to prove that the defendant committed the crime charged.

An executed contract refers to a contract in which both parties have fulfilled their obligations and nothing remains to be done. In other words, all the terms and conditions of the contract have been completed and both parties have performed their respective duties. This distinguishes it from an executory contract, where one or both parties still have obligations to fulfill. A unilateral contract refers to a contract where only one party is obligated to perform, while the other party has the option to accept or reject the offer. None of the above options accurately describe a contract in which both parties have completed their obligations.

When a person is summoned to produce a document, they do not automatically become a witness in the case. They only become a witness if they are specifically called to testify as a witness. Simply producing a document does not make them a witness, as they are not providing oral testimony or giving their personal account of events.

An agreement is enforceable by law if it meets the requirements of the law of the land. This means that for an agreement to be legally binding, it must fulfill all the necessary legal elements and conditions set by the jurisdiction in which it is being enforced. These requirements may include elements such as offer and acceptance, intention to create legal relations, consideration, and capacity of the parties involved. If an agreement meets these requirements, it can be enforced through legal means.

Section 132 of the Indian Evidence Act does not apply to interrogations by a Customs Officer exercising power under Section 171-A of the Sea Customs Act. This section deals with the examination of a witness by the party who calls him, and since the question is about the applicability of this section to interrogations by a Customs Officer, it is clear that Section 132 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is step son because according to Class I of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, a son includes only biological or natural sons and does not include step sons or adopted sons.

Acceptance cannot precede an offer. In a typical contractual agreement, an offer is made by one party and then the other party can accept or reject the offer. Acceptance is the response to an offer, so it logically follows the offer. Therefore, the statement that acceptance can precede an offer is false.

The accused wants to submit the carbon copy of the suicide note as secondary evidence because the original is with the opposite party and they have failed to produce it. In this case, the evidence can be admitted because it satisfies the requirements of both section 64 and section 65 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. Section 64 allows secondary evidence to be admitted when the original is in the possession of the opposite party and they fail to produce it. Section 65 states that secondary evidence may be admitted in the absence of the original when it is proved or admitted that the original is in the possession of the opposite party. Therefore, the evidence can be admitted in this case.

Under section 79, a person is not considered to have committed an offense if they are justified by law or if they genuinely believe, in good faith, that they are bound by law to do it. This means that if someone is acting in accordance with the law or genuinely believes that they are obligated to act in a certain way based on their understanding of the law, they cannot be held accountable for any offense. Therefore, the correct answer is "justified by law to do it".