Sm Exam 3 - Part 1
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- 1.
Corporate strategy is concerned with:
- A.
Where a firm chooses to compete i.e. in which industries
- B.
How a firm chooses to compete in a specific industry
- C.
Why a firm chooses to compete or not
- D.
Answers a and b
Correct Answer
A. Where a firm chooses to compete i.e. in which industriesExplanation
Corporate strategy is concerned with determining the industries in which a firm chooses to compete. This involves making decisions about the scope and direction of the company's activities, including identifying potential markets and evaluating opportunities for growth and expansion. By strategically selecting the industries in which to operate, a firm can align its resources and capabilities to achieve a competitive advantage and maximize its chances of success in the market.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Corporate strategy is concerned with:
- A.
The scope of a firm's products
- B.
The scope of a firm's activities
- C.
The scope of a firm's structure and corporate governance system
- D.
The firm's geographical scope
Correct Answer
B. The scope of a firm's activitiesExplanation
Corporate strategy is concerned with the overall direction and scope of a firm's activities. It involves making decisions about which activities the firm should engage in and how these activities should be coordinated to achieve the firm's objectives. This includes determining the industries or markets in which the firm will compete, the products or services it will offer, and the resources and capabilities it will utilize. By defining the scope of a firm's activities, corporate strategy helps to guide decision-making and ensure that the firm is focused on activities that create value and contribute to its long-term success.Rate this question:
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- 3.
What is the difference between a firm's geographical scope and its vertical scope?
- A.
The first describes the regions of the world where the firm is present and the second the stages of the industry value chain which the firm performs itself
- B.
The first describes the number of countries and the second the number of horizontal businesses where the firm is present
- C.
The two are highly inter-related
- D.
It's not always clear what the difference is
Correct Answer
A. The first describes the regions of the world where the firm is present and the second the stages of the industry value chain which the firm performs itselfExplanation
The geographical scope of a firm refers to the regions of the world where the firm operates or has a presence. This can include countries, continents, or specific regions within a country. On the other hand, the vertical scope of a firm refers to the different stages of the industry value chain that the firm performs itself. This can include activities such as production, distribution, marketing, and sales. The two concepts are distinct but can be interrelated, as a firm's geographical scope may influence its vertical scope and vice versa.Rate this question:
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- 4.
The starting point for strategy is usually:
- A.
What business(es) are we in?
- B.
How much profit do we want to make?
- C.
Who are the customers?
- D.
Should we be doing something else?
Correct Answer
A. What business(es) are we in?Explanation
The starting point for strategy is usually identifying what business(es) the organization is in. This helps determine the scope and focus of the strategy. By understanding the core business activities and industries the organization operates in, it becomes easier to align goals, resources, and capabilities. This question helps clarify the organization's purpose and sets the foundation for making strategic decisions and allocating resources effectively.Rate this question:
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- 5.
As a firm progresses, it is invariably the case that it expands its scope:
- A.
In terms of its product, geographic and vertical scope
- B.
In terms of its geographic and vertical scope
- C.
In terms of its geographic and product scope
- D.
This is not true. Some firms narrow some aspects of their scope, or voluntarily even break up
Correct Answer
D. This is not true. Some firms narrow some aspects of their scope, or voluntarily even break up -
- 6.
The main concepts to determine the scope of a firm's activities are:
- A.
Economies of scope
- B.
Transaction costs
- C.
Corporate complexity
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
The correct answer is "All of the above" because all three concepts - economies of scope, transaction costs, and corporate complexity - are important in determining the scope of a firm's activities. Economies of scope refers to the cost advantages that a firm can achieve by producing a variety of products or services together, rather than separately. Transaction costs are the costs associated with conducting business transactions, such as negotiation, contracting, and monitoring. Corporate complexity refers to the degree of diversification and complexity in a firm's operations. Considering all three concepts is crucial in understanding and determining the optimal scope of a firm's activities.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Economies of scope and economies of scale both relate to lower average cost but:
- A.
Economies of scale refer to cost-advantage from higher volume of a single product
- B.
Economies of scope refer to cost-advantage from spreading a common cost over multiple products
- C.
Answers a and b
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
C. Answers a and bExplanation
Economies of scale refer to the cost advantage that a company can achieve by producing a larger volume of a single product. This is because as the volume increases, the fixed costs associated with production can be spread over a larger number of units, resulting in a lower average cost per unit. On the other hand, economies of scope refer to the cost advantage that a company can achieve by producing multiple products together. By sharing common costs, such as production facilities or distribution networks, across different products, the company can reduce its overall average cost. Therefore, the correct answer is "Answers a and b" because both economies of scale and economies of scope contribute to lower average cost.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The existence of economies of scope are likely to lead a company to:
- A.
Reduce the number of industries and/or products it's directly involved in
- B.
Expand the scope of its activities in some relevant way
- C.
Create a brand
- D.
Not worry too much about fixed costs
Correct Answer
B. Expand the scope of its activities in some relevant wayExplanation
When a company experiences economies of scope, it means that there are cost savings or synergies achieved by producing a wider range of products or providing a broader range of services. In this case, expanding the scope of activities in some relevant way would be the logical response. By diversifying their offerings, the company can take advantage of the cost savings and efficiencies that come with economies of scope. This allows them to reach new markets, attract more customers, and potentially increase profits. Creating a brand may be a part of this expansion strategy, but it is not explicitly mentioned in the question. Not worrying too much about fixed costs is not necessarily related to economies of scope.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Although economies of scope refer to spreading cost, this is not the case for brand extension:
- A.
Because a brand doesn't cost anything - it's an asset
- B.
Because although the brand costs money, this does not appear in the accounts
- C.
Because the brand is to do with the marketing department, not production cost
- D.
It IS still true for brand extension, since creating and maintaining a brand does cost a lot e.g. in advertising
Correct Answer
D. It IS still true for brand extension, since creating and maintaining a brand does cost a lot e.g. in advertisingExplanation
The correct answer is that it is still true for brand extension, since creating and maintaining a brand does cost a lot, for example, in advertising. This explanation clarifies that even though a brand itself may not have a direct cost associated with it, the process of building and sustaining a brand does require significant investment, particularly in promotional activities like advertising. Therefore, the concept of economies of scope, which involves spreading costs across multiple products or services, still applies to brand extension.Rate this question:
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- 10.
A company in a mature industry which is good at cost-reduction is exhibiting:
- A.
Economy of scale through better use of fixed assets
- B.
Potential for economy of scope based on organisational or managerial capability
- C.
Potential for economy of scope based on intangible resources
- D.
No potential for economy of scope
Correct Answer
B. Potential for economy of scope based on organisational or managerial capabilityExplanation
The company in a mature industry that is good at cost-reduction is exhibiting potential for economy of scope based on organizational or managerial capability. This means that the company has the ability to leverage its existing resources, capabilities, and expertise to expand into new markets or product lines, thereby achieving cost savings and efficiency gains. By effectively managing and utilizing its resources, the company can achieve economies of scope, which refers to the cost advantages that arise from producing a wider range of products or services using the same resources.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Adam Smith, the famous economist, called the market mechanism:
- A.
A necessary evil
- B.
The invisible hand
- C.
The visible hand
- D.
The iron fist in the velvet glove
Correct Answer
B. The invisible handExplanation
Adam Smith, the famous economist, referred to the market mechanism as "the invisible hand." This term is used to describe how individual self-interest and competition in a free market economy can lead to overall economic well-being and prosperity. Smith believed that when individuals pursue their own self-interest in buying and selling goods and services, they unintentionally contribute to the greater good of society by promoting efficiency and productivity. The "invisible hand" metaphor implies that the market operates without any central control or direction, yet still manages to coordinate economic activity in a beneficial way.Rate this question:
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- 12.
A significant determining factor on whether a firm conducts an activity internally is:
- A.
Whether the transaction costs of buying in the activity in the market exceed the administrative cost of doing it themselves
- B.
Whether transaction costs in the market of buying in the activity exceed the administrative cost buying it in
- C.
How reliable their workforce is, compared with an external supplier's reliability
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
A. Whether the transaction costs of buying in the activity in the market exceed the administrative cost of doing it themselvesExplanation
The determining factor on whether a firm conducts an activity internally is whether the transaction costs of buying in the activity in the market exceed the administrative cost of doing it themselves. This means that if the costs of purchasing the activity from an external supplier are higher than the costs of performing it internally, the firm is more likely to conduct the activity in-house. This decision is based on cost-efficiency and aims to minimize expenses for the firm.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Increased corporate complexity because of expanded scope is caused by:
- A.
The need for managers to understand a wider range of businesses
- B.
The need for managers to operate differently to succeed in different businesses
- C.
The extent of the linkages between the various businesses
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
Increased corporate complexity because of expanded scope is caused by the need for managers to understand a wider range of businesses, the need for managers to operate differently to succeed in different businesses, and the extent of the linkages between the various businesses.Rate this question:
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- 14.
A strategy of unrelated diversification is:
- A.
Always a mistake
- B.
Likely to be less risky than related diversification
- C.
Not always as unrelated as it may seem e.g. the businesses may share some common attributes which can be exploited
- D.
Always the last resort
Correct Answer
C. Not always as unrelated as it may seem e.g. the businesses may share some common attributes which can be exploitedExplanation
Unrelated diversification is not always as unrelated as it may seem because the businesses involved may share some common attributes that can be exploited. This means that although the businesses may appear to be unrelated on the surface, there may be underlying similarities or synergies that can be leveraged to create value. Therefore, unrelated diversification can be a viable strategy if there are potential benefits or opportunities for cross-utilization or shared resources between the different businesses.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The most often cited benefits of diversification are:
- A.
Growth, risk reduction and value creation
- B.
Risk reduction and economies of scope
- C.
Value creation and cost reduction
- D.
Cash balancing and risk reduction
Correct Answer
A. Growth, risk reduction and value creationExplanation
Diversification refers to the strategy of investing in a variety of assets to reduce risk and maximize returns. The benefits of diversification include growth, risk reduction, and value creation. By investing in different assets, such as stocks, bonds, and real estate, investors can potentially achieve higher returns while minimizing the impact of any one investment performing poorly. Additionally, diversification helps to spread risk across different industries and sectors, reducing the likelihood of significant losses. Finally, diversification can create value by allowing investors to take advantage of different market opportunities and capitalize on potential growth in various areas.Rate this question:
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- 16.
The managers of firms in low-growth, cash-generative industries often opt for diversification because:
- A.
Shareholders expect managers to go for growth
- B.
Low growth does not look good for managers with an eye on their next job
- C.
Managers must do something positive
- D.
They are often advised to do so by business consultants
Correct Answer
B. Low growth does not look good for managers with an eye on their next jobExplanation
Managers in low-growth, cash-generative industries often opt for diversification because low growth does not look good for managers with an eye on their next job. This means that if a manager is seeking career advancement or a new job opportunity, they would prefer to be associated with a company that is experiencing growth rather than one with stagnant or slow growth. Diversification allows managers to explore new business opportunities and potentially drive growth in other areas, making them more attractive to potential employers.Rate this question:
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- 17.
One common argument against diversification strategies is:
- A.
Managers do not have sufficient understanding of other industries
- B.
Diversification is simply a poor strategy
- C.
Shareholders can invest in other industries themselves, achieving risk-reduction more efficiently
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
C. Shareholders can invest in other industries themselves, achieving risk-reduction more efficientlyExplanation
The correct answer is "Shareholders can invest in other industries themselves, achieving risk-reduction more efficiently." This argument suggests that shareholders can diversify their own investments by directly investing in different industries, rather than relying on managers to do so. By doing this, shareholders can achieve risk reduction more efficiently and have more control over their own investment decisions.Rate this question:
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- 18.
A major reason why managers are attracted to diversification is:
- A.
They believe that shareholders expect it of them, to show dynamism
- B.
It sharpens their managerial skills
- C.
Many managers are attracted to the extra complexity of diversification
- D.
The experience may reduce risk, and secure their job; and if not it looks dynamic for securing their next job
Correct Answer
D. The experience may reduce risk, and secure their job; and if not it looks dynamic for securing their next jobExplanation
Managers are attracted to diversification because they believe that the experience gained from it can help reduce risk and secure their current job. Additionally, if diversification is not successful, it can still appear dynamic on their resume, which can increase their chances of securing their next job.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The primary source of value creation from diversification is likely to be:
- A.
The linkages or synergies between the businesses concerned
- B.
Risk reduction through balancing of counter-cyclical businesses
- C.
Getting a price reduction when purchasing common resource inputs
- D.
Balancing of cash generation, reducing the need to obtain investment finance externally
Correct Answer
A. The linkages or synergies between the businesses concernedExplanation
The primary source of value creation from diversification is likely to be the linkages or synergies between the businesses concerned. This means that by diversifying their portfolio and having multiple businesses that complement each other, companies can benefit from economies of scale, shared resources, and knowledge transfer. These linkages and synergies can lead to increased efficiency, cost savings, and overall value creation for the company.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Gaining the advantage from economies of scope requires that:
- A.
A company must internally expand its scope
- B.
A company must usually enter into a licence arrangement
- C.
A company must usually acquire a company who is expert in an additional business
- D.
The firm is be able to spread common cost somehow, either by performing the additional activity internally, or by licensing the resource
Correct Answer
D. The firm is be able to spread common cost somehow, either by performing the additional activity internally, or by licensing the resourceExplanation
To gain the advantage from economies of scope, the firm needs to find a way to spread common costs. This can be done either by performing the additional activity internally or by licensing the resource. By spreading the common costs, the firm can benefit from cost savings and efficiencies, which can lead to increased profitability. This allows the firm to offer a wider range of products or services without significantly increasing costs.Rate this question:
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- 21.
An internal capital market occurs when:
- A.
A diversified company sets up a finance firm as one of its businesses
- B.
Enough cash generated by one set of internal firms is used by other internal firms in need of cash
- C.
A subsidiary starts a money-lending business, offering loans to other subsidiaries
- D.
External sources of capital become too expensive
Correct Answer
B. Enough cash generated by one set of internal firms is used by other internal firms in need of cashExplanation
In an internal capital market, enough cash generated by one set of internal firms is used by other internal firms in need of cash. This means that instead of seeking external sources of capital, the company utilizes its own internal resources to provide funding for different parts of the organization. This can be beneficial as it allows for greater flexibility and control over the allocation of funds within the company. It also helps to avoid the costs and potential risks associated with relying on external financing options.Rate this question:
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- 22.
A major problem associated with internal capital markets is:
- A.
Despite the cost-savings, poor investment decisions tend to be made
- B.
They deny banks much-needed business
- C.
They are illegal in some countries
- D.
The money should have been given to shareholders as dividends
Correct Answer
A. Despite the cost-savings, poor investment decisions tend to be madeExplanation
Internal capital markets refer to the practice of allocating funds within a company rather than seeking external financing. Despite the potential cost-savings associated with this approach, a major problem is that poor investment decisions are often made. This means that the company may not allocate the funds effectively, resulting in lower returns or even losses. This can be detrimental to the overall financial performance and profitability of the company.Rate this question:
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- 23.
An advantage of diversification is a better internal labour market because:
- A.
There's a saving on advertising costs
- B.
There's no commission payable to the internal Human Resources department
- C.
Employees can be transferred rather than hired / fired, and the firm knows these people well
- D.
The firm does not need to invest so much in training new recruits
Correct Answer
C. Employees can be transferred rather than hired / fired, and the firm knows these people wellExplanation
Diversification allows for a better internal labor market because employees can be transferred within the organization instead of being hired or fired. This is advantageous because the firm already knows these individuals well, their skills, and their work ethic. By transferring employees, the firm can avoid the costs associated with recruiting and training new hires. This also promotes a sense of stability and continuity within the organization, as employees are familiar with the company's culture and operations.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Michael Porter's "attractiveness test" means that a firm considering diversifying into another industry should:
- A.
See that the barriers to entry to that industry are low
- B.
Be able to see a way to make superior profits in that industry
- C.
Also consider how unattractive their existing industry is, by comparison
- D.
See that some firms in that industry have left, leaving space for newcomers
Correct Answer
B. Be able to see a way to make superior profits in that industryExplanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that Michael Porter's "attractiveness test" suggests that a firm should consider diversifying into another industry only if they can identify a way to generate higher profits in that industry compared to their existing industry. This implies that the firm should have a clear understanding of the potential for profitability and competitive advantage in the new industry before making any decisions.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Of Michael Porter's 3 tests of whether a proposed diversification will create value, the most important one is usually:
- A.
None. They are all equally important
- B.
The "attractiveness" test
- C.
The "cost of entry" test
- D.
The "better-off" test
Correct Answer
D. The "better-off" testExplanation
The "better-off" test is the most important of Michael Porter's 3 tests of whether a proposed diversification will create value. This test examines whether the new business will be able to achieve a competitive advantage and create value for the company. It focuses on assessing if the diversification will enhance the overall position and performance of the company compared to its competitors. This test helps determine if the diversification strategy will lead to increased profitability and sustainable growth.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Mergers and acquisitions are frequent. Diversifying into another industry this way:
- A.
Tends to be particularly unsuccessful
- B.
Tends to be particularly quickly successful, hence the frequency of this method
- C.
Is advisable, because it's a relatively low-cost entry method
- D.
Is preferred by shareholders, hence the frequency of this method
Correct Answer
A. Tends to be particularly unsuccessfulExplanation
Mergers and acquisitions tend to be particularly unsuccessful. This means that when companies diversify into another industry through this method, they often face challenges and difficulties in achieving success. This could be due to various factors such as cultural differences, integration issues, or lack of expertise in the new industry. Despite the frequency of this method, it is not necessarily a guarantee of success.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Over the past 30 years, the tendency in the USA and Europe has been:
- A.
A trend for highly diversified groups to dominate industries
- B.
A trend for diversified firms to refocus and reduce their diversification
- C.
Reduced opportunity for firms to further diversify
- D.
A deliberate move to avoid copying the strategy of firms in emerging economies
Correct Answer
B. A trend for diversified firms to refocus and reduce their diversificationExplanation
The correct answer is a trend for diversified firms to refocus and reduce their diversification. This is supported by the statement that over the past 30 years, there has been a tendency for diversified firms to refocus and reduce their diversification. This means that these firms are moving away from being highly diversified and instead are focusing on specific industries or areas of expertise. This trend could be driven by various factors such as the need to streamline operations, improve efficiency, or respond to changing market dynamics.Rate this question:
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- 28.
A firm becomes more vertically integrated when:
- A.
It buys a direct competitor
- B.
Its management and staff are better aligned
- C.
It moves to own more stages of the value chain, either upstream or downstream of its core activity
- D.
It owns only some activities on the upstream or supply-side of its foremost activity
Correct Answer
C. It moves to own more stages of the value chain, either upstream or downstream of its core activityExplanation
When a firm moves to own more stages of the value chain, either upstream or downstream of its core activity, it becomes more vertically integrated. This means that the firm is expanding its control over different parts of the production or distribution process. By owning more stages of the value chain, the firm can have more control over its inputs or outputs, reduce costs, improve efficiency, and potentially gain a competitive advantage. This can involve acquiring suppliers or distributors, investing in new facilities or technologies, or expanding into related industries.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Outsourcing is a form of:
- A.
Increased vertical integration
- B.
Decreased horizontal integration
- C.
De-integration or disaggregation
- D.
Answers b and c
Correct Answer
C. De-integration or disaggregationExplanation
Outsourcing involves the practice of delegating certain tasks or functions of a company to external parties. This process typically involves breaking down the integrated structure of a company by transferring specific operations to external entities, which is known as de-integration or disaggregation. This allows the company to focus on its core competencies while benefiting from the expertise and cost-efficiency of external providers. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is de-integration or disaggregation.Rate this question:
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- 30.
The move over the past 25 years to refocus and de-integrate has not been universal; some industries have further vertically integrated:
- A.
Because those industries are old-fashioned and behind-the-times
- B.
Because in some industries the conditions favouring further vertical integration outweigh the benefits of focusing and outsourcing
- C.
Because those industries have probably sought no advice from academics, or taken no notice of the advice
- D.
Answers a and c
Correct Answer
B. Because in some industries the conditions favouring further vertical integration outweigh the benefits of focusing and outsourcingExplanation
In certain industries, the conditions may be such that the advantages of pursuing further vertical integration outweigh the benefits of focusing and outsourcing. This means that these industries have identified specific circumstances or factors that make it more beneficial for them to vertically integrate their operations instead of following the trend of refocusing and de-integration that has been observed over the past 25 years. This decision could be influenced by factors such as market dynamics, competitive landscape, technological advancements, or unique industry characteristics.Rate this question:
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- 31.
A "technical economy" is:
- A.
A saving which is only theoretically feasible
- B.
A cost-saving arising from the technicalities of performing integrated processes
- C.
An economy based on technology
- D.
One which is not worth the effort of gaining
Correct Answer
B. A cost-saving arising from the technicalities of performing integrated processesExplanation
A "technical economy" refers to a cost-saving that is achieved through the efficient execution of integrated processes. This means that by optimizing and streamlining the technical aspects of performing these processes, expenses can be reduced. It implies that the cost-saving is not just theoretical but can actually be realized by implementing effective technical strategies.Rate this question:
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- 32.
When a customer and a supplier choose to, or are technically obliged to, integrate their processes:
- A.
There can no longer be a market operating between them for the item concerned
- B.
There can be an adversarial relationship as each tries to gain advantage
- C.
There can be strategic benefit, so long as the partners try to jointly maximise their profit in the downstream market
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
D. All of the aboveExplanation
When a customer and a supplier choose to integrate their processes, it means that they are working closely together and aligning their operations. This integration can lead to several outcomes. Firstly, there may no longer be a market operating between them for the item concerned, as they are now directly collaborating. Secondly, there can be an adversarial relationship as each party tries to gain advantage in the integrated processes. Lastly, there can be strategic benefit if the partners work together to maximize their profit in the downstream market. Therefore, all of the above options are possible outcomes of integrating customer and supplier processes.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Large transaction-specific investments tend to lead to:
- A.
The firms failing, when an inevitable dispute occurs, and one holds the other to ransom
- B.
The customer having to accept a higher price to pay for the investment
- C.
Vertical integration of the processes involved
- D.
Suppliers refusing to get involved with such unreasonable demands
Correct Answer
C. Vertical integration of the processes involvedExplanation
Large transaction-specific investments tend to lead to vertical integration of the processes involved. This means that when a significant investment is made in a specific transaction, the firm may decide to integrate or bring in-house the various processes or activities required for that transaction. This can help the firm have more control over the entire value chain and reduce dependency on external suppliers or partners. Vertical integration can also lead to cost savings, increased efficiency, and improved coordination between different stages of the transaction.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Once a firm buys its supplier in order to vertically integrate a process:
- A.
The lack of a market removes the high-powered incentive of market forces to keep costs low
- B.
Costs are certainly lower because the firm now knows what profit the supplier was making
- C.
The supplier will now offer a better service, since it's owned by its customer
- D.
It can close the purchasing department and save costs
Correct Answer
A. The lack of a market removes the high-powered incentive of market forces to keep costs lowExplanation
When a firm buys its supplier to vertically integrate a process, the lack of a market removes the high-powered incentive of market forces to keep costs low. This means that without competition, the firm may not feel the pressure to minimize costs and may not have the same motivation to find the most cost-effective solutions. As a result, the costs may not be as low as they would be in a competitive market where firms constantly strive to offer the best prices.Rate this question:
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