Head And Neck Anatomy (Dr. Phan Sandeth)

The correct answer is Frontal sinus. The question is asking about the sinus that is represented by the letter A. The frontal sinus is located in the forehead, above the eyes. The ethmoidal sinus is located between the eyes, the sphenoidal sinus is located behind the nose, and the maxillary sinus is located in the cheekbones. Therefore, the correct answer is the frontal sinus.

The infra-orbital foramen is located in the maxillary bone. This foramen is an opening that allows for the passage of nerves and blood vessels to the lower eyelid, upper lip, and side of the nose. The maxillary bone is one of the facial bones and is located in the upper jaw. It forms part of the eye socket (orbit) and also houses the maxillary sinuses.

The correct answer is Facial (CN VII) because the question asks for the mixed nerve among the given options, and Facial (CN VII) is the only mixed nerve listed. The other options, Optic (CN II), Hypoglossal (CN XII), and Accessory (CN XI), are all either sensory or motor nerves, but not mixed nerves.

There are 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves.

The correct answer is Facial nerve, retromandibular vein, and external carotid artery. The parotid gland is a major salivary gland located in front of the ear, and these structures are all found within it. The facial nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression, the retromandibular vein drains blood from the face and scalp, and the external carotid artery supplies blood to the face and neck.

The correct answer is 4 because the cerebral cranium has four sutures. Sutures are fibrous joints that connect the bones of the skull. They allow for slight movement and flexibility during childbirth and brain growth. The four major sutures of the cerebral cranium are the coronal suture (between the frontal and parietal bones), sagittal suture (between the two parietal bones), lambdoid suture (between the parietal and occipital bones), and squamous suture (between the parietal and temporal bones). These sutures help to provide structural stability and protect the brain.

The correct answer is Vagus Nerve. The Vagus Nerve is the longest cranial nerve in the body and is responsible for controlling various functions in the body, including heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate. It also plays a role in sensory functions such as taste and touch in the throat and ear. The other options listed are also cranial nerves, but they have different functions and do not control the same range of functions as the Vagus Nerve.

The correct answer is Maxillae. Maxillae refers to the upper jawbone, which is located above the mandible (lower jawbone) and forms the majority of the hard palate. The palatine bone is also part of the hard palate, but it is not the best answer because it does not encompass the entire upper jawbone. The zygoma, also known as the cheekbone, is not directly related to the upper jawbone. Therefore, Maxillae is the most appropriate answer.

The facial expression muscle around the mouth is the orbicularis oris. This muscle is responsible for closing and puckering the lips, as well as controlling the movements of the mouth during speech and eating. It is also involved in various facial expressions, such as smiling and kissing.

The correct answer is Nasal Bone. This is because the question is asking for the bone that is represented by the letter A. Among the given options, only the Nasal Bone is represented by the letter A.

The correct answer is Vomer. The question is asking for the bone that is represented by the letter "A". Based on the given options, the only bone that starts with the letter "A" is the Vomer bone.

The three branches of the lingual artery are the deep lingual artery, dorsal lingual artery, and sublingual artery. These branches supply blood to different areas of the tongue and surrounding structures. The deep lingual artery runs deep within the tongue, providing blood to the posterior part of the tongue. The dorsal lingual artery supplies blood to the upper surface of the tongue. The sublingual artery supplies blood to the floor of the mouth and the sublingual gland. Together, these branches ensure proper blood supply to the tongue and its associated structures.

The correct answer is Depressor labii inferioris. This muscle is responsible for depressing the lower lip, pulling it downwards. The other options mentioned are muscles of the face as well, but they are not involved in the specific action of depressing the lower lip.

The correct answer is Temporal bone. The question is asking for the bone that is represented by the letter "A". Out of the options given, the temporal bone is the only one that starts with the letter "A".

The correct answer is "Nasalis." The question is asking for the name of a body part, and out of the given options, "Nasalis" is the only one that fits this criteria. Occipitofrontalis, Procerus, and Corrugator supercilli are all muscles in the face, while Nasalis is a muscle in the nose.

The lacrimal bone is the correct answer because it is one of the bones that make up the facial skeleton. It is a small, thin bone located in the medial wall of the orbit (eye socket). It helps to form the tear ducts and provides support to the eye. The other options listed (frontal bone, mandible, and parietal bone) are all bones of the skull, but they do not specifically contribute to the structure and function of the lacrimal system.

The outer layer of the eyeball is composed of the cornea and sclera. The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris and pupil, and it helps to focus light onto the retina. The sclera, on the other hand, is the tough, white, outer layer of the eyeball that provides structural support and protection to the eye. Together, the cornea and sclera form the outermost layer of the eyeball.

The correct answer is Olfactory (CN I). The olfactory nerve is responsible for the sense of smell. It carries sensory information from the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity to the brain. The other options, Vagus (CN X), Trigeminal (CN V), and Oculomotor (CN III), are all different cranial nerves that serve different functions and are not related to the sense of smell.

The correct answer is Abducens, Trochlear, Oculomotor, Optic and Ophthalmic nerve. The orbit and eye are innervated by multiple nerves. The abducens nerve controls the movement of the lateral rectus muscle, which is responsible for outward eye movement. The trochlear nerve controls the superior oblique muscle, which is responsible for downward and inward eye movement. The oculomotor nerve controls most of the other eye muscles, including the superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles, as well as the inferior oblique muscle. The optic nerve transmits visual information from the eye to the brain, while the ophthalmic nerve provides sensory innervation to the eye and surrounding areas.

The correct answer is "Lamdoidal suture." The lamdoidal suture is a dense, fibrous joint that connects the parietal bones of the skull to the occipital bone at the back of the head. It is named after its resemblance to the Greek letter lambda (λ). The sagittal suture runs along the midline of the skull, dividing it into left and right halves. The coronal suture connects the frontal bone to the parietal bones, while the squamous suture connects the temporal bones to the parietal bones.

The correct answer is Pterygoid nerve. The lateral pterygoid muscle is innervated by the pterygoid nerve. The pterygoid nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve, which is the third branch of the trigeminal nerve. The lateral pterygoid muscle is responsible for the movement of the mandible, specifically for opening the mouth and moving the jaw from side to side.

The correct answer is Optic (CN II). This is because the optic nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain. It is involved in vision and visual perception. The other options, Trigeminal (CN V), Oculomotor (CN III), and Accessory (CN XI), are not sensory nerves but rather motor nerves involved in different functions such as facial sensation, eye movement, and neck and shoulder movement respectively.

The correct answer is "All of them" because the three longitudinal muscles mentioned (Palatopharyngeus, Salpingopharyngeus, and Styopharyngeus) are indeed the three main longitudinal muscles of the pharynx. These muscles play a crucial role in the movement and function of the pharynx, including swallowing, speaking, and the opening and closing of the pharyngeal cavity.

The correct answer is the Greater palatine artery. This artery is located in the palate and supplies blood to the structures in that area. It is an important artery for maintaining the blood supply to the hard and soft palate.

The correct answer is "All of them" because the question asks for the three constrictor muscles of the Pharynx, and the options provided include the Superior constrictor, Middle constrictor, and Inferior constrictor. Therefore, the correct answer is that all three of these muscles are constrictor muscles of the Pharynx.

The frontal bone is the correct answer because it is the bone that contains the supraorbital foramen. The supraorbital foramen is a small opening located above the eye socket, through which the supraorbital nerve and artery pass. This opening is important for providing sensory innervation to the forehead and scalp. The other options (parietal bones, maxillae, and zygoma) do not contain the supraorbital foramen.

The bones that are on both sides of the skull are the parietal and temporal bones. The parietal bones form the sides and roof of the skull, while the temporal bones are located on the sides and base of the skull. Together, these bones provide protection for the brain and also play a role in supporting the structure of the skull.

The correct answer is Temporofacial branch. This is because the temporofacial branch is one of the branches of the facial nerve that innervates the muscles of the face. It supplies motor fibers to the muscles of facial expression, including the frontalis, orbicularis oculi, and zygomaticus muscles. The other options, such as the cervicofacial branch, parotid gland, and posterior auricular nerve, are not directly related to the innervation of the facial muscles.

The correct answer is Maxillary sinus. The question is asking for the name of a sinus, and the correct answer is Maxillary sinus.

The muscle of mastication, which includes the masseter, temporalis, and medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, are innervated by the V3 branch of the trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for the sensory and motor innervation of the face, and the V3 branch specifically supplies motor innervation to the muscles of mastication. The other options, such as the facial nerve, oculomotor nerve, and V2 branch of the trigeminal nerve, do not innervate the muscles of mastication.

The question is asking for the correct answer for "A is..." and the correct answer is "Mentalis."

The correct answer is the posterior auricular nerve. This nerve is responsible for providing sensory innervation to the skin behind the ear and the scalp above and behind the ear. It also supplies motor innervation to a muscle that helps in the movement of the ear.

The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands, so it is not the smallest salivary gland. It is located in the upper neck and extends from the zygomatic arch, and it has both deep and superficial parts. The parotid gland secretes a serous fluid, which is a watery and enzyme-rich secretion. Therefore, all of the statements provided are true about the parotid gland except for it being the smallest salivary gland.

The sphenopalatine artery supplies the posterior part of the nasal septum and the lateral nasal wall.

Toothache or extraction can cause an infection in the maxillary sinus. The maxillary sinus is located near the upper back teeth, and an infection in the teeth or gums can spread to the sinus. This can happen if there is a dental abscess or if bacteria from the mouth enter the sinus during a tooth extraction. This can lead to maxillary sinusitis, which is an inflammation or infection of the sinus.

The ligaments that support the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are the sphenomandibular ligament, the lateral temporomandibular ligament, and the stylomandibular ligament. These ligaments play a crucial role in stabilizing and supporting the TMJ, allowing for proper movement and function of the jaw.

The correct answer is Trigeminal (CN V). The question is asking for the mixed nerve among the options provided. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve as it contains both sensory and motor fibers. It is responsible for providing sensation to the face, as well as controlling the muscles involved in chewing. The other options, Olfactory (CN I), Abducens (CN VI), and Optic (CN II), are all purely sensory nerves and do not contain motor fibers.

The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the hard palate. The hard palate is the bony structure that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. It is made up of the palatine bones and the maxillary bones. The hard palate provides support and helps to maintain the shape of the nasal cavity.

The correct answer is "Pupil, Iris and Sclera" because these are all parts of the human eye. The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil. The sclera is the white outer layer of the eye that helps to protect and support the eyeball.

The parotid gland is a major salivary gland located in front of the ear. It is supplied by the external carotid artery, which is responsible for providing blood to the gland. The retromandibular vein drains blood from the gland. The facial nerve also passes through the parotid gland, providing innervation to the muscles of the face. Therefore, the correct answer is External carotid artery, Retromandibular vein, and Facial nerve.

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is found in the subarachnoid space. This space is located between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, which are two of the three layers of the meninges that protect the brain and spinal cord. The CSF acts as a cushioning and protective fluid, providing support and nourishment to the central nervous system. It also helps to remove waste products and regulate the chemical environment of the brain and spinal cord.

The correct answer is "Olfactory, Optic, and Vestibulocochlear." These three nerves are sensory nerves that are responsible for different sensory functions. The olfactory nerve is responsible for the sense of smell, the optic nerve is responsible for vision, and the vestibulocochlear nerve is responsible for hearing and balance.

The correct answer is "Inferior Nasal Conchae". The inferior nasal conchae are bony structures located in the nasal cavity. They are responsible for increasing the surface area of the nasal cavity, which helps to warm, humidify, and filter the air we breathe. The vomer is a bone in the nasal septum, the maxilla is a bone of the upper jaw, and the zygoma is a bone of the cheek. None of these structures are directly involved in the functions described for the inferior nasal conchae.

Stenson's duct is the correct answer because it is another name for the parotid gland's duct. The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland in the human body and its duct is responsible for carrying saliva from the gland to the oral cavity. Wharton's duct is the name for the duct of the submandibular gland, while Bartholin's duct is associated with the Bartholin's glands in females. Therefore, both Wharton's duct and Bartholin's duct are incorrect options for the parotid gland's duct.

The correct answer is "Inferior and Superior palpebra" because these terms refer to the upper and lower eyelids, respectively. The other options do not accurately describe the relationship between D and F.

The correct answer is Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus. These are examples of mixed nerves because they contain both sensory and motor fibers. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as chewing. The facial nerve controls facial expressions and also carries taste sensations. The glossopharyngeal nerve is involved in swallowing and taste, while the vagus nerve controls various functions in the body including digestion and heart rate.

The roof of the orbit is formed by the orbital plate of the frontal bone and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. These two bones come together to create a protective covering for the eye socket.

The facial nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression. It has five branches that innervate different regions of the face. The temporal branch supplies the muscles of the forehead and scalp. The zygomatic branch innervates the muscles around the eye. The buccal branch controls the muscles around the mouth and cheek. The marginal mandibular branch supplies the muscles of the lower lip and chin. The cervical branch innervates the muscles of the neck. Therefore, the correct answer is Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Marginal mandibular, and Cervical branches.

The suture between the temporal and parietal bones is called the squamosal suture. This suture is located on the side of the skull, where the squamous portion of the temporal bone articulates with the parietal bone. It has a jagged, irregular shape resembling scales, which is why it is called the squamosal suture.

The correct answer is Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) because it is the only nerve listed that is mixed. Mixed nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers, while the other options listed are either purely sensory (Trochlear) or purely motor (Accessory and Hypoglossal).

The muscle around the mouth that is responsible for facial expressions is the levator labii superioris. This muscle helps to elevate the upper lip, creating various facial expressions such as smiling or sneering. Nasalis is a muscle responsible for flaring the nostrils, Procerus is a muscle responsible for wrinkling the forehead, and Occupitofrontalis is not a muscle related to facial expressions.

The anterior two thirds of the tongue receives taste sensation from the chord tympani branch of the facial nerve.

The auditory tube has multiple components. It has a cartilaginous part that opens into the nasopharynx, a bony part within the temporal bone, and it also connects the nasopharynx to the tympanic cavity. Therefore, all of the given options are correct.

The correct answer is "Lesser Palatine foramen". This is the correct answer because the question is asking for the name of the structure indicated by the letter "A". Out of the given options, the only one that matches is "Lesser Palatine foramen".

The correct answer is "All of them." The face and scalp receive blood supply from multiple arteries, including the ophthalmic artery, maxillary artery, facial artery, superficial temporal artery, posterior auricular artery, and occipital artery. Each of these arteries contributes to the overall blood supply to the face and scalp, ensuring adequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to these areas.

SCLAP has 5 layers.

The two compartments of the TMJ synovial cavity are divided by the articular disc. The articular disc is a fibrocartilaginous structure that sits between the condyle of the mandible and the articular eminence of the temporal bone. It helps to absorb shock and distribute forces during jaw movement, as well as providing stability and allowing for smooth movement of the joint.

The correct answer is the Coronal suture. The Coronal suture is the suture that connects the frontal bone to the parietal bones in the skull. It runs horizontally from one side of the skull to the other, dividing the frontal and parietal bones. The other options, such as the Lambdoidal suture, Squamous suture, and Sagittal suture, are all different sutures in the skull that connect different bones.

The correct answer is Corniculate cartilage. In the given picture, the structure labeled as Corniculate cartilage is located at the top of the arytenoid cartilage. It is a small, horn-shaped structure that helps to support the vocal folds and assist in their movement during speech and swallowing. The other options, Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, and Arytenoid cartilage, are all incorrect as they do not match the structure shown in the picture.

The superior rectus muscle is responsible for elevating the eye and is innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III). CN IV innervates the superior oblique muscle, CN V innervates the muscles of mastication and sensation in the face, and CN VI innervates the lateral rectus muscle. Therefore, the correct answer is CN III.

The hard and soft palate is supplied by the greater and lesser palatine arteries, as well as the ascending palatine arteries. These arteries provide the necessary blood supply to the structures of the palate, ensuring their proper function and health.

The ethmoid bone is the correct answer because it is one of the bones listed in the options.

The medial pterygoid muscle is innervated by the pterygoid nerve. The pterygoid nerve is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3). It provides motor innervation to the medial pterygoid muscle, which is responsible for elevating and protruding the mandible during chewing. The other options, such as the masseteric nerve, deep temporal nerve, and posterior auricular nerve, do not innervate the medial pterygoid muscle.

The oropharyngeal isthmus is a narrow passage located between the oral cavity and the pharynx. It is formed by the soft palate, which is the soft tissue at the back of the roof of the mouth, the palatoglossal fold, which is a fold of tissue that extends from the soft palate to the base of the tongue, and the tongue itself. Therefore, all of these structures are correct answers as they are all part of the oropharyngeal isthmus.

The facial nerve (CNVII) passes through the stylomastoid foramen. This foramen is located in the temporal bone, specifically in the mastoid process. It serves as the exit point for the facial nerve as it leaves the skull and enters the face.

Wharton's duct is the correct answer because it is the name of the duct that carries saliva from the submandibular gland to the mouth. Stenson's duct is the name of the duct that carries saliva from the parotid gland, and Bartholin's duct is the name of the duct that carries fluid from the Bartholin's gland in females. Therefore, both Stenson's duct and Bartholin's duct are incorrect options.

The TMJ (temporomandibular joint) is innervated by both the auriculomandibular nerve and the masseteric nerve. These nerves provide sensory innervation to the joint, allowing for the perception of pain, pressure, and temperature. The auriculomandibular nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve, while the masseteric nerve is a branch of the trigeminal nerve. Together, these nerves ensure proper sensory function and control of the TMJ.

The buccal branches of the facial nerve innervate the muscles in the cheek and above the mouth. These muscles are responsible for various facial expressions, such as smiling, raising the cheeks, and puffing out the cheeks.

The correct answer is Levator labii superioris. This muscle is responsible for elevating the upper lip, which is indicated by the term "levator" meaning to lift. The other options, Zygomaticus minor and major, are muscles that are involved in smiling and raising the corners of the mouth. Depressor anguli oris, on the other hand, is a muscle that pulls down the corners of the mouth, which is opposite to the action of the Levator labii superioris.

The correct answer is Foramen Ovale. Division 3 of CN V, also known as the mandibular nerve, runs through the Foramen Ovale. This nerve is responsible for sensory information from the lower face, including the chin and lower lip, as well as motor control of the muscles involved in chewing. The other options, such as the Superior orbital fissure, Foramen Rotundum, and Inferior orbital fissure, are not associated with Division 3 of CN V.

The muscles on the face are divided into two main groups. This suggests that there are two distinct categories or classifications of muscles on the face. Without further information, it is difficult to determine what these two groups specifically entail, but it can be inferred that there are different types or functions of muscles within each group.

The correct answer is "Zygomaticus minor." The question is asking for the correct answer for "A," and out of the given options, "Zygomaticus minor" is the only one that matches. The other options are different muscles.

The question asks for the muscle that does not elevate the mandible. The temporalis muscle, masseter muscle, and medial pterygoid muscle are all muscles that contribute to the elevation of the mandible. However, the lateral pterygoid muscle is responsible for depressing the mandible, not elevating it. Therefore, the correct answer is the lateral pterygoid muscle.

The correct answer is "All of them." The meninges is a protective membrane that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is composed of three layers: the pia mater, dura mater, and arachnoid mater. Each of these layers plays a role in providing support and protection to the central nervous system. Therefore, all three layers contribute to the formation of the meninges.

The temporalis muscle is innervated by the deep temporal nerve. This nerve originates from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3). It supplies motor innervation to the temporalis muscle, which is responsible for elevating and retracting the mandible during chewing. The other nerves listed, such as the masseteric nerve, pterygoid nerve, and posterior auricular nerve, do not innervate the temporalis muscle.

The correct answer is "Buccal branches". This is because the question is asking for the correct answer to the question "A is..." and the correct answer is "Buccal branches".

The foramen magnum is a large hole located at the base of the skull, specifically on the occipital bone. It serves as a passageway for the spinal cord to connect with the brain.

The laryngopharynx is located in the upper part of the throat, and it is anterior (in front of) the C4-C6 spinal vertebrae.

The correct answer is CN III. The medial rectus muscle is innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III). CN IV innervates the superior oblique muscle, CN V innervates the muscles of mastication, and CN VI innervates the lateral rectus muscle.

The Eustachian tube is a narrow tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the throat. It has two parts - the cartilaginous part and the bony part. The cartilaginous part is made up of cartilage, while the bony part is made up of bone. Both parts of the Eustachian tube open into two different areas - the nasopharynx and the tympanic cavity. The nasopharynx is the upper part of the throat that connects to the nasal cavity, while the tympanic cavity is the middle ear. Therefore, the correct answer is that the cartilaginous part and bony part of the Eustachian tube open into the nasopharynx and tympanic cavity.

The correct answer is the Parotid gland. The question is asking for what "A" is, but the options provided are different branches and nerves. The Parotid gland is a salivary gland located in the face, so it is the only option that fits the question.

The correct answer is the Greater palatine nerve. The Greater palatine nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve that provides sensory innervation to the posterior part of the hard palate, including the mucosa and glands. It also carries the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the palatine glands. The other options mentioned in the question, such as the incisive fossa, nasopalatine nerve, and lesser palatine artery, are not directly related to the sensory innervation of the hard palate.

The correct answer is Mandibular branch. The Mixed Division of CNV refers to the trigeminal nerve, which is divided into three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The mandibular branch is responsible for providing sensory innervation to the lower jaw, lower teeth, and the muscles involved in chewing.

The lingual nerve innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. This nerve is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3). It carries general sensory information, including touch, temperature, and pain, from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The posterior one-third of the tongue is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).

The extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve. This nerve controls the movement and coordination of the tongue muscles, allowing for functions such as speech, swallowing, and chewing. The hypoglossal nerve originates from the brainstem and travels down to the tongue, supplying motor fibers to the muscles. It is responsible for the voluntary movements of the tongue and plays a crucial role in maintaining proper tongue function.

The correct answer is CN VI. The lateral rectus muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve (CN VI). This nerve controls the movement of the eye by causing abduction, which is the movement of the eye away from the midline. Damage to the abducens nerve can result in weakness or paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle, leading to a condition called lateral rectus palsy. This can cause a person to have difficulty moving their eye laterally, resulting in double vision or crossed eyes.

The correct answer is "Nasolacrimal duct". The nasolacrimal duct is a passage that connects the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity. Tears produced by the lacrimal gland drain into the lacrimal sac through the lacrimal puncta and canaliculi, and then flow through the nasolacrimal duct into the nasal cavity. This drainage system helps to keep the eyes lubricated and remove waste products from the tears.

The superior oblique muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve (CN IV). This nerve is responsible for the movement of the eye, specifically in a downward and outward direction. The other cranial nerves listed (CN III, CN V, CN VI) are not directly involved in the innervation of the superior oblique muscle.

The four intrinsic muscles of the tongue are the Superior longitudinal, Vertical, Inferior longitudinal, and Transverse muscles. These muscles are responsible for controlling the shape and movement of the tongue during speech and swallowing. The Superior longitudinal muscle runs along the upper surface of the tongue, while the Vertical muscle runs vertically along the tongue. The Inferior longitudinal muscle runs along the bottom surface of the tongue, and the Transverse muscle runs horizontally across the tongue. Together, these muscles work together to allow for precise and coordinated movements of the tongue.

The levator palpebral superioris muscle is responsible for raising the upper eyelid. It is innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III), which also innervates other muscles involved in eye movement. CN III supplies motor innervation to the levator palpebral superioris muscle, allowing it to contract and raise the eyelid. CN IV innervates the superior oblique muscle, CN V innervates the muscles of mastication and sensation in the face, and CN VI innervates the lateral rectus muscle.

The corrugator supercilli is the facial expression muscle around the eye. It is responsible for creating vertical wrinkles between the eyebrows, often referred to as frown lines. This muscle contracts when a person frowns or shows expressions of anger or concern. It plays a role in conveying emotions and expressions through the movement of the eyebrows and is an important muscle in facial communication.

The correct answer is "Orbicularis oculi" because it is the muscle responsible for closing the eyelids. The other options listed are muscles that are involved in facial expressions, but they do not specifically relate to closing the eyelids.

The correct answer is 5. The facial nerve (CN VII) has five branches. These branches are the temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical branches. Each branch innervates different muscles of the face and has specific functions.

The correct answer is "Articular tubercle". The articular tubercle is a bony prominence located on the temporal bone of the skull. It is part of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and muscles involved in jaw movement. The other options, such as the glenoid fossa, synovial membrane, and articular disc, are not related to the TMJ and are not the correct answer in this context.

The zygomatic arch is formed by the zygoma (cheekbone) and the temporal bone. These two bones come together to create a bony structure that extends from the side of the skull to the cheekbone.

The correct answer is Orbicularis oris. The orbicularis oris is the sphincter muscle around the mouth. It is responsible for puckering and closing the lips.

The inferior rectus muscle is innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III). CN III is responsible for innervating most of the extraocular muscles, including the inferior rectus muscle, which is involved in downward eye movement. CN IV (trochlear nerve) innervates the superior oblique muscle, CN V (trigeminal nerve) innervates the muscles of mastication and sensation in the face, and CN VI (abducens nerve) innervates the lateral rectus muscle.

The correct answer is Salpingopharynx. The pharynx is divided into three parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The salpingopharynx is not a part of the pharynx.

The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland and produces a serous secretion. It is divided into deep and superficial parts. However, it does not extend from the zygomatic arch down to the lower neck.

The subarachnoid space is a narrow space filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that lies between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, two of the three layers of the meninges that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. The dura mater is the outermost layer and is not part of the subarachnoid space. Therefore, the correct answer is that the subarachnoid space is between the arachnoid and pia mater.