Environmental Engineering - I Unit 2 Quiz

A city's water supply system aims to provide water for various purposes including commercial and institutional water demand, fire demand, and domestic water demand. This means that the system is designed to meet the water needs of businesses, government institutions, firefighting operations, and residential households. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above."

The correct answer is "All of the above" because firefighting demand for a city is influenced by multiple factors. The population of a city determines the number of people that need to be protected and the potential number of emergencies. The area of the city determines the size of the firefighting infrastructure needed to cover the entire area effectively. Climatic conditions play a crucial role as different weather conditions can increase the risk of fires, such as hot and dry conditions increasing the likelihood of wildfires. Therefore, all three factors - population, area, and climatic conditions - contribute to the calculation of firefighting demand for a city.

A water treatment plant is indeed a part of a water supply scheme. Water supply schemes aim to provide clean and safe water to communities, and a crucial component of this process is the treatment of water to remove impurities and contaminants. Water treatment plants are responsible for treating raw water from various sources such as rivers, lakes, or underground wells, using processes like filtration, disinfection, and chemical treatment. Once treated, the water is then distributed to consumers through a network of pipes, ensuring a reliable supply of clean drinking water. Therefore, the statement "Water Treatment Plant is a part of Water Supply scheme" is true.

All of the given formulas - Buston's Formula, Freeman's Formula, and National Board of Fire Underwriter's Formula - are used for the calculation of Fire Demand.

IS 10500:2012 is the correct answer because it is the Indian Standard code that specifies the drinking water quality standards in India. This code provides guidelines and permissible limits for various physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters in drinking water to ensure its safety and suitability for human consumption. It covers aspects such as odor, taste, color, turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids, toxic substances, and bacteriological quality. Compliance with these standards helps in safeguarding public health and preventing waterborne diseases.

The CPHEEO manual refers to the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation. This organization is responsible for providing guidelines and standards for various aspects related to public health and environmental engineering. They focus on ensuring safe and sustainable practices in areas such as water supply, sanitation, solid waste management, and pollution control. The CPHEEO manual serves as a comprehensive reference document for professionals in the field, providing them with the necessary information and guidelines to carry out their work effectively.

The correct statement regarding per capita demand expressed in LPCD is the annual average amount of daily water required by one person. This means that it represents the average quantity of water that an individual needs on a daily basis over the course of a year. It is a measure commonly used to assess the water demand of a population and is expressed in liters per capita per day (LPCD).

The Domestic daily Water Demand is considered as 135 lpcd. This means that on average, each person in a household is expected to use 135 liters of water per day. This includes water used for drinking, cooking, bathing, cleaning, and other domestic purposes. This value is often used as a standard for planning and managing water resources in order to ensure an adequate supply for the population.

As per CPHEEO (Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization), the recommended per capita water demand for average size cities with piped water supply and existing sewerage system is 135 lpcd (liters per capita per day). This means that on average, each person in these cities should have access to and use 135 liters of water per day. This recommendation takes into account factors such as population size, water availability, and sanitation requirements.

The given options include Canal Intake, Reservoir Intake, and River Intake, all of which are types of Intake Structures. However, Well Intake is not a type of Intake Structure.

Aeration is generally the first treatment given at any Water Treatment plant. Aeration involves the process of adding air to the water to remove dissolved gases, such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, and to oxidize dissolved metals, such as iron and manganese. This process helps to improve the taste and odor of the water, and also aids in the removal of volatile organic compounds. Aeration is an important step in the water treatment process as it helps to improve the overall quality of the water before it undergoes further treatment.

The design period of a water supply scheme refers to the estimated lifespan or duration for which the design of the scheme is intended to be functional and effective. This includes factors such as the capacity of the system, infrastructure requirements, and projected population growth. A design period of 20 to 30 years is considered reasonable as it allows for long-term planning and accommodates potential changes in demand and infrastructure needs over time.

The design period for the components of a water supply system is estimated based on the useful life of the components. This means that the design period is determined by how long the components are expected to function effectively and efficiently. Factors such as wear and tear, maintenance requirements, and technological advancements are taken into consideration when estimating the useful life of the components. By considering the useful life of the components, engineers can ensure that the design of the water supply system is adequate and sustainable for the expected duration.

The statement is false because the Highest Desirable Limit (H.D.L) is a guideline value set to achieve optimal conditions, while the Maximum Permissible Limit (M.P.L) is the legal limit beyond which a particular parameter should not exceed. Therefore, the M.P.L is always greater than or equal to the H.D.L to ensure that the parameter remains within acceptable limits.

The geometric increase method of population forecasting assumes that population growth will follow a geometric progression, where each successive generation has a fixed ratio of growth compared to the previous generation. This method is best suited for new cities with unlimited scope of expansion because these cities typically experience rapid and exponential population growth. As they are still developing and have ample space for expansion, the geometric increase method can effectively estimate their future population size. In contrast, established cities may already have reached their maximum capacity and may experience slower population growth, while cities with limited space and economic opportunities may not experience significant population growth at all.

The per capita demand is given as 150 lpcd (liters per capita per day). To find the average daily water demand for the entire population, we multiply the per capita demand by the population. 150 lpcd * 100,000 population = 15,000,000 liters per day. Since 1 cubic meter is equal to 1000 liters, the average daily water demand in m3/day would be 15,000.

Bathing is usually recognized as the highest contributor to domestic water consumption. This is because taking a bath typically requires a larger volume of water compared to other activities such as toilet flushing, washing clothes, or cooking. The amount of water used for bathing can vary depending on factors such as shower duration and water flow rate. However, on average, bathing tends to consume a significant amount of water, making it the highest contributor to domestic water consumption.

The Arithmetic Increase Method is suitable for large and old cities with considerable development because it assumes a constant rate of growth over time. This method is appropriate for cities that are experiencing gradual and steady development, as it takes into account the incremental increase in population over a specified time period. It is a more realistic approach for forecasting population in such cities compared to the Geometric Increase Method, which assumes exponential growth, or the Incremental Increase Method, which assumes a fixed number of individuals added to the population each year.

Agricultural sector is expected to show the lowest percentage increase in water use in the future. This is because the agricultural sector already consumes a significant amount of water and is likely to prioritize efficient water management practices to sustain agricultural production without increasing water usage. On the other hand, domestic, industrial, and energy sectors may experience higher water demand due to population growth, urbanization, and industrial expansion.

The maximum hourly consumption can be calculated by multiplying the annual average water demand (2000m3/hr) by the daily peak factor (1.8) and the hourly peak factor (1.5). Therefore, the calculation would be: 2000m3/hr * 1.8 * 1.5 = 5400 m3/hr.

The Geometric Increase Method assumes that the percentage increase in population from decade to decade is constant. This means that the population grows at a fixed rate over time, resulting in a geometric progression. This method is often used when studying population growth and projecting future population trends. It is based on the assumption that the growth rate remains constant, which may not always be the case in reality.

Compensation losses refer to the losses that occur in the water distribution system due to leakage or other reasons. These losses do not directly impact the domestic water demand of a household. Factors such as income class, religious and cultural practices, and the number of house dwellers can influence the domestic water demand as they determine the level of water usage and consumption patterns within a household.

The peak hourly demand would be a better estimate of the design capacity of a water distribution system for a town because it represents the maximum amount of water that will be required during a specific hour of the day. This is important for designing a system that can handle the highest level of demand and ensure that water supply is sufficient during peak usage times. The other options, such as annual average hourly demand or average hourly demand on a maximum day, may not accurately capture the highest level of demand that the system needs to accommodate.

The correct answer is 0.1157. This is because "Mld" stands for million liters per day, and to convert it to cubic meters per second, we need to divide by 24 (to convert from days to hours) and then by 3,600 (to convert from hours to seconds). Therefore, 1 Mld is equal to 1 million liters divided by (24*3,600), which is approximately equal to 0.1157 cubic meters per second.

The statement is false because a water supply scheme is not a part of a water treatment plant. A water supply scheme refers to the infrastructure and system that delivers water to consumers, including pipelines, storage tanks, and distribution networks. On the other hand, a water treatment plant is responsible for treating raw water from natural sources to make it safe for consumption. While the two are related in terms of providing clean water to the public, they are distinct components of the overall water management system.