Medical Terminology (Final Exam)

Explanation
The accessory organs of the digestive system include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. These organs play important roles in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The liver produces bile, which helps break down fats in the small intestine. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, releasing it into the small intestine when needed. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Together, these organs work to support the overall function of the digestive system.

Explanation
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone responsible for the development of male reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics. It plays a crucial role in sperm production, sex drive, and muscle and bone mass. Progesterone and estrogen are the main female reproductive hormones. Estrogen is responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and maintenance of pregnancy. Progesterone prepares the uterus for implantation and helps maintain pregnancy. Together, these hormones regulate the reproductive functions in males and females.

Explanation
The urinary system consists of four main components: the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste products and excess water from the blood to produce urine. The urine then travels through the ureters, which are tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it is ready to be eliminated from the body through the urethra, a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. Therefore, the correct answer is Kidney, Bladder, Ureters, Urethra.

Explanation
The four quadrants refer to the division of a coordinate plane into four sections. The right upper quadrant is the section where the x-coordinate is positive and the y-coordinate is positive. The left upper quadrant is the section where the x-coordinate is negative and the y-coordinate is positive. The right lower quadrant is the section where the x-coordinate is positive and the y-coordinate is negative. The left lower quadrant is the section where the x-coordinate is negative and the y-coordinate is negative.

Explanation
The correct answer is a list of the nine regions of the body. These regions are divided into three vertical columns: the right hypochondriac, epi-gastric, and left hypochondriac regions in the upper column; the right lumbar, umbilical, and left lumbar regions in the middle column; and the right inguinal, hyper-gastric, and left inguinal regions in the lower column. These regions are commonly used in anatomy and medicine to describe the location of organs and structures within the body.

Explanation
The skeletal system is divided into two parts: the axial and the appendicular. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, which all work together to protect vital organs such as the brain, spinal cord, and heart. On the other hand, the appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle. This part of the skeletal system allows for movement and locomotion, enabling activities such as walking, running, and grasping objects.

Explanation
The heart is made up of three main parts: the pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The pericardium is a fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart and protects it from external damage. The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall and is composed of muscular tissue that contracts to pump blood throughout the body. The endocardium is the inner layer of the heart that lines the chambers and valves, and it is also continuous with the inner lining of blood vessels.

Explanation
The skin is composed of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and acts as a protective barrier against external factors. The dermis is located beneath the epidermis and contains blood vessels, nerves, and hair follicles. It provides support and nourishment to the skin. The subcutaneous layer, also known as the hypodermis, is the deepest layer and consists of fat cells that provide insulation and cushioning.

Explanation
The food travels in a specific order through the digestive system. It starts in the oral cavity where it is chewed and mixed with saliva. Then, it moves into the pharynx, which is the passage connecting the oral cavity to the esophagus. From there, it enters the esophagus, a muscular tube that transports the food to the stomach. In the stomach, the food is further broken down by stomach acid and enzymes. Next, it moves into the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining undigested food then enters the large intestine, where water is absorbed and the waste is formed. The waste travels through the rectum and is eventually eliminated through the anus.

Explanation
Medical words are made up of four word elements: suffix, prefix, word root, and combining form (CF). The suffix is added to the end of a word to modify its meaning. The prefix is added to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning. The word root is the main part of the word that gives it its basic meaning. The combining form is a word root plus a vowel that is used when combining two word elements together. These four elements work together to form medical words and help to convey specific meanings in the field of medicine.

Explanation
In medical terminology, the order when defining medical words is as follows: first comes the word root, which is the main part of the word that gives it its essential meaning. Next is the prefix, which is added to the beginning of the word root to modify or further specify its meaning. Finally, the suffix is added to the end of the word root to indicate a condition, procedure, or disease. Therefore, the correct order is 1. suffix, 2. prefix, 3. word root.

Explanation
The organs of the upper GI tract include the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. The oral cavity is the first part of the digestive system where food enters the body and is broken down by chewing and saliva. The pharynx is the muscular tube that connects the oral cavity to the esophagus, allowing food to pass from the mouth to the stomach. The esophagus is a long tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach through peristalsis. Finally, the stomach is a muscular organ that further breaks down food with acid and enzymes before passing it to the small intestine.

Explanation
The lower GI tract consists of the small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. These organs are responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food, as well as the elimination of waste products from the body. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption occur, while the large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes and forms feces. The rectum serves as a temporary storage site for feces, and the anus is the opening through which feces are eliminated from the body during defecation.

Explanation
The three parts of the vertebrae are the cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12), and lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5). These parts refer to the specific sections of the spine and are numbered based on their location. The cervical vertebrae are located in the neck region, the thoracic vertebrae are in the upper back region, and the lumbar vertebrae are in the lower back region. Each part of the vertebrae has unique characteristics and functions in supporting the body and protecting the spinal cord.

Explanation
The four types of bones are long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Long bones, such as the arm and legs, are characterized by their elongated shape and are responsible for supporting weight and facilitating movement. Short bones, like the ankle, are cube-shaped and provide stability and support. Flat bones, such as the skull and ribs, are thin and flat, serving to protect internal organs. Irregular bones, such as the vertebrae and face bones, have complex shapes and perform various functions, including providing support and protection.

Explanation
The three types of muscles are striated, smooth, and cardiac. Striated muscles are voluntary, meaning they are under conscious control. Smooth muscles, on the other hand, are involuntary, meaning they are not under conscious control. Cardiac muscles, found in the heart, are also involuntary.

Explanation
The given answer correctly lists the actions of the muscles and their opposites. Flexion refers to the movement that decreases the angle between two body parts, while extension refers to the movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Dorsiflexion is the movement that brings the foot towards the shin, while plantarflexion is the movement that points the foot away from the shin. Abduction is the movement that moves a body part away from the midline of the body, while adduction is the movement that brings a body part towards the midline of the body. Supination refers to the movement that turns the palm upward, while pronation refers to the movement that turns the palm downward. Inversion is the movement that turns the sole of the foot inward, while eversion is the movement that turns the sole of the foot outward.

Explanation
The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, throat, and trachea. These structures are responsible for the initial passage of air into the body. The nose acts as the main entrance for air, filtering and warming it before it reaches the throat. The throat, also known as the pharynx, serves as a common pathway for both air and food. It connects the nasal cavity to the trachea, which is a tube that leads to the lungs. Together, these three components form the upper respiratory tract, playing a crucial role in respiration.

Explanation
The three types of joints are Diarthroses, Amphiarthroses, and Synarthroses. Diarthroses are joints that are freely movable, allowing for a wide range of motion. Amphiarthroses are joints that are slightly movable, providing limited motion. Synarthroses are joints that are immovable, allowing for no motion at all.

Explanation
The answer provided accurately defines a joint or articulation as the place where two bones come together. This is a concise and clear explanation that highlights the essential concept of a joint, which is the connection between two bones in the body.

Explanation
The organs of the lymphatic system are the spleen, tonsils, and thymus. These organs play important roles in the immune system and the production and circulation of lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell. The spleen filters the blood, removing old or damaged red blood cells and producing lymphocytes. The tonsils are located in the throat and help to trap and remove bacteria and other pathogens. The thymus is responsible for the development and maturation of T lymphocytes, which are crucial for immune responses.

Explanation
The term "Dyspenia" can be broken down into two parts: "Dys" and "penia". "Dys" is a prefix that means bad or difficult, while "penia" is a suffix that means deficiency. Therefore, when combined, "Dyspenia" refers to a condition or state of having a bad deficiency.

Explanation
The term "primi/gravida" refers to a woman who is experiencing her first pregnancy. The word "primi" indicates "first" and "gravida" refers to "pregnancy". Therefore, when combined, "primi/gravida" signifies a woman who is pregnant for the first time.

Explanation
The term "subcutaneous" refers to something that is located or happening under the skin. In medical terminology, it is often used to describe the administration of medication or injections directly into the fatty layer beneath the skin. This route of administration allows for a slow and sustained release of the medication into the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer "Under the skin" accurately defines the term "subcutaneous."

Explanation
Amino/centesis refers to a surgical procedure involving the puncture of the fetal sac. This procedure is typically performed to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid for diagnostic purposes. By analyzing the amniotic fluid, healthcare professionals can gather important information about the health and development of the fetus. The procedure involves inserting a needle into the amniotic sac, which surrounds the fetus, and extracting a small amount of fluid. This fluid can then be tested for various genetic disorders, chromosomal abnormalities, and other conditions that may affect the baby.

Explanation
The term "Erythr/o/penia" can be broken down into three parts: "erythr/o," which refers to red blood cells, "pen," which means deficiency, and "ia," which indicates a condition or state. Therefore, "Erythr/o/penia" can be defined as a deficiency in the red blood cells.

Explanation
The term "dystrophy" consists of two parts: "dys" and "trophy." "Dys" means difficulty or abnormality, while "trophy" refers to nourishment and development. Therefore, when we break down the term "dystrophy," it can be defined as difficulty with nourishment and development.

Explanation
The word "cardio/graph" can be broken down into two parts: "cardio" which refers to the heart, and "graph" which means to record or write. Therefore, "cardio/graph" can be defined as an instrument used to record the heart.

Explanation
The term "Melan/oma" can be broken down into two parts: "melan" and "oma". "Melan" refers to the color black, specifically relating to the pigment melanin. "Oma" is a suffix commonly used in medical terminology to indicate a tumor or abnormal growth. Therefore, when combined, "Melan/oma" refers to a black pigmented tumor, which is the correct answer.