Med Terms Pt 1

Angiotensin is a hormone that acts as a powerful vasoconstrictor, meaning it causes the blood vessels to narrow. This narrowing of the blood vessels increases resistance to blood flow, leading to an increase in blood pressure. Therefore, angiotensin is responsible for raising blood pressure in the body.

Anterior refers to the position or location that is situated in the front of the body or a structure. It is the opposite of posterior, which means located at the back. In medical terminology, anterior is commonly used to describe the front side of the body or a specific part of the body. For example, the chest is anterior to the back, and the nose is anterior to the ears.

Anuria refers to the condition where there is a lack or absence of urine formation by the kidney. It is a medical term used to describe a severe decrease or complete cessation of urine production. This can be caused by various factors such as kidney damage, urinary tract obstruction, or severe dehydration. Anuria is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention as it indicates a dysfunction in the kidney's ability to filter and eliminate waste products from the body.

Aphasia is a condition characterized by the absence or impairment of communication through speech. It is typically caused by damage to the brain, such as a stroke or head injury, which affects the language centers. People with aphasia may have difficulty speaking, understanding speech, reading, or writing. This condition can vary in severity, with some individuals experiencing mild language difficulties while others may lose the ability to communicate entirely. Treatment options for aphasia include speech therapy and other forms of rehabilitation to help improve language skills and communication abilities.

Arthralgia refers to pain in a joint. It is a medical term used to describe the symptom of joint pain, which can be caused by various factors such as injury, inflammation, or infection. The term "arthralgia" helps to specifically identify and communicate the presence of joint pain, allowing healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat the underlying cause effectively.

Ascites is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. It is commonly caused by liver disease, such as cirrhosis, but can also be a result of other conditions like heart failure or certain cancers. The excess fluid causes the abdomen to become swollen and distended, leading to discomfort and difficulty breathing. Ascites can be diagnosed through physical examination, imaging tests, and analysis of the fluid. Treatment options include medication, dietary changes, and in severe cases, drainage of the fluid through a procedure called paracentesis.

Atrophy refers to the decrease in size of cells within an organ. This can occur due to various reasons such as disuse, lack of blood supply, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. Atrophy can lead to a decrease in the overall size and function of the affected organ.

Barium is a substance commonly used as a radiopaque contrast medium for x-ray examination of the digestive tract. It is used to enhance the visibility of the gastrointestinal tract during imaging procedures. Barium is an ideal contrast agent because it is dense and does not allow x-rays to pass through it, making it easy to identify any abnormalities or blockages in the digestive system. By coating the lining of the digestive tract, barium helps to provide clear and detailed images that aid in the diagnosis of various gastrointestinal conditions.

Bilirubin is a red blood cell pigment that is extracted with bile from the liver into the intestine. Bile is produced by the liver and helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. Bilirubin is a waste product of the breakdown of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in red blood cells. It is then transported to the liver where it is conjugated with other molecules and excreted into the intestine through bile. From there, it is eventually eliminated from the body through feces.

Bradycardia refers to a slow heartbeat, where the heart rate is lower than the normal range. This condition can be caused by various factors such as certain medications, heart disease, electrolyte imbalances, and malfunctioning of the heart's natural pacemaker. Symptoms of bradycardia may include fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, and fainting. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, and may include lifestyle changes, medication, or in some cases, the use of a pacemaker to regulate the heartbeat.

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Cardiomegaly refers to the condition of an enlarged heart. This can occur due to various reasons such as high blood pressure, heart valve problems, or heart muscle diseases. When the heart becomes enlarged, it may not be able to pump blood effectively, leading to symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. Cardiomegaly can be diagnosed through imaging tests like X-rays or echocardiograms. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery.

Cardioversion is the correct answer because it involves the use of brief discharges of electricity to stop a cardiac arrhythmia. This procedure is commonly used to restore a normal heart rhythm in individuals experiencing certain types of arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. During cardioversion, an electrical shock is delivered to the heart through electrodes placed on the chest, which helps to reset the heart's electrical signals and restore a regular heartbeat.

Cellulitis is an inflammation of the soft tissue under the skin caused by a bacterial infection. It is characterized by symptoms such as swelling, redness, and pain. This condition occurs when bacteria enter the skin through a cut, wound, or insect bite, and then spread and multiply, causing an inflammatory response. Prompt treatment with antibiotics is necessary to prevent the infection from spreading further and causing complications.

Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder. This procedure is typically performed when the gallbladder becomes inflamed or when there are gallstones present. The gallbladder is responsible for storing bile, which is produced by the liver and helps with the digestion of fats. However, if the gallbladder is not functioning properly or causing health issues, it may need to be removed. Cholecystectomy can be performed through open surgery or minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques. After the gallbladder is removed, bile flows directly from the liver into the small intestine, without being stored in the gallbladder.

Cirrhosis is a condition characterized by the deterioration of liver cells. It is a type of liver disease where healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue, leading to impaired liver function. This scarring occurs due to long-term liver damage from various causes such as chronic alcoholism, hepatitis B or C infection, fatty liver disease, or autoimmune diseases. As the liver cells deteriorate and are replaced by scar tissue, the liver's ability to perform its normal functions, such as detoxifying the blood, producing bile, and storing vitamins and minerals, is compromised.

A computed tomography (CT) scan is a medical imaging procedure that uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body. It involves taking a series of X-ray images from different angles and then using computer processing to create a cross-sectional view of the body. CT scans are commonly used to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, as they provide more detailed and precise images compared to traditional X-rays. Therefore, the given answer of "Computed tomography scan" accurately describes the imaging technique used to show the body in cross-sectional views.

The thin protective membrane over the front of the eye that is attached to the eyelids is called the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva helps to lubricate and protect the eye by producing mucus and tears. It also helps to prevent foreign particles from entering the eye.

Cortisol is an anti-inflammatory hormone that is secreted by the adrenal cortex. It helps regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism, immune response, and stress response. Cortisol is released in response to stress and helps reduce inflammation in the body. It also plays a role in controlling blood sugar levels and suppressing the immune system. Overall, cortisol is an important hormone that helps the body respond to stress and maintain homeostasis.

Creatinine is a waste product that is produced by the muscles during their normal breakdown. It is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine. This process helps to remove nitrogen-containing waste from the body. Therefore, creatinine is the correct answer for the given description.

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory condition that primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract, specifically the ileum. It is characterized by recurring episodes of diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and fever. It is often confused with ulcerative colitis, another inflammatory bowel disease, but Crohn's disease can affect any part of the digestive tract while ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon and rectum. Therefore, Crohn's disease is the correct answer in this case.

Cyanosis is the bluish discoloration of the skin that occurs when there is a deficiency of oxygen in the bloodstream. This happens because when the oxygen levels in the blood are low, the skin and mucous membranes appear blue. Cyanosis can be caused by various conditions such as respiratory problems, heart defects, or circulatory issues. It is an important clinical sign that indicates a lack of oxygenation in the body and requires medical attention.

Cystitis refers to inflammation of the urinary bladder. It is a common condition that is often caused by bacterial infection. Symptoms of cystitis include frequent urination, a strong urge to urinate, pain or discomfort during urination, and cloudy or bloody urine. It can affect people of all ages, but it is more common in women. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to clear the infection and relieve symptoms.

Dermatitis refers to the inflammation of the skin. This condition can be caused by various factors, such as allergies, irritants, or genetic predisposition. It is characterized by symptoms like redness, itching, swelling, and sometimes the formation of blisters or scales on the affected area. Dermatitis can occur in different forms, including atopic dermatitis (eczema), contact dermatitis (resulting from contact with irritants or allergens), and seborrheic dermatitis (affecting areas rich in sebaceous glands). Proper diagnosis and treatment are necessary to manage dermatitis effectively and alleviate the associated symptoms.

Diverticula are small pouches or sacs that form when the inner lining of the colon herniates through the outer muscular layer. They are commonly found in the colon and are usually asymptomatic. Diverticula can develop due to increased pressure in the colon, such as from constipation or straining during bowel movements. While diverticula are generally harmless, they can sometimes become inflamed or infected, leading to a condition called diverticulitis. Treatment for diverticula may involve dietary changes, increased fiber intake, and in severe cases, surgery.

Dyspnea refers to the difficulty or discomfort experienced while breathing. It can be characterized by a sensation of tightness, shortness of breath, or a feeling of suffocation. Painful breathing, on the other hand, typically refers to a sharp or stabbing pain experienced during inhalation or exhalation. While dyspnea can sometimes be associated with pain, the two terms are not synonymous. Therefore, the correct answer is dyspnea.

Dysuria refers to the painful or difficult urination. It is a symptom that can be caused by various conditions such as urinary tract infections, bladder stones, sexually transmitted infections, or inflammation of the urethra. The discomfort or pain during urination is typically felt in the urethra or bladder area. It is important to identify the underlying cause of dysuria in order to provide appropriate treatment and relieve the symptoms.

Edema refers to the swelling in tissues, which is often caused by the kidneys retaining fluid and salts. When the kidneys are unable to properly filter and eliminate excess fluid from the body, it can lead to fluid buildup in the tissues, resulting in edema. This can occur due to various reasons, such as kidney disease, heart failure, liver disease, or certain medications. Edema can affect different parts of the body, such as the legs, ankles, feet, hands, or even the entire body, and it is important to address the underlying cause to manage and treat this condition.

Electrolytes are substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted. They are found in various bodily fluids, including blood serum and body cells. These charged particles, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of fluids in the body, transmitting nerve impulses, contracting muscles, and regulating pH levels. Therefore, the term "electrolyte" accurately describes a substance that conducts an electrical current and is found in blood serum and body cells.

An embolus refers to a foreign object, such as air, tissue, a tumor, or a clot, that travels through the bloodstream until it gets stuck or lodges in a blood vessel. This can disrupt the normal blood flow and potentially cause blockages, leading to various complications depending on the location and size of the embolus.

Encephalopathy refers to a disease or disorder that affects the brain. It is a broad term used to describe any condition that causes brain dysfunction or damage. Encephalopathy can be caused by various factors such as infections, toxins, metabolic disorders, or lack of oxygen to the brain. Symptoms of encephalopathy can range from mild to severe and may include confusion, memory loss, seizures, and changes in behavior or personality. Treatment for encephalopathy depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, lifestyle changes, or other interventions to manage symptoms and prevent further brain damage.

Endocrine glands are organs in the body that produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones then travel to target cells or organs to regulate various bodily functions and processes. Unlike exocrine glands that release their secretions through ducts, endocrine glands do not have ducts and instead release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Examples of endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and pancreas. These glands play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction in the body.

An endoscope is a medical instrument that is used to view the inside of a hollow organ or body cavity. It consists of a tube fitted with a lens system that allows the user to view in different directions. This device is commonly used in medical procedures to diagnose and treat various conditions, as it provides a direct visual examination of the internal organs without the need for invasive surgery.

Epinephrine is the correct answer because it is a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress and physical injury. It is also used as a drug to treat hypersensitivity reactions, asthma, bronchial spasm, and nasal congestion. Epinephrine acts as a bronchodilator, helping to relax and open up the airways, and it also constricts blood vessels, reducing swelling and inflammation. Overall, it is a vital hormone and medication for managing various conditions related to stress and allergic reactions.

Epithelial is the correct answer because it is a term that refers to cells that line the inner part of internal organs and cover the outside of the body. The question provides a brief explanation of the term, stating that it originally described cells upon the breast nipple but now has a broader meaning. Therefore, the term "epithelial" accurately describes the type of cells being referred to in the given context.

Erythrocyte is the correct answer because it is another term for red blood cell. Erythrocytes are the most common type of blood cell and their main function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. These cells are disc-shaped and do not have a nucleus, allowing for more space to carry oxygen.

Exacerbation refers to the increase in the seriousness of a disease, accompanied by a greater intensity in the signs or symptoms. It implies a worsening or flare-up of the condition, resulting in heightened discomfort or distress for the individual. This term is commonly used in medical contexts to describe a temporary aggravation of a chronic illness or the sudden onset of severe symptoms in an acute condition.

Excision refers to the act of cutting out, removing, or resecting a part of the body or a foreign object. It is a medical procedure often performed to remove tumors, cysts, or abnormal tissue. Excision may also involve the removal of organs or body parts, such as in the case of a mastectomy or an appendectomy. This term is commonly used in the medical field to describe the surgical removal of any unwanted or diseased tissue.

Fibrillation refers to rapid, irregular, and involuntary muscular contractions. This condition can occur in various parts of the body, such as the heart or muscles. It is characterized by uncoordinated and chaotic muscle movements, which can lead to problems with normal bodily functions. Fibrillation in the heart, for example, can disrupt the normal rhythm and pumping action, potentially leading to serious cardiac complications. Therefore, the given answer, "Fibrillation," accurately describes the described symptoms of rapid, irregular, involuntary muscular contraction.

A fistula is an abnormal passageway that forms between an internal organ and either the body surface or another internal organ. This can occur as a result of infection, inflammation, or injury. Fistulas can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and discharge. They may require medical intervention to repair or close the passageway.

Gastroenteritis refers to the inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It is commonly caused by a viral or bacterial infection and leads to symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. The inflammation occurs due to the body's immune response to the infection. Gastroenteritis can be transmitted through contaminated food or water, or through close contact with an infected individual. Treatment usually involves rest, fluid replacement to prevent dehydration, and in some cases, medication to relieve symptoms.

A gland is a group of cells that releases chemicals or hormones either into the bloodstream or outside the body. Glands are responsible for producing and secreting substances that are essential for regulating various bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. These substances can include enzymes, hormones, sweat, saliva, and more. Glands play a crucial role in the endocrine system, which is responsible for coordinating and controlling many physiological processes in the body.

Glucocorticoids are hormones secreted by the adrenal gland (cortex) that help raise blood sugar levels. Examples of glucocorticoids include cortisone and cortisol. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress response in the body. By increasing blood sugar levels, glucocorticoids provide the body with an immediate source of energy during times of stress or physical exertion.

Goiter refers to the enlargement of the thyroid gland. It can be caused by various factors such as iodine deficiency, hormonal imbalances, or certain medications. When the thyroid gland enlarges, it can lead to swelling in the neck, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and changes in hormone production. Goiter is commonly seen in regions where iodine levels are low, as the thyroid gland requires iodine to produce hormones. Treatment for goiter depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, iodine supplementation, or surgery.

Hematemesis refers to the medical condition of vomiting blood. It occurs when there is bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, usually from the esophagus, stomach, or upper part of the small intestine. The blood can be bright red or have a dark, coffee ground-like appearance. Hematemesis can be caused by various factors such as ulcers, gastritis, liver disease, or esophageal varices. It is a serious symptom that requires immediate medical attention as it can indicate a potentially life-threatening condition.

A hematoma refers to a mass or collection of blood that accumulates under the skin. It is commonly known as a bruise or a "black-and-blue" mark. Hematomas occur when blood vessels rupture, causing blood to leak into the surrounding tissues. This can be caused by trauma or injury to the area. The blood then clots and forms a localized mass, resulting in discoloration and swelling. Hematomas can vary in size and severity, and they usually resolve on their own over time as the body reabsorbs the blood.

Hemodialysis is a medical procedure that involves the use of a kidney machine to filter the blood and remove waste materials such as urea. The blood is taken out of the body, passed through the machine where it is filtered, and then returned to the body through a catheter. This process helps to mimic the function of the kidneys in individuals with kidney failure or severe kidney dysfunction. Hemodialysis is a crucial treatment for maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body and removing toxins that the kidneys are unable to eliminate.

Hemoglobin is an oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells. It is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and delivering carbon dioxide from the body tissues back to the lungs to be exhaled. Hemoglobin is composed of four protein chains, each containing a heme group that binds to oxygen. This allows red blood cells to efficiently transport oxygen throughout the body, ensuring proper oxygenation of tissues and organs.

The term "hepatic" is an adjective that specifically relates to or pertains to the liver. It is commonly used in medical terminology to describe things that are related to or associated with the liver. Therefore, "hepatic" is the correct answer in this context as it directly corresponds to the given statement "Pertaining to the liver".

A hernia is a condition characterized by the bulging or protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that typically contains it. This can occur in various parts of the body, such as the abdomen, groin, or diaphragm. Hernias can be caused by a weakness in the surrounding muscles or connective tissue, allowing the organ or tissue to push through. Common types of hernias include inguinal, femoral, umbilical, and hiatal hernias. Treatment for a hernia may involve surgery to repair the weakened area and return the organ or tissue to its proper place.

Hodgkin's disease is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, specifically the lymph nodes. It is characterized by the presence of abnormal cells called Reed-Sternberg cells in the lymph nodes. These cells are typically large and have a distinctive appearance under a microscope. Hodgkin's disease is considered a malignant tumor because it can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Treatment for Hodgkin's disease often involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and sometimes stem cell transplantation.

Hyperglycemia refers to higher than normal levels of sugar in the blood. This condition occurs when the body is unable to properly regulate blood sugar levels, usually due to a lack of insulin or insulin resistance. Hyperglycemia can be a symptom of diabetes or can occur temporarily due to factors such as stress, illness, or certain medications. It can lead to various symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision. If left untreated, hyperglycemia can cause serious complications, so it is important to monitor blood sugar levels and manage the condition appropriately.

Hypertrophy refers to the enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part of the body due to an increase in the size of individual cells. This can occur in response to various stimuli such as increased workload or hormonal stimulation. The increased cell size leads to an overall increase in the size of the affected organ or body part.

The term "hypotensive" refers to a condition or a person with abnormally low blood pressure. This means that the individual's blood pressure is lower than the normal range. It is used to describe a medical condition characterized by symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, and fatigue caused by insufficient blood flow to the body's organs and tissues.

Iatrogenic refers to a patient's abnormal condition that occurs unexpectedly as a result of a specific treatment. It is a term used to describe medical errors or complications that arise as a direct consequence of medical intervention. This can include adverse reactions to medications, surgical complications, or infections acquired in a healthcare setting. Iatrogenic conditions are unintended and often avoidable, highlighting the importance of patient safety and careful medical management.

The third part of the small intestines is called the ileum. The small intestines are divided into three parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The ileum is the final section of the small intestines and is located between the jejunum and the large intestines. It plays a crucial role in the absorption of nutrients from digested food, as well as the absorption of vitamin B12 and bile salts.

Infarction refers to the area of dead tissue caused by decreased blood flow to a specific part of the body. This lack of blood flow can be due to various factors such as a blood clot or a blockage in the blood vessels supplying that particular area. The reduced blood flow leads to a lack of oxygen and nutrients, causing the tissue to die. Infarction can occur in different organs or tissues, leading to serious health complications depending on the affected area.

An infiltrate refers to the accumulation of solid material and fluid in an organ, particularly in the context of the lungs. This can occur due to various reasons such as infection, inflammation, or tumors. The term infiltrate is commonly used to describe the presence of abnormal substances within the lung tissue, which can be seen on imaging studies like X-rays or CT scans. It is an important finding that can help in diagnosing and managing various lung conditions.

Inflammatory bowel disease is a disorder that affects the small and large intestines, causing symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and fever. This condition is characterized by chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, which can lead to various complications and long-term health issues. Inflammatory bowel disease includes conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which are chronic and require ongoing management and treatment.

The term "inguinal" refers to the area where the legs meet the body, specifically the groin. It is used to describe anatomical structures, such as inguinal lymph nodes or inguinal hernias, that are located in this region. The word "inguinal" is derived from the Latin word "inguen," which means groin.

Ischemia refers to the deficiency of blood flow to a specific part of the body, which occurs due to the narrowing or obstruction of blood vessels. This condition restricts the oxygen and nutrient supply to the affected area, leading to tissue damage and potential organ dysfunction. Ischemia can occur in various parts of the body, such as the heart (resulting in myocardial ischemia) or the brain (causing cerebral ischemia). It is important to diagnose and treat ischemia promptly to prevent further complications and restore proper blood flow to the affected area.