Chabner Medical Terminology Exam! Quiz

Angioplasty is the correct answer because it refers to the surgical repair of a blood vessel. It is a medical procedure used to widen or unblock narrow or obstructed arteries or veins. During angioplasty, a thin tube called a catheter is inserted into the blood vessel and a balloon at the tip of the catheter is inflated to open up the vessel. This procedure is commonly used to treat conditions such as coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease.

Anorexia is a disorder characterized by an extreme fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image. It often results in self-imposed starvation and a severe lack of appetite. This condition is different from dyslexia, which is a learning disorder affecting reading and writing skills. Similarly, bulimia is an eating disorder involving binge-eating followed by purging, while dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing. Therefore, anorexia is the most appropriate answer as it directly relates to the symptom of lack of appetite.

The male gonad that produces spermatozoa (sperm cells) and the hormone testosterone is called the testis. The testis is responsible for the production of sperm, which are necessary for sexual reproduction, and testosterone, which is responsible for the development of male sexual characteristics.

A vasectomy involves removing a piece of each vas deferens, which are the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the urethra. The procedure also involves tying off each end of the vas deferens to prevent the sperm from entering the semen. This method is a permanent form of contraception as it prevents the sperm from reaching the eggs during sexual intercourse.

A hernia refers to the protrusion of an organ or muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it. This condition occurs when there is a weakness or tear in the surrounding muscles or connective tissue, allowing the organ to push through. Common types of hernias include inguinal hernias (in the groin area), umbilical hernias (around the belly button), and hiatal hernias (in the diaphragm). Treatment for a hernia usually involves surgery to repair the weakened area and return the organ to its proper place.

Hypertrophy refers to the increase in size or volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of individual cells. This can occur in response to increased workload or stimulation. In the given options, atrophy refers to the shrinkage or wasting away of an organ or tissue, while hypersensitive refers to an exaggerated or excessive response to a stimulus. "Hyper" is a prefix meaning excessive or above normal. Therefore, the correct answer is hypertrophy, which fits the context of overdevelopment in size.

Cholecystolithiasis refers to the abnormal condition of stones in the gallbladder. This condition occurs when there are hardened deposits of digestive fluid and cholesterol that form in the gallbladder. These stones can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and jaundice. Treatment options for cholecystolithiasis may include medication to dissolve the stones or surgical removal of the gallbladder.

Hemodialysis is the correct answer because it involves the process of removing waste materials (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) from the blood in patients whose kidneys have stopped functioning. During hemodialysis, blood is taken out of the body and circulated through a machine called a dialyzer, which acts as an artificial kidney. The dialyzer filters out the waste products from the blood and returns the clean blood back into the body through a vein. This process helps to maintain the balance of electrolytes and fluids in the body when the kidneys are unable to perform this function.

The term "dorsal" refers to the back portion of the body. It is the opposite of "ventral," which refers to the front or belly side of the body. In this context, "coronal" and "supine" are not relevant to the description of the back portion of the body. Therefore, the correct answer is "dorsal."

The correct answer is "proximal." Proximal refers to a location that is closer to the point of attachment of a body part or closer to the center of the body. In this case, "near the point of attachment to the trunk" suggests a location that is closer to the trunk or the center of the body. Therefore, proximal is the most appropriate term to describe this location.

Pyloric stenosis is a condition characterized by the narrowing of the pyloric sphincter, which is the opening between the stomach and the small intestine. This narrowing can lead to symptoms such as frequent vomiting, poor weight gain, and dehydration. The other options provided (pyloric stasis, pyloric stenosys, pyloric stennosis) are either misspellings or incorrect terms for the condition.

Pyuria refers to the presence of pus in the urine. Pus is a thick, yellowish fluid that contains dead white blood cells, bacteria, and tissue debris. It is typically a sign of an infection in the urinary tract, such as a urinary tract infection or kidney infection. The presence of pyuria can be detected through a urine test, where the urine appears cloudy or contains visible white blood cells. Treatment for pyuria involves addressing the underlying infection with antibiotics.

Dysmenorrhea is the correct answer because it refers to painful and difficult menstruation. The term specifically describes the condition of experiencing severe menstrual cramps and discomfort during menstruation. Menorrhea refers to normal menstruation without any complications, dismenorrhea is not a recognized term, and dysmenorrea is a misspelling of dysmenorrhea. Therefore, dysmenorrhea is the most appropriate term to describe the painful and difficult menses.

An aneurysm is a weakening of an arterial wall, which can lead to hemorrhage and a stroke. This occurs when there is a bulge or ballooning in the blood vessel, causing it to become weak and potentially rupture. This rupture can result in bleeding into the surrounding tissue, leading to a stroke. Therefore, an aneurysm is the most suitable explanation for the given statement.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neurologic disorder characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering of neuronal axons in the central nervous system (CNS). This destruction leads to the formation of plaques of sclerotic tissue. The symptoms of multiple sclerosis can vary widely and may include muscle weakness, difficulty with coordination and balance, fatigue, and problems with cognition and memory. Spina bifida is a birth defect affecting the spinal cord, paresthesia refers to abnormal sensations like tingling or numbness, and dementia is a general term for a decline in cognitive function.

Cardiomyopathy refers to a disease of the heart muscle, where the muscle becomes weakened and enlarged, affecting its ability to pump blood effectively. This condition can lead to various symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and chest pain. It can be caused by several factors including genetic mutations, high blood pressure, and certain infections. Treatment for cardiomyopathy may involve medication, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery or heart transplantation.

The correct answer is myocardium. The myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart that is responsible for contracting and pumping blood throughout the body. It is composed of cardiac muscle tissue and is the thickest layer of the heart wall. The myocardium receives oxygenated blood from the coronary arteries and contracts rhythmically to ensure proper circulation. It is essential for maintaining the heart's function and is crucial for overall cardiovascular health.

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The term "diagnosis" refers to the identification of a disease or condition based on a thorough examination of the symptoms and medical history of a patient. It involves analyzing the signs and symptoms, conducting tests, and considering various factors to reach a conclusion. The other options, "prognosis," "exostosis," and "hematoma," do not pertain to the process of identifying a medical condition but rather refer to the prediction of the outcome of a disease, a bony growth, and a localized collection of blood, respectively. Hence, "diagnosis" is the correct answer in the context of a state of complete knowledge.

Catabolism is the correct answer because it refers to the process of breaking down foods to release energy. It involves the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, such as the breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose. This process releases energy that can be used by the body for various functions. Anabolism, on the other hand, is the process of building up complex molecules from simpler ones, while canabolism and anabalism are not recognized terms in biology.

The term "sagittal" refers to a plane that divides the body into left and right halves, lengthwise and vertically. This means that if an object or body is cut along a sagittal plane, it will be divided into two symmetrical halves. In this context, "sagittal" is the only option that accurately describes the process of dividing the body in this manner. "Lateral" refers to the side of the body, "dorsal" refers to the back, and "proximal" refers to the part of a limb that is closest to the body.

The correct answer is fetus. During the stage of prenatal development from 6 to 39 or 40 weeks, the developing organism is referred to as a fetus. This stage follows the embryo stage, which occurs from conception to around 8 weeks. The fetus stage is characterized by further growth and development of organs and body systems. At this stage, the fetus is capable of movement and can respond to external stimuli. The term gestation refers to the entire period of pregnancy, including both the embryo and fetus stages.

Angioplasty is the correct answer because it refers to the surgical repair of a blood vessel. This procedure involves widening or opening up a blocked or narrowed blood vessel, usually an artery, by using a balloon or stent to improve blood flow. Valvuloplasty is the surgical repair of a heart valve, arterioplasty refers to the surgical repair of an artery, and dermatoplasty is the surgical repair of the skin.

A murmur is an extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of the heart. It is caused by turbulent blood flow within the heart or blood vessels. This can be due to structural abnormalities in the heart valves, such as a leaky or narrowed valve, or abnormal connections between the chambers of the heart. Murmurs can vary in intensity, pitch, and duration, and can be indicative of underlying heart conditions. They are typically evaluated further with additional diagnostic tests to determine the cause and severity of the murmur.

A histologist is a specialist who studies body tissue. They analyze and examine tissue samples under a microscope to identify and diagnose diseases or abnormalities. They study the structure, composition, and function of tissues to understand their role in the body. Dermatologists specialize in skin conditions, rheumatologists focus on diseases affecting joints and connective tissues, and biologists study living organisms and their processes. However, only a histologist specifically studies body tissue.

Acromegaly is a condition caused by an endocrine disorder where the pituitary gland produces an excessive amount of growth hormone after puberty. This leads to an enlargement of the extremities, such as the hands, feet, and facial features. Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of cells or tissues, but it does not specifically relate to the endocrine disorder mentioned. Atrophy refers to a decrease in the size or function of cells or tissues, and dystrophy refers to the degeneration or deterioration of cells or tissues. Therefore, acromegaly is the most appropriate answer as it directly relates to the given description of an endocrine disorder causing an enlargement of extremities.

Acute is the correct answer because it describes a condition that has a rapid onset, severe symptoms, and a brief duration. This term is used to describe illnesses or injuries that develop suddenly and require immediate attention. In contrast, chronic refers to conditions that are long-lasting or recurring, while ischemia and anemia are specific medical conditions that do not necessarily imply a rapid onset or brief duration.

Ischemia refers to a condition where there is a restriction in blood supply to a particular organ or tissue, resulting in inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery. This can occur due to various reasons such as blockage of blood vessels, reduced blood flow, or constriction of blood vessels. In the context of the given question, ischemia is the most appropriate answer as it directly relates to the condition where blood is held back, leading to a lack of oxygen and nutrients in the affected area. Anemia, calcemia, and uremia do not specifically describe this restriction of blood flow.

Contralateral means pertaining to the opposite side of the body. In medical terms, it is used to describe symptoms or conditions that occur on the side opposite to the affected area. For example, if someone has a stroke affecting the right side of their brain, they may experience contralateral weakness or paralysis on the left side of their body. In this context, contralateral is the most appropriate term to describe the concept of being on the opposite side.

The term "retroperitoneal" refers to a location behind the peritoneum. The peritoneum is a membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it. Therefore, "retroperitoneal" means that something is situated or occurring behind this membrane. The other options, "subperitoneal" and "retropertaneal," do not accurately describe this location. "Subperitoneel" is a misspelling of "subperitoneal."

Gastroenteritis refers to the inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It is characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and sometimes fever. This condition is commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections, although it can also result from food poisoning or other irritants. Aphthous stomatitis, on the other hand, refers to the formation of painful ulcers in the mouth, while gastritis specifically refers to inflammation of the stomach lining. Therefore, the correct answer is gastroenteritis as it encompasses the inflammation of both the stomach and intestines.

Edema refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces. This condition can occur due to various reasons, such as inflammation, injury, or underlying medical conditions like heart failure or kidney disease. The excess fluid causes swelling and can be observed in different parts of the body, such as the legs, ankles, or hands. Edema can be a symptom of an underlying health issue or a side effect of certain medications. Treatment for edema focuses on addressing the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medication, or medical procedures to remove excess fluid.

A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus. It is a common procedure performed for various reasons, including treatment of uterine fibroids, endometriosis, and certain types of cancer. During a hysterectomy, the uterus is completely removed, which can be done through different techniques such as abdominal, vaginal, or laparoscopic approaches. This procedure is irreversible and can have significant implications for a woman's reproductive health and hormonal balance.

Metabolism refers to the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. It includes both catabolism, which involves breaking down substances to release energy, and anabolism, which involves building up substances to create new cells and tissues. Metabolism is essential for various functions in the body, such as digestion, respiration, and growth. Canibalism is not a valid answer as it does not relate to the process of casting a change or the chemical processes occurring in an organism.

The correct answer is "adductor." The given explanation states that "to admit" means to send toward or permit entrance. Based on this definition, the term "adductor" fits the description as it refers to a muscle that leads toward the body, allowing movement or bringing a body part closer to the midline.

The term "prolapse" refers to the displacement or falling down of an organ or tissue from its normal position. In the context of the given options, "prolapse" is the correct term that accurately describes the condition of sliding forward or downward. "Relapse" refers to the recurrence of symptoms after a period of improvement, while "relapce" and "prolapce" are incorrect spellings.

Etiology refers to the study of the cause of a disease. It focuses on understanding the factors and mechanisms that lead to the development of a particular illness. This field of study helps in identifying and understanding the root causes of diseases, which is crucial for effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Etiology involves investigating various factors such as genetics, environment, lifestyle, and pathogens that contribute to the occurrence and progression of diseases. By understanding the etiology of a disease, healthcare professionals can develop targeted interventions and therapies to address the underlying causes and improve patient outcomes.

A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) refers to the disruption of the normal blood supply to the brain, which leads to a stroke. This disruption can occur due to various reasons such as a blood clot blocking a blood vessel or a ruptured blood vessel. The term myocardial infarction refers to a heart attack, which is not related to the disruption of blood supply to the brain. Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder that affects muscle movement and coordination, while Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. Therefore, the correct answer is cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

Spina bifida is a congenital defect in the lumbar spinal column where there is an imperfect union of vertebral parts. This results in a gap through which the spinal cord and meninges may herniate. Scoliosis is a condition characterized by an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine, multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system, and shingles is a viral infection causing a painful rash.

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a record of the electrical activity of the heart. It is a diagnostic tool used to detect and diagnose various heart conditions. The word "electrocardiogram" is derived from "electro" meaning electricity, "cardio" meaning heart, and "gram" meaning record. Therefore, it is the most appropriate term to describe the record of electricity flowing through the heart. The other options, electrocardiograph and electrocardiography, are related terms but specifically refer to the instrument or the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart. Cardiogram is a more general term that can refer to any graphical representation of the heart's activity.

Thrombolytic therapy involves the injection of drugs such as streptokinase and tPA to dissolve blood clots in the bloodstream. These drugs work by activating the body's natural clot-dissolving system, which helps to restore blood flow in blocked blood vessels. Thrombolytic therapy is commonly used in the treatment of conditions such as heart attacks and strokes, where quick restoration of blood flow is crucial to prevent further damage.

The term "medial" refers to the middle or central position. In this context, it is the most appropriate answer as it is the only option that pertains to the middle. "Median" also means middle, but it is not as commonly used in this context. "Medius" refers to something being in the middle or intermediate, but it is not specifically related to position. "Proximal" refers to something being closer to the center or point of attachment, which is not relevant to the given statement. Therefore, "medial" is the correct answer.

A laparoscope is a thin, long instrument that is used for visual examination of the abdomen. It is inserted through a small incision in the abdomen and allows the surgeon to view the internal organs and structures. This instrument is commonly used in laparoscopic surgeries, where small incisions are made instead of a large open incision. The laparoscope has a camera attached to it, which transmits images to a monitor, allowing the surgeon to perform the procedure with precision.

Ultrasonography is the correct answer because it refers to the process of recording ultrasound waves that are beyond the normal range. It involves using an ultrasound machine to emit high-frequency sound waves and then capturing the echoes that bounce back from the body's tissues. These echoes are then converted into images that can be used for diagnostic purposes. The other options, ultrasonogram, ultrasonograph, and ultrasound, are related terms but do not specifically refer to the process of recording ultrasound waves.

Atresia refers to the absence or abnormal narrowing of a body opening or passage. In the context of the given options, atresia is the only one that directly relates to the absence of a normal opening. Stomatitis refers to inflammation of the mouth, hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells, and ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Therefore, atresia is the most appropriate answer based on the given options.

Oxytocin is a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that plays a crucial role in labor and breastfeeding. During labor, oxytocin causes the contraction of the uterus, helping to push the baby out. It also stimulates the release of milk from the breast, facilitating breastfeeding. Therefore, oxytocin is responsible for both the contraction of the uterus during labor and the stimulation of milk secretion from the breast.

A Pap smear is a procedure that involves collecting cells from the cervix and vagina and examining them under a microscope after staining. This test is commonly used to screen for cervical cancer or any abnormalities in the cells that may indicate precancerous or cancerous conditions. It is a routine procedure for women to detect early signs of cervical cancer and take necessary measures for treatment or prevention. The other options mentioned, tubal ligation, vaginoscopy, and microvaginoscopy, are unrelated to the examination of stained cells and are not used for cervical cancer screening.

Tubal ligation is the correct answer because it refers to the process of tying off the fallopian tubes, which prevents the eggs from reaching the uterus and therefore makes a woman incapable of reproduction. This procedure is a form of sterilization specifically for females, making it the most appropriate choice among the given options. The other options, IUD, DNC, and hysterectomy, are not related to the process of sterilization or preventing reproduction in the same way as tubal ligation.

Semen is the correct answer because it is the fluid discharged at ejaculation. It is composed of sperm cells and secretions from various glands in the male reproductive system, including the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands. Vaginal secretion refers to the lubricating fluid produced by the vagina, which is not the same as semen. Sperm refers to the male reproductive cells found in semen. Discharge is a general term that can refer to any fluid released from the body, but in this context, semen specifically describes the fluid released during ejaculation.

Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses a laparoscope, a thin tube with a camera and light, to visually examine the abdomen. It allows doctors to view the internal organs and tissues in the abdomen without the need for open surgery. Colonoscopy and endoscopy are also procedures that involve visual examination, but they focus on specific areas such as the colon or the digestive tract. Laparoscopy, on the other hand, provides a comprehensive view of the entire abdomen. Therefore, laparoscopy is the most appropriate answer in this case.

Pancreatitis refers to the inflammation of the pancreas. This condition can be caused by various factors such as gallstones, alcohol abuse, certain medications, and infections. Symptoms of pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. It is important to diagnose and treat pancreatitis promptly as it can lead to complications such as pancreatic abscesses, pseudocysts, and even organ failure.

Peritoneal dialysis is the correct answer because it involves the introduction of fluid into the peritoneal cavity to separate nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream. The fluid absorbs the waste products, and then it is drained out of the body through an abdominal catheter. This process helps to filter the blood and remove toxins, similar to how hemodialysis works. Hematosis refers to the oxygenation of blood in the lungs and is not related to the removal of wastes.

Auscultation is the correct answer because it refers to the act of listening for sounds in the chest and abdomen using a stethoscope. This technique is commonly used by healthcare professionals to assess the functioning of the heart, lungs, and other organs. Palpitation refers to the sensation of an irregular or rapid heartbeat, and percussion refers to the act of tapping the body to produce sounds. However, neither of these options involve the use of a stethoscope for listening to sounds in the chest and abdomen.

Croup is an acute viral infection commonly seen in children and infants. It is characterized by the obstruction of the larynx, leading to a barking cough. This condition is caused by swelling and inflammation of the upper airway, specifically the larynx and trachea. Diphtheria is a bacterial infection that can also cause airway obstruction, but it is not a viral infection. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the lungs and digestive system, causing mucus buildup and respiratory problems, but it does not present with the specific symptoms mentioned. Emphysema is a chronic lung condition characterized by damage to the air sacs in the lungs, leading to difficulty in breathing, but it is not typically seen in children and infants and does not cause laryngeal obstruction.

Lithotripsy is the correct answer because it refers to the process of using high-energy sound waves to crush a stone within the kidney or ureter. This procedure is commonly used to treat kidney stones and involves the use of a machine called a lithotripter, which generates shock waves to break down the stones into smaller fragments that can be easily passed out of the body through urine.

The stage in prenatal development from two to six weeks is known as the embryo stage. During this stage, the fertilized egg implants itself into the uterine wall and begins to develop major organs and body systems. The embryo is still in the early stages of development and is highly vulnerable to external factors. It is during this stage that the foundation for the baby's growth and development is laid.

A syndrome is a term used to describe a group of symptoms that occur together. It is a collection of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a particular condition or disease. A syndrome helps healthcare professionals to identify and diagnose specific conditions based on the presence of a consistent set of symptoms. Unlike other options such as prodrome, symptomatic, and system, which may refer to individual symptoms or aspects of a condition, syndrome encompasses the overall combination of symptoms that occur together.

Diverticulitis is the correct answer because it is the inflammation of diverticula, which are small pouches that can form in the lining of the digestive system. The symptoms mentioned, such as abdominal pain and rectal bleeding, are commonly associated with diverticulitis.

Dyspepsia refers to painful digestion or indigestion. It is a term used to describe a range of symptoms that occur in the upper abdomen, such as bloating, nausea, and discomfort after eating. Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing, Dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstrual periods, and Dentalgia refers to toothache. Out of these options, only Dyspepsia is related to painful digestion, making it the correct answer.

The correct answer is "abductor" because it refers to a muscle that leads away from the body. The term "abduct" means to carry away by force, so the word "abductor" is the most appropriate choice to describe this concept.

Dyspnea refers to difficult or labored breathing. It is a common symptom of various respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or congestive heart failure. It can also occur due to physical exertion, anxiety, or certain medications. Dyspnea is characterized by a sensation of breathlessness, shortness of breath, or a feeling of not getting enough air. It can be accompanied by other symptoms like wheezing, chest tightness, or coughing. Therefore, dyspnea is the most appropriate answer for the given symptom of difficult breathing.

The given correct answer is "symmetry". Symmetry refers to the state of "measurement together" or equality of parts. It can also be associated with mirror images, where two sides are identical. In the context of the other options provided, "conjoined twins" refers to two individuals physically connected, which does not necessarily imply symmetry. "Asymmetrical" means lacking symmetry, and "symbiosis" refers to a mutually beneficial relationship between two organisms, which is not directly related to symmetry. Therefore, the most fitting option is "symmetry".

A catheter is a tube that is used for injecting or removing fluids from the body. It is a medical device commonly used in hospitals and healthcare settings. Catheters can be inserted into different parts of the body, such as the bladder or blood vessels, depending on the specific medical procedure or condition. They are typically made of flexible materials and come in various sizes and types to suit different medical needs. Catheters play a crucial role in delivering medications, draining fluids, and monitoring certain bodily functions.

An electrolyte is a chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Examples of electrolytes include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-). These ions are able to conduct electricity in water due to their ability to dissociate into positive and negative ions.

The correct answer is "nitrogenous waste" because it refers to substances that contain nitrogen and are excreted in urine, such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid. These substances are byproducts of metabolic processes in the body and need to be eliminated to maintain proper balance and function.

FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate the maturation of the egg cell (ovum). FSH plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system by promoting the growth and development of ovarian follicles. These follicles contain the immature egg cells, and FSH helps in their maturation. Once the egg cell is fully matured, it can be released during ovulation. Therefore, FSH is responsible for initiating and regulating the process of egg cell maturation in the female reproductive system.

Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can be caused by various factors such as coronary artery disease or congenital heart disease. Deep-vein thrombosis, on the other hand, is a condition where blood clots form in the deep veins of the body, typically in the legs. While it can lead to serious complications, it is not directly related to the heart's pumping ability. Therefore, the correct answer is congestive heart failure.

Vasoconstriction refers to the narrowing of blood vessels, which reduces the diameter of the blood vessels and restricts blood flow. This can occur due to various factors such as the contraction of smooth muscles in the blood vessel walls or the release of certain hormones. Vasoconstriction helps regulate blood pressure and can occur in response to cold temperatures, stress, or certain medications. It can also be a protective mechanism to reduce blood loss in case of injury. Therefore, vasoconstriction is the correct answer as it accurately describes the narrowing of a blood vessel.

Pulmonary function tests are a type of test that assesses the ventilation (breathing) mechanics of the lung. These tests are used to evaluate how well the lungs are functioning, including the ability to inhale and exhale air, the amount of air the lungs can hold, and how efficiently oxygen is being transferred into the bloodstream. These tests can help diagnose and monitor respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung fibrosis. By measuring various parameters, such as lung capacity, airflow, and gas exchange, pulmonary function tests provide valuable information about lung health and function.

Resection refers to the surgical procedure of cutting out or removing a part or all of an organ, tissue, or structure. It involves the excision or removal of a specific area for various reasons, such as to treat a disease, remove a tumor, or repair damage. In the context of the given options, resection is the most appropriate term that aligns with the meaning of "cutting back" or "removal." Biopsy refers to the extraction of a sample for diagnostic purposes, episiotomy is a surgical cut made during childbirth, and removal is a general term that does not specifically imply cutting back.

Symbiosis refers to the condition or state of "life together" where two organisms live together for mutual benefit or not, such as in parasitism. It is a term used to describe the close and long-term interaction between different species, where both organisms can either benefit, be harmed, or have no effect on each other. Symbiosis can take various forms, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism, depending on the nature of the relationship between the organisms involved.

Cystitis is the inflammation of the urinary bladder. This condition is commonly caused by a bacterial infection, which leads to symptoms such as frequent urination, pain or discomfort during urination, and a strong urge to urinate. Cystitis can occur in both men and women, but it is more common in women due to their shorter urethra. Treatment for cystitis usually involves antibiotics to clear the infection and relieve symptoms.

Dysuria is the correct answer because it refers to painful or difficult urination. It is a symptom commonly associated with urinary tract infections, bladder infections, or other conditions that cause irritation or inflammation of the urinary tract. The term "dysurea" is not a recognized medical term, while "uremia" refers to a condition where there is an excessive amount of urea and other waste products in the blood, and "pyuria" refers to the presence of pus in the urine. Therefore, dysuria is the most appropriate term to describe painful urination.

Lactation refers to the process of milk production in mammary glands. It occurs due to the activation of lactiferous ducts, which are responsible for carrying milk from the mammary glands to the nipple. Lactation is a natural physiological process that typically begins after childbirth and is regulated by hormonal changes in the body. During lactation, lactogenesis takes place, which involves the synthesis and secretion of milk. Therefore, the correct answer is lactation.

Diastole refers to the relaxation phase of the heartbeat. During this phase, the heart muscles relax, allowing the chambers to fill with blood. This is an essential part of the cardiac cycle as it allows the heart to rest and refill with oxygenated blood before the next contraction. Systole, on the other hand, is the contraction phase of the heartbeat where the heart pumps blood out of the chambers. Bradycardia refers to a slower than normal heart rate, while tachycardia refers to a faster than normal heart rate.

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder that affects the exocrine glands, causing abnormal mucous secretions that do not drain properly. This can lead to the buildup of thick, sticky mucus in various organs, particularly the lungs and digestive system. The symptoms of cystic fibrosis can vary, but commonly include persistent coughing, frequent lung infections, poor growth, and digestive problems. Without proper treatment, cystic fibrosis can lead to serious complications and significantly reduce life expectancy.

Mesothelioma is a rare malignant tumor that develops in the pleura, the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It is strongly associated with asbestos exposure, as the inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause inflammation and scarring in the pleura, eventually leading to the development of mesothelioma. Unlike lung cancer, which primarily affects the lung tissue, mesothelioma specifically targets the pleura. Pneumonia and lymphoma are unrelated conditions and do not have a direct association with asbestos exposure.

The term "excision" refers to the process of cutting out or removing a specific part or organ from the body. It is often used in medical procedures where a surgeon removes a tumor, cyst, or abnormal tissue from a patient. Unlike "resection" which generally refers to the removal of a portion of an organ or tissue, "excision" typically involves the complete removal of the targeted area. "Tomy" and "incision" also involve cutting, but they do not specifically imply the complete removal of a part as "excision" does.

Malaise refers to a general feeling of discomfort or unease, often accompanied by fatigue, weakness, or a lack of energy. It is a non-specific symptom that can be caused by various underlying conditions such as illness, infection, or psychological factors. Dyspnea refers to difficulty in breathing, dysuria refers to painful or difficult urination, and dystrophy refers to abnormal development or degeneration of tissues or organs. However, none of these options accurately capture the concept of a general feeling of discomfort or unease, making malaise the correct answer.

Gastroduodenal anastomosis refers to a new surgical opening between the stomach and the duodenum. This procedure is performed to establish a connection between these two organs, usually to bypass a blockage or to allow for the passage of food and digestive juices. It is a common surgical technique used in various gastrointestinal surgeries, such as gastric bypass or treatment of peptic ulcers.

Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine. It can be caused by various factors such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, bladder or kidney infections, or even certain medications. The term "hemoturia" is not a recognized medical term, while "hepaturia" refers to the presence of blood in the feces rather than urine. "Pyuria" refers to the presence of pus in the urine, not blood. Therefore, the correct answer for the presence of blood in the urine is "hematuria."

Endometriosis is a condition where the endometrial tissue, which is normally found inside the uterus, grows outside of it. This can cause pain, inflammation, and the formation of cysts. The other options, dermoid cyst, endocervicitis, and endometritis, do not involve the abnormal growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus.

A gonad is a reproductive organ that can be found in both males and females. It is responsible for producing sex cells (eggs in females and sperm in males) as well as hormones that are essential for reproduction and sexual development. The term "gonad" encompasses both the ovaries in females and the testes in males.

The term "spermatozoon" refers to a single sperm cell. Spermatozoon is the scientific name for the male reproductive cell, which is produced in the testes and plays a crucial role in fertilization. It is a specialized cell with a distinct structure, including a head containing genetic material and a tail that helps it swim towards the egg. In contrast, "sperm" is a more general term that can refer to both individual sperm cells and the collective fluid that contains them, known as semen. "Semen" refers specifically to the fluid that contains sperm cells, along with other substances that support and nourish the sperm.

Hemiplegia refers to the paralysis of either the right or left half of the body. This condition can be caused by various factors such as stroke, brain injury, or other neurological disorders. Unlike paraplegia, which affects the lower half of the body, or quadriplegia, which affects all four limbs and the torso, hemiplegia specifically affects only one side of the body. Cerebral palsy, on the other hand, is a group of disorders that affect movement and muscle coordination, but it does not necessarily result in hemiplegia. Therefore, the correct answer is hemiplegia.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a process of recording the electrical activity of the brain. It involves placing electrodes on the scalp to detect and measure the electrical signals produced by the brain's neurons. These signals, known as brainwaves, can provide valuable information about brain function and activity. An electroencephalogram (EEG) refers to the graphical representation or recording of these electrical signals. An electroencephalograph is the instrument used to perform the EEG recording. CT scan, on the other hand, is a different imaging technique that uses X-rays to create detailed images of the brain and other body parts.

A congenital anomaly refers to a physical or structural abnormality that is present at birth. This can include a wide range of conditions or defects that can affect various parts of the body. The term "congenital" indicates that the anomaly is present from the time of birth, and "anomaly" refers to any deviation from what is considered normal. Therefore, the answer "congenital anomaly" is the most appropriate choice as it accurately describes a physical abnormality that is present from birth.

Progesterone is a hormone secreted by the ovaries that plays a crucial role in maintaining the lining of the uterus during pregnancy. It helps to prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and supports the development of the placenta. Progesterone also helps to prevent contractions of the uterus, ensuring the stability and nourishment of the embryo. Without adequate levels of progesterone, the uterine lining may shed, leading to a miscarriage. Therefore, progesterone is essential for the successful progression of pregnancy.

Positron emission tomography (PET scan) is a computerized radiologic procedure that uses radioactive glucose or oxygen to image the metabolic activity of cells, such as brain cells. This technique allows for the visualization and measurement of cellular functions and processes, providing valuable information about the functioning of different organs and tissues in the body. PET scans are commonly used in the diagnosis and monitoring of various conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. They are particularly useful in identifying areas of abnormal metabolic activity and can help guide treatment decisions.

Hemolysis refers to the destruction of red blood cells. This process can occur due to various factors such as infections, immune reactions, or certain medical conditions. When red blood cells are destroyed, their contents, including hemoglobin, are released into the bloodstream. This can lead to the release of substances that can cause inflammation and damage to surrounding tissues. Hemolysis can result in anemia, jaundice, and other symptoms depending on the extent and cause of the red blood cell destruction.

The correct answer is "spermatozoa." Spermatozoa refers to the mature, motile male reproductive cells that are involved in fertilization. Spermatozoa are produced in the testes and are released during ejaculation. They have a distinct shape and structure that allows them to swim towards the egg for fertilization. Spermatozoa are essential for sexual reproduction in many organisms, including humans.

Pulmonary edema refers to the accumulation of fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles of the lung. This can occur due to various reasons such as heart failure, kidney problems, or lung infections. The excess fluid makes it difficult for oxygen to reach the bloodstream, leading to symptoms like shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. Treatment for pulmonary edema involves addressing the underlying cause and managing the fluid buildup through medications and lifestyle changes.

Voiding refers to the process of emptying urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra. It is a normal physiological process that allows the body to eliminate waste products. Dysuria is a symptom characterized by pain or discomfort during urination. Urine refers to the liquid waste product produced by the kidneys. Expellation is a general term that refers to the act of expelling or ejecting something from the body.

Bradykinesia refers to slow movement, which is characterized by a decrease in the speed and amplitude of voluntary movements. This can be observed in individuals with Parkinson's disease, where they experience difficulty initiating and executing movements. It is important to note that bradykinesia is different from tachykinesia, which refers to abnormally rapid movements. Therefore, the correct answer is bradykinesia.

Osteomalacia is a condition characterized by the softening of the bones. It occurs due to a deficiency in vitamin D or problems with its metabolism, leading to inadequate mineralization of the bone matrix. This can result in weakened and fragile bones, increasing the risk of fractures. The term "ostemalacia" and "ostemallacia" are misspellings of the correct term "osteomalacia".

"Purulent" is the correct answer. This term is used in medical terminology to describe a condition or substance that contains pus. Pus is a thick, yellowish fluid that is typically produced during an infection. Therefore, "purulent" is the most appropriate term among the given options to describe a condition or substance that is filled with pus.