M&e Mec 280: Exam #1

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1. What percent of the animal tissue is made up of ants? (from Remnants of Eden)

Explanation

The given answer states that 10% of the animal tissue is made up of ants. This means that out of the total animal tissue, ants make up 10%. It implies that ants are a significant component of the animal tissue, but they do not dominate or constitute a majority of it.

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About This Quiz
Environmental Science Quizzes & Trivia

M&E MEC 280: Exam #1 evaluates understanding of environmental and public health issues. It covers pollution, ecosystem dynamics, and historical disease impacts, assessing critical thinking in environmental science.

2. If K does not depend on C and t. The dosage D will be (       ) when t is doubled and C is the same:

Explanation

If K does not depend on C and t, it means that K remains constant regardless of the values of C and t. Therefore, when t is doubled and C remains the same, the dosage D will also double.

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3. Which test determines a cell's mutation?

Explanation

The Ames Assay is a test used to determine whether a substance has the potential to cause mutations in cells. It involves exposing a strain of bacteria to the substance being tested and observing whether any mutations occur in the bacteria's DNA. If mutations are detected, it suggests that the substance has mutagenic properties and may pose a risk to human health. The Ames Assay is commonly used in the field of toxicology to assess the safety of chemicals and identify potential carcinogens.

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4. How many species roughly existed on the planet?

Explanation

Approximately 30 million species existed on the planet. This number represents the estimated diversity of life forms that have existed throughout Earth's history. It includes a wide range of organisms, from plants and animals to microorganisms. The vast variety of species is a result of evolution and adaptation to different environments and ecological niches. Understanding the approximate number of species helps scientists study and appreciate the complexity and interconnectedness of life on Earth.

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5. What is NOT an acute effect on human health?

Explanation

Low exposure to a substance or environmental factor is not considered an acute effect on human health. Acute effects typically refer to immediate or short-term health effects that occur shortly after exposure to a high level of a harmful agent. Low exposure, on the other hand, generally does not cause immediate or severe health impacts. It may still have long-term or chronic effects, but it is not classified as an acute effect.

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6. Which is not true about the chronic effect?

Explanation

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7. Which of these childhood diseases is not infectious?

Explanation

Asthma is not an infectious disease. It is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty in breathing. Unlike the other options, chickenpox, polio, and mumps are all infectious diseases caused by viruses. Asthma, on the other hand, is a non-communicable disease that can be triggered by various factors such as allergies, pollution, or exercise.

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8. Human carrying capacity is...

Explanation

The human carrying capacity refers to the maximum population that the Earth can sustainably support. The range of 7-12 billion suggests that the Earth can potentially support a population within this range without depleting its resources or causing significant environmental damage. This estimate takes into account factors such as food production, water availability, energy resources, and the ability to manage waste and pollution. It is important to note that this range is subject to change based on advancements in technology, changes in consumption patterns, and the overall health of the planet.

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9. In the equation, D=kCT, what is the unit of C?

Explanation

The unit of C in the equation D=kCT is Parts Per Million. This means that C is measured in parts per million. It indicates the concentration of a substance in a mixture, where one part per million represents one part of the substance for every one million parts of the mixture.

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10. An ecosystem is made up of organisms plus that part of the environment with which the organisms interact.

Explanation

This statement is true because an ecosystem refers to a community of living organisms (plants, animals, and microorganisms) in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (such as air, water, and soil), and the interactions between them. The organisms in an ecosystem rely on the resources and conditions provided by their environment to survive and thrive. Therefore, an ecosystem is indeed composed of both organisms and the environment they interact with.

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11. If TFR < 2.1 the population usually...

Explanation

If the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is less than 2.1, it indicates that the average number of children born to a woman in a population is below the replacement level. This means that each successive generation is smaller than the previous one, leading to a decrease in population size over time. Therefore, the population usually contracts or decreases when TFR is less than 2.1.

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12. In D=kCT, D's unit stands for...

Explanation

The unit "D" in the equation D=kCT stands for "number of grams". This means that the equation is used to calculate the number of grams of a substance. The variables in the equation are "k" which represents a constant, "C" which represents the concentration of the substance, and "T" which represents the time. By multiplying the concentration and time with the constant, we can determine the number of grams of the substance.

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13. During the Little Ice Age the average world temperature drop was about (LIA Movie)...

Explanation

During the Little Ice Age, which occurred from the 14th to the 19th century, the average world temperature dropped by approximately 4 degrees Fahrenheit. This period was characterized by colder winters and cooler summers, leading to the expansion of glaciers and the freezing of rivers and lakes in various parts of the world. The drop in temperature had significant impacts on agriculture, causing crop failures and famine in some regions. The cooling trend gradually reversed in the mid-19th century, marking the end of the Little Ice Age.

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14. Which of the following is a path that pollutants can take to enter the human body?

Explanation

Pollutants can enter the human body through various pathways. The skin is one such pathway where pollutants can be absorbed directly into the bloodstream. The alimentary canal, which includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines, is another pathway where pollutants can enter the body through ingestion of contaminated food or water. The respiratory system is also a pathway where pollutants can enter through inhalation of polluted air. Therefore, all of the above options are correct as they represent different pathways through which pollutants can enter the human body.

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15. K's unit is...

Explanation

The unit for K is the number of grams per second. This means that K represents the rate at which grams are being measured or transferred per second. It could be used to measure the flow of a substance or the speed at which a reaction is occurring.

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16. Which study compared a large group of exposed people to a closely related group of unexposed ones?

Explanation

Epidemiological studies are research studies that compare a large group of people who have been exposed to a certain factor (such as a disease, environmental exposure, or medication) to a closely related group of people who have not been exposed. These studies aim to identify the relationship between the exposure and the outcome, and determine if there is a causal association. By comparing the exposed and unexposed groups, epidemiological studies provide valuable insights into the effects of various exposures on human health.

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17. During agricultural periods diseases became more common by...

Explanation

During agricultural periods, diseases became more common due to multiple factors. Transmission played a significant role as people living in close proximity to each other increased the chances of spreading diseases. Additionally, dietary changes occurred as people started relying more on cultivated crops, which might have led to nutrient deficiencies and weakened immune systems. Moreover, the accumulation of wastes in agricultural settlements could have created unsanitary conditions, providing a breeding ground for diseases. Therefore, all the mentioned factors likely contributed to the increased prevalence of diseases during agricultural periods.

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18. The term "organisms" in an ecosystem refer to....

Explanation

The term "organisms" in an ecosystem refers to all living beings present in that ecosystem, including animals, plants, and microorganisms. All of these organisms play a crucial role in maintaining the balance and functioning of the ecosystem. Animals contribute to the food chain, pollination, and nutrient cycling. Plants provide oxygen, food, and shelter for other organisms. Microorganisms are involved in decomposition, nutrient recycling, and symbiotic relationships. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" as it encompasses all the different types of organisms present in an ecosystem.

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19. Which of the following is a direct health effect as a result of CO?

Explanation

Exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) can lead to various direct health effects. Dizziness can occur as a result of CO poisoning, as it reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Headaches are another common symptom, caused by the lack of oxygen reaching the brain. CO also puts stress on the heart, as it binds to hemoglobin in the blood, reducing its ability to transport oxygen. Therefore, all of the given options - dizziness, headaches, and heart stress - are direct health effects of CO exposure.

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20. A pollutant can enter the body by...

Explanation

Pollutants can enter the body through various routes, including the skin, alimentary canal, and respiratory system. The skin can absorb certain pollutants, especially if they are in contact with the skin for a prolonged period. The alimentary canal, which includes the mouth, stomach, and intestines, can be a route of entry if pollutants are ingested through contaminated food or water. The respiratory system is another common route, as pollutants can be inhaled into the lungs. Therefore, all of the above options are correct as they represent different ways in which pollutants can enter the body.

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21. Fermenting cow manure can be used to produce (pollution movie)?

Explanation

Fermenting cow manure can be used to produce methane. Methane is a byproduct of the decomposition of organic matter in anaerobic conditions, such as in the fermentation of manure. This process, known as anaerobic digestion, involves the breakdown of organic materials by bacteria, which produce methane as a result. Methane can be used as a source of energy and is considered a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels. Therefore, fermenting cow manure can be a sustainable way to produce methane and utilize organic waste.

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22. New York State has a serious acid rain problem. The above average acid rainfall in New York is largely due to pollutants generated in...

Explanation

The correct answer is "States West of New York". This is because prevailing winds in the United States generally blow from west to east. Therefore, pollutants generated in the states west of New York are carried by the wind and contribute to the above average acid rainfall in New York.

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23. Since leaded gasoline is no longer used in the US and Canada, this pollutant is no longer a health threat in North America.

Explanation

This statement is false because although leaded gasoline is no longer used in the US and Canada, lead pollution can still be a health threat in North America. Lead can still be found in the environment from past use of leaded gasoline, as well as from other sources such as old paint, contaminated soil, and industrial emissions. Ingesting or inhaling lead can lead to various health issues, especially in children, including developmental delays, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems. Therefore, lead pollution remains a concern in North America despite the absence of leaded gasoline.

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24. Which factor affected the population change?

Explanation

The population change can be influenced by various factors, including cultural and religious practices, immigration, and emigration. Cultural and religious practices can affect population growth or decline through factors such as birth rates, family planning, or migration patterns. Immigration refers to the movement of people into a particular country, which can lead to an increase in population. On the other hand, emigration refers to the movement of people out of a country, which can result in a decrease in population. Therefore, all of these factors can contribute to population change.

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25. During the agricultural period, diseases became more common by means of...

Explanation

During the agricultural period, diseases became more common due to various factors. Transmission refers to the spread of diseases from one person to another, which could have been facilitated by increased contact among individuals in agricultural societies. Accumulated wastes, such as stagnant water or animal waste, can create breeding grounds for disease-carrying organisms. Diet changes during the agricultural period, including the consumption of new crops and domesticated animals, could have introduced new pathogens or altered the balance of nutrients in people's diets, making them more susceptible to diseases. Therefore, all of the above factors contributed to the increased prevalence of diseases during the agricultural period.

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26. Today the earth's human population is about...

Explanation

The earth's human population is currently estimated to be around 7.9 billion. However, since the question does not provide the most up-to-date information, we can assume that at the time the question was created, the estimated population was around 6 billion.

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27. Which area in the United States has the most serious Urban smog problem?

Explanation

Los Angeles is the correct answer because it has consistently ranked as one of the most polluted cities in terms of urban smog in the United States. Factors such as high population density, heavy traffic, and industrial emissions contribute to the formation of smog in Los Angeles. The city's geographical location, surrounded by mountains, traps the smog and prevents it from dispersing easily. Additionally, the warm and sunny climate in Los Angeles creates favorable conditions for the chemical reactions that lead to the formation of smog.

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28. Which of the following is not a heavy metal toxic to humans?

Explanation

Carbon is not a heavy metal toxic to humans. Heavy metals are elements with high atomic weights that can be toxic to humans when ingested or inhaled. Mercury, lead, and cadmium are all heavy metals that can cause various health issues when exposed to humans. However, carbon is a non-metal element that is essential for life and is not considered toxic to humans.

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29. NY state has a serious acid rain problem. If the state passes and enforces strict laws this will solve the problem.

Explanation

Passing and enforcing strict laws alone may not necessarily solve the serious acid rain problem in NY state. While strict laws can be an important step towards reducing acid rain, other factors such as implementing effective pollution control measures, promoting renewable energy sources, and international cooperation may also be needed to fully address the issue. Therefore, the statement that passing and enforcing strict laws will solve the problem is not entirely accurate.

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30. Homohabilis evolved...

Explanation

Homohabilis evolved 2.5 million years ago. This is based on scientific evidence and fossil records that suggest Homo habilis, an early human species, lived during the Lower Pleistocene period. Fossils of Homo habilis have been found in East Africa, specifically in Tanzania and Kenya, dating back to around 2.5 million years ago. These fossils provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of humans and our ancestors.

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31. To take a mixture of N2, O2, CO, NOx, and VHC's and turn it into a nice smog you need to add...

Explanation

Sunlight is required to convert the mixture of N2, O2, CO, NOx, and VHC's into smog. Sunlight plays a crucial role in the process of photochemical smog formation. When sunlight interacts with the pollutants in the atmosphere, it initiates a series of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of smog. These reactions involve the breaking and rearranging of chemical bonds, resulting in the formation of various smog components such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and volatile organic compounds. Therefore, sunlight is necessary for the transformation of the mentioned mixture into smog.

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32. The definition of 'pollute' is to make unclean, impure, or corrupt, as well as... Which of the following does NOT belong?

Explanation

The word "pollute" means to make something unclean or impure. The words "desecrate," "defile," and "dirty" all have similar meanings and can be used interchangeably with "pollute." However, the word "regulate" does not belong in this group as it means to control or maintain order, rather than making something unclean or impure.

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33. In children, lead interferes with the development of the...

Explanation

Lead is a toxic substance that can have detrimental effects on the development of children. When lead enters the body, it can interfere with the normal functioning of the brain. This interference can disrupt the growth and development of the brain, leading to cognitive and behavioral problems. It can affect learning abilities, attention span, and overall intellectual development. Therefore, it is important to minimize exposure to lead in order to protect the brain development of children.

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34. Which of the following was the most deadly diseases during the year 1900?

Explanation

During the year 1900, infectious diseases were the most deadly. This is because medical advancements and treatments for infectious diseases were limited during that time, leading to a higher mortality rate. Additionally, hygiene practices and understanding of disease transmission were not as advanced as they are today, making it easier for infectious diseases to spread and cause widespread fatalities.

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35. The phenomenon in which two agents acting together create an effect greater than that predicted by knowing only the separate effect of the individual agent is known as...

Explanation

Synergism refers to the phenomenon in which two agents working together produce a greater effect than what would be expected based on the individual effects of each agent. It implies that the combined effect is more than just the sum of the individual effects, suggesting a cooperative and mutually beneficial interaction between the agents. This term is commonly used in various fields such as biology, chemistry, and business to describe the positive outcome of collaboration and cooperation.

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36. Nearly all solutions to pollution problems are political.

Explanation

This statement suggests that most solutions to pollution problems require political intervention or action. It implies that addressing pollution issues involves making policy changes, implementing regulations, and engaging in political processes to find effective solutions. This aligns with the understanding that pollution is a complex problem that requires collaboration among various stakeholders, including government bodies, to implement effective measures and enforce environmental laws.

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37. A synonym for "pollute" is...

Explanation

The word "defile" is a suitable synonym for "pollute" because it means to make something dirty, impure, or contaminated. Just like "pollute," "defile" implies the act of causing harm or damage to the environment or something that was previously clean or pure. It accurately captures the negative connotation associated with pollution and aligns with the idea of making something unclean or impure. Therefore, "defile" is the most appropriate choice as a synonym for "pollute."

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38. Define TFR...

Explanation

TFR stands for Total Fertility Rate, which is a measure of the average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years. It is calculated by dividing the total number of births in a population by the total number of women in their childbearing ages. Therefore, the answer "Number of births per women" accurately defines TFR as it represents the average number of births per woman in a given population.

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39. The Little ice Age lasted about (LIA Movie)?

Explanation

The Little Ice Age lasted for approximately 500 years. This period, which occurred from the 14th to the 19th century, was characterized by a significant cooling of the Earth's climate. It led to colder winters, shorter growing seasons, and even the freezing of rivers and lakes in some regions. The Little Ice Age had a profound impact on human societies, causing crop failures, famine, and economic decline. It is believed to have been caused by a combination of volcanic activity, solar variations, and changes in ocean circulation patterns.

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40. What is the average global TFR?

Explanation

The average global Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is 2.7. TFR is a measure of the average number of children a woman would have during her reproductive years. A TFR of 2.7 suggests that, on average, women around the world are having slightly more than two children each. This number is important for understanding population growth and demographic trends.

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41. Which of the following is a fossil fuel?

Explanation

Coal, oil, and natural gas are all classified as fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals that have been buried and subjected to high heat and pressure over millions of years. These fuels are non-renewable resources and are considered the main source of energy worldwide. Coal is formed from the remains of plants, oil is formed from the remains of marine organisms, and natural gas is formed from the remains of both plants and animals. Therefore, all three options mentioned in the question are correct and can be classified as fossil fuels.

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42. In 42 years the world's population would have...

Explanation

In 42 years, the world's population would have doubled. This means that the population would have increased by 100% over the given time period. This could be due to factors such as advancements in healthcare, improved living conditions, and increased birth rates. It indicates that the population growth rate is higher than the death rate, leading to a significant increase in the global population.

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43. Animal tests provide conclusive evidence regarding the health effects a pollutant will have on humans.

Explanation

Animal tests do not always provide conclusive evidence regarding the health effects a pollutant will have on humans. While animal studies can provide valuable insights and preliminary data, there are significant differences between animal species and humans in terms of physiology, metabolism, and response to toxins. Therefore, the results from animal tests may not accurately predict the effects on humans. Other factors such as genetic variations, lifestyle, and environmental interactions also play a role in determining human health effects. Thus, animal tests alone cannot provide conclusive evidence for human health effects.

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44. The Industrial Revolution began in the early part of which century?

Explanation

The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century. This period saw a significant shift from handmade goods to machine-made goods, as well as the development of new technologies and industries. The revolution started in Britain and later spread to other parts of Europe and North America. It had a profound impact on society, transforming economies, and leading to urbanization and social changes.

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45. The pH of normal rain is generally close to...

Explanation

The pH of normal rain is generally close to 5.0. This is because rainwater naturally combines with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, forming carbonic acid, which lowers the pH of the rainwater. A pH of 5.0 is considered slightly acidic, but still within the range of what is considered normal for rainwater.

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46. Which country has the lowest TFR?

Explanation

Italy has the lowest Total Fertility Rate (TFR) among the given options. TFR is a measure of the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime. Italy's TFR has been declining for several years and is currently below the replacement level of 2.1, indicating a shrinking population. Factors contributing to Italy's low TFR include a high cost of living, limited job opportunities, changing societal norms, and a cultural shift towards smaller families.

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47. When did human agriculture begin? (approximately)

Explanation

Approximately 10,000 years ago is the correct answer for when human agriculture began. This is known as the Neolithic Revolution, a period when humans transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to settled farming communities. This development marked a significant shift in human history as it led to the domestication of plants and animals, allowing for the cultivation of crops and the establishment of permanent settlements. The advent of agriculture also brought about changes in social structures, technology, and the overall way of life for early human societies.

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48. Which is true about the acute effects on human health?

Explanation

All of the above is the correct answer because when exposed to high concentrations of harmful substances for a short period of time, individuals can experience rapid sickness. This is because high concentrations of certain pollutants or toxins can have immediate and severe effects on human health, leading to symptoms such as respiratory distress, nausea, dizziness, or even death. Therefore, all three statements - high concentration, short time, and rapid sickness - are true in terms of the acute effects on human health.

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49. Ozone levels in Los Angles are greatest in the late evening hours.

Explanation

Ozone is created only when sun shines on auto emissions. Ozone levels are low in the morning and rise throughout the daylight hours as the sun's energy creates ozone from car exhaust.

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50. Which of the following in the United States is a primary source of energy production?

Explanation

Coal is a primary source of energy production in the United States. It is a fossil fuel that is mined from the earth and burned to generate electricity. Coal has been a major source of energy for many years in the United States, although its use has been declining in recent years due to concerns about its environmental impact and the increasing use of cleaner energy sources. Nonetheless, coal still plays a significant role in the country's energy production.

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51. Which of the following is not true about ecosystems?

Explanation

The statement "Unlimited population size" is not true about ecosystems. Ecosystems have a limited carrying capacity, which means that they can only support a certain number of individuals within a given species. If the population exceeds this capacity, it can lead to resource depletion and environmental degradation. Therefore, the population size in ecosystems is not unlimited.

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52. In which century did the LIA begin?

Explanation

The Little Ice Age (LIA) is believed to have started in the 14th century. This period was characterized by a significant drop in temperatures, resulting in colder winters and shorter growing seasons. Historical records and scientific evidence suggest that the LIA lasted until the 19th century, impacting agriculture, population, and economies around the world.

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53. What is the chemical formula for Nitro-Methane?

Explanation

The chemical formula for Nitro-Methane is CH3NO2. Nitro-Methane is an organic compound that consists of one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, one nitrogen atom, and two oxygen atoms. The formula CH3NO2 accurately represents the composition of Nitro-Methane.

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54. 25,000 years ago, the Cro-Magnon population was about...

Explanation

Based on archaeological evidence, it is estimated that the Cro-Magnon population 25,000 years ago was around 5 million. This estimate is derived from the number of Cro-Magnon fossil remains found in various sites and the assumption that the population size was similar across different regions. It is important to note that these estimates are approximate and can vary based on different research studies and interpretations of the data.

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55. One of the pollutants associated with the Owens Lake problem was...

Explanation

Arsenic is one of the pollutants associated with the Owens Lake problem. This suggests that arsenic was present in the lake and causing pollution. Arsenic is a toxic substance that can be harmful to both human health and the environment. Its presence in the lake could have resulted from various sources such as industrial activities or natural deposits in the region. The contamination of the lake with arsenic would have required remediation efforts to mitigate the environmental and health risks associated with it.

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56. Which is not true about the Industrial Revolution?

Explanation

During the Industrial Revolution, there was a significant increase in population growth due to various factors such as improved living conditions and advancements in healthcare. This led to a higher demand for goods and services, including sugar. Additionally, the revolution brought about the development and mass production of synthetic materials. However, it is not true that the population growth rate decreased during this time. On the contrary, the Industrial Revolution fueled population growth as people migrated to urban areas in search of employment opportunities.

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57. Which of the following is a primary pollutant generated by gasoline engines?

Explanation

NOx (nitrogen oxides) is a primary pollutant generated by gasoline engines. It is formed when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at high temperatures and pressures in the engine's combustion process. NOx emissions contribute to the formation of smog and acid rain, and can also have negative health effects.

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58. In ecosystems, organisms are in deadly competition with each other for evolutionary survival.

Explanation

In ecosystems, organisms may compete with each other for resources, but this competition is not always deadly or life-threatening. Organisms can also have symbiotic relationships or coexist peacefully. Therefore, the statement that organisms are in deadly competition with each other for evolutionary survival is not entirely accurate.

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59. According to recent estimates the human carrying capacity of earth is...

Explanation

The correct answer is 7 to 12 billion because recent estimates suggest that the Earth can sustain a human population within this range. This estimate takes into consideration factors such as available resources, technological advancements, and the ability to adapt and manage the environment. It is important to note that this estimate is not fixed and can change over time based on various factors such as changes in technology, resource availability, and environmental conditions.

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60. Which among all species, is the least similar to modern humans?

Explanation

Homo Habilis is the least similar to modern humans because it is an early species of the Homo genus that lived around 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago. They had a smaller brain size and a more ape-like appearance compared to modern humans. Homo Erectus, on the other hand, lived later and had a larger brain size and more human-like features. Cro Magnon refers to early modern humans who lived around 40,000 to 10,000 years ago and are considered anatomically similar to modern humans. Therefore, Homo Habilis is the least similar to modern humans out of the given options.

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61. The first homosapiens appeared...

Explanation

The first homosapiens appeared 150,000 years ago. This is based on scientific evidence and fossil records that suggest that modern humans, or homosapiens, emerged in Africa around this time. These early humans eventually migrated and populated the rest of the world. This answer is supported by archaeological findings and genetic studies, which have provided insights into the origins and evolution of our species.

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62. Agriculture began...

Explanation

Agriculture began 10,000 years ago. This is known as the Neolithic Revolution, when humans transitioned from a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled farming communities. This shift allowed for the domestication of plants and animals, leading to the development of agriculture. Evidence of early agricultural practices, such as the cultivation of crops and the domestication of animals, can be found in archaeological sites dating back around 10,000 years. This marked a significant turning point in human history, as it led to the establishment of permanent settlements, the development of complex societies, and the rise of civilizations.

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63. The pH of acid rain is generally close to...

Explanation

The correct answer is 4.0 because acid rain is formed when pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water vapor in the atmosphere, forming sulfuric acid and nitric acid. These acids have a pH below 7, indicating acidity. A pH of 4.0 is considered acidic, which is consistent with the nature of acid rain.

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64. Which of the following is a direct health effect as a result of Ozone?

Explanation

Ozone is a respiratory irritant, meaning it can cause irritation and inflammation in the respiratory system. This can lead to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Unlike dizziness and measles, which are not directly caused by ozone exposure, respiratory irritation is a direct health effect that can occur as a result of ozone exposure.

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65. When approximately was the homo habilis evolved?

Explanation

Homo habilis, an early human species, is believed to have evolved approximately 2.5 million years ago. This species is considered one of the earliest members of the Homo genus and is known for its tool-making abilities, which distinguish it from earlier hominin species. The timeframe of 2.5 million years ago aligns with the current scientific consensus on the emergence of Homo habilis based on fossil evidence and dating techniques.

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66. After about 25,000 years, the Cro Magnon numbers had increased to around...

Explanation

The correct answer is 5 million. This suggests that the population of Cro Magnon people, a prehistoric human population, had increased to around 5 million after approximately 25,000 years. This indicates a significant growth in their numbers over time.

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67. In the United States, the incidence of asthma has .... since 1980.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Tripled." This means that the incidence of asthma in the United States has increased threefold since 1980. This implies a significant rise in the number of asthma cases over the years, indicating a concerning trend.

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68. What is/are the source(s) of uncertainty using animal studies i) use very high doses ii) use of different animals iii) use of small samples

Explanation

Animal studies can introduce uncertainty due to various factors. Firstly, using very high doses can lead to uncertainty as the effects observed may not be representative of real-life exposure levels. Secondly, using different animals can introduce uncertainty as different species may respond differently to the same treatment or substance. Lastly, using small samples can also introduce uncertainty as the findings may not be generalizable to the larger population. Therefore, all three sources of uncertainty (i, ii, iii) are applicable in animal studies.

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69. The majority of SOx pollution comes from...

Explanation

Power plants are the correct answer because they are the largest source of SOx pollution. Power plants burn fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, to generate electricity, and this combustion process releases sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere. SO2 is a major contributor to SOx pollution, which can cause respiratory problems, acid rain, and other environmental issues. While diesel engines and automobiles also emit SOx, their overall contribution is lower compared to power plants. Nuclear plants do not produce SOx pollution as they do not burn fossil fuels for energy generation.

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70. Ozone production peaks...

Explanation

Ozone production peaks in the late afternoon because during this time, the sun is at its highest point in the sky, providing the most intense sunlight. This intense sunlight causes a chemical reaction in the atmosphere, leading to the production of ozone. In the early morning and evening, the sun is lower in the sky, resulting in less intense sunlight and therefore lower ozone production.

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71. What test would provide information on a new synthetic chemical?

Explanation

Animal testing is commonly used to gather information on the safety and efficacy of new synthetic chemicals. This involves conducting experiments on animals to determine the potential effects of the chemical on living organisms. Animal testing provides valuable data on the toxicity, dosage, and potential side effects of the chemical, which helps in assessing its suitability for human use.

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72. Which of the following in the US is a primary source of energy production? I. Oil   II. Coal III. Natural gas

Explanation

Oil and coal are both primary sources of energy production in the US. These fossil fuels are used extensively for electricity generation, transportation, and industrial processes. Natural gas, on the other hand, is a secondary source of energy as it is often used as a substitute for oil and coal. Therefore, the correct answer is I, II only.

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73. The phenomenon in which two agents acting together create an effect lesser than that predicted by knowing only the separate effect of the individual agent is known as...

Explanation

Antagonism is the correct answer because it refers to the phenomenon where two agents working together produce a lesser effect than what would be expected based on the individual effects of each agent. In other words, there is a decrease in the combined effect when compared to the sum of the separate effects. This concept is commonly observed in fields such as pharmacology, where certain drugs may counteract or weaken the effects of each other when taken together.

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74. What specie had the most impact on their environment by contribution to extinction of large animals?

Explanation

Cro-Magnon is the correct answer because they were the first modern humans in Europe, known for their advanced tool-making skills and hunting techniques. They lived during the Upper Paleolithic period and were highly skilled hunters, which likely contributed to the extinction of large animals in their environment. Their hunting practices and ability to adapt to changing environments would have put significant pressure on the populations of large animals, leading to their decline and eventual extinction.

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75. What was the main reason for the United States to ban leaded gasoline beginning in the early 1970's (main reason)?

Explanation

The main reason for the United States to ban leaded gasoline beginning in the early 1970s was because it poisoned the catalyst. Leaded gasoline contained tetraethyl lead, which was used as an additive to boost octane ratings. However, this leaded fuel caused damage to the catalytic converters in cars, which are essential for reducing harmful emissions. As a result, the United States decided to ban leaded gasoline to protect the functioning of the catalysts and reduce air pollution.

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76. What is the current growth rate of the world?

Explanation

The current growth rate of the world is 1.7%.

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77. If K doesn't depend on C and T, and D will be ______ when T is troubled and C is constant. 

Explanation

If K doesn't depend on C and T, it means that the value of K remains constant regardless of the values of C and T. Therefore, when T is troubled and C is constant, the value of D will be doubled.

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78. Which is not true about chronic effects on human health?

Explanation

High concentration is not true about chronic effects on human health. Chronic effects typically occur as a result of prolonged exposure to low concentrations of a substance, rather than high concentrations. High concentrations of a substance may cause acute effects, but chronic effects are more commonly associated with long-term exposure to low levels of a harmful substance.

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79. Archeological records indicate that the first homo sapiens appeared about...

Explanation

The correct answer is 150 thousand years ago. Archeological records provide evidence that the first homo sapiens, or modern humans, appeared around this time. These records include fossil remains, tools, and other artifacts that have been discovered and studied by archaeologists. This timeline aligns with the current scientific understanding of human evolution and the development of our species.

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80. One of the end products of the catalytic reactions involving NOx is...

Explanation

One of the end products of catalytic reactions involving NOx is N2O.

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81. Which of the following is a primary pollutant emission from gasoline-fueled automobiles?

Explanation

Gasoline-fueled automobiles emit several primary pollutants, including NOx (nitrogen oxides), VHC (volatile hydrocarbons), and CO (carbon monoxide). These pollutants are released into the atmosphere during the combustion of gasoline in the engine. NOx contributes to the formation of smog and acid rain, VHC contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone, and CO is a poisonous gas that can be harmful to human health. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" because all three pollutants are emitted by gasoline-fueled automobiles.

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82. In D=kCT, C is...

Explanation

The equation D=kCT represents the relationship between the dose (D) of a pollutant, the concentration (C) of the pollutant, and the time of exposure (T). In this equation, C represents the concentration of the pollution in parts per million (PPM). The concentration of a pollutant is a measure of the amount of the pollutant present in a given volume or space. Therefore, C being the concentration of the pollution (PPM) is a correct answer.

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What percent of the animal tissue is made up of ants? (from Remnants...
If K does not depend on C and t. The dosage D will be...
Which test determines a cell's mutation?
How many species roughly existed on the planet?
What is NOT an acute effect on human health?
Which is not true about the chronic effect?
Which of these childhood diseases is not infectious?
Human carrying capacity is...
In the equation, D=kCT, what is the unit of C?
An ecosystem is made up of organisms plus that part of the environment...
If TFR < 2.1 the population usually...
In D=kCT, D's unit stands for...
During the Little Ice Age the average world temperature drop was about...
Which of the following is a path that pollutants can take to enter the...
K's unit is...
Which study compared a large group of exposed people to a closely...
During agricultural periods diseases became more common by...
The term "organisms" in an ecosystem refer to....
Which of the following is a direct health effect as a result of CO?
A pollutant can enter the body by...
Fermenting cow manure can be used to produce (pollution movie)?
New York State has a serious acid rain problem. The above average acid...
Since leaded gasoline is no longer used in the US and Canada, this...
Which factor affected the population change?
During the agricultural period, diseases became more common by means...
Today the earth's human population is about...
Which area in the United States has the most serious Urban smog...
Which of the following is not a heavy metal toxic to humans?
NY state has a serious acid rain problem. If the state passes and...
Homohabilis evolved...
To take a mixture of N2, O2, CO, NOx, and VHC's and turn it into a...
The definition of 'pollute' is to make unclean, impure, or...
In children, lead interferes with the development of the...
Which of the following was the most deadly diseases during the year...
The phenomenon in which two agents acting together create an effect...
Nearly all solutions to pollution problems are political.
A synonym for "pollute" is...
Define TFR...
The Little ice Age lasted about (LIA Movie)?
What is the average global TFR?
Which of the following is a fossil fuel?
In 42 years the world's population would have...
Animal tests provide conclusive evidence regarding the health effects...
The Industrial Revolution began in the early part of which century?
The pH of normal rain is generally close to...
Which country has the lowest TFR?
When did human agriculture begin? (approximately)
Which is true about the acute effects on human health?
Ozone levels in Los Angles are greatest in the late evening hours.
Which of the following in the United States is a primary source of...
Which of the following is not true about ecosystems?
In which century did the LIA begin?
What is the chemical formula for Nitro-Methane?
25,000 years ago, the Cro-Magnon population was about...
One of the pollutants associated with the Owens Lake problem was...
Which is not true about the Industrial Revolution?
Which of the following is a primary pollutant generated by gasoline...
In ecosystems, organisms are in deadly competition with each other for...
According to recent estimates the human carrying capacity of earth...
Which among all species, is the least similar to modern humans?
The first homosapiens appeared...
Agriculture began...
The pH of acid rain is generally close to...
Which of the following is a direct health effect as a result of Ozone?
When approximately was the homo habilis evolved?
After about 25,000 years, the Cro Magnon numbers had increased to...
In the United States, the incidence of asthma has .... since 1980.
What is/are the source(s) of uncertainty using animal studies...
The majority of SOx pollution comes from...
Ozone production peaks...
What test would provide information on a new synthetic chemical?
Which of the following in the US is a primary source of energy...
The phenomenon in which two agents acting together create an effect...
What specie had the most impact on their environment by contribution...
What was the main reason for the United States to ban leaded gasoline...
What is the current growth rate of the world?
If K doesn't depend on C and T, and D will be ______ when T is...
Which is not true about chronic effects on human health?
Archeological records indicate that the first homo sapiens appeared...
One of the end products of the catalytic reactions involving NOx is...
Which of the following is a primary pollutant emission from...
In D=kCT, C is...
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