Male Genital Tract Quiz

PSA stands for prostate-specific antigen, which is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland. Elevated levels of PSA in the blood can indicate the presence of prostate cancer. Therefore, PSA is the most important marker for diagnosing and monitoring prostate cancer. BRCA1 is a gene mutation associated with an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer, but it is not directly related to prostate cancer. "None of the above" and "All of the above" are not applicable in this case. "Who cares" is not a valid response.

The answer is no because serum PSA is not specific to cancer. It can also be found in conditions such as hyperplasia and prostatitis. Therefore, the presence of serum PSA does not necessarily indicate the presence of cancer.

The most common cause of acute prostatitis is E. coli. This bacterium is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract and can ascend into the prostate gland, causing infection. The symptoms described by the patient, such as dysuria, increased frequency and urgency, low back and pelvic pain, fever chills, and loss of sex drive, are consistent with acute prostatitis. Other organisms like Strep., Staph, and fungi can also cause prostatitis, but E. coli is the most common culprit.

In this patient with an enlarged prostate gland, the increased proliferation of stromal and epithelial cells suggests benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). BPH is a non-malignant condition characterized by an enlarged prostate gland. Testosterone, a male hormone, plays a role in the development and growth of the prostate gland. However, in BPH, there is actually a decrease in the levels of testosterone within the prostate tissue. This decrease in testosterone is thought to be due to an imbalance in the ratio of testosterone to estrogen, with estrogen levels remaining relatively constant or even increasing. Therefore, the correct answer is testosterone.

The correct answer is seminoma of the testes. Pader Willi syndrome is associated with an increased risk of testicular tumors, particularly seminomas. The presence of only one descended testes suggests that the other testes may be undescended, which further increases the risk of testicular cancer. The microscopic findings of leydig cell hyperplasia and hyalinised tubules also support the increased risk of seminoma. Prostate cancer and gynecomastia are not typically associated with Pader Willi syndrome.

Schistosoma is the most important cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Schistosoma is a parasitic worm that infects the urinary tract and can lead to chronic inflammation and damage to the bladder epithelium. This chronic inflammation increases the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma, a type of bladder cancer. E. coli and Candida are not typically associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, and while genetics may play a role in some cases, it is not the most important cause.

In grade 5, poorly differentiated sheets and nests are observed, indicating a lack of organization and structure in the cells. This suggests a higher degree of malignancy and aggressiveness in the tumor. On the other hand, grade 1 exhibits well differentiated glands, indicating a more organized and structured growth pattern. This suggests a lower degree of malignancy and a better prognosis for the patient.

The given answer "RNASEL" is a gene that is affected. However, without any context or additional information, it is not possible to provide a specific explanation for why this gene is affected. It could be due to genetic mutations, environmental factors, or other causes.

Metastatic disease refers to the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other parts of the body. This is considered an advanced stage of cancer and is denoted by stage D. On the other hand, extension outside the prostate refers to the cancer cells spreading beyond the prostate gland. This is considered a localized stage of cancer and is denoted by stage C.