Lit And Arts Final Study Guide

Nietzsche argued that the "will to power" was the only important human motivation. This concept suggests that all human actions and desires are driven by a desire for power and dominance. According to Nietzsche, individuals are constantly striving to assert their power over others and to overcome challenges in order to achieve their own personal goals. This idea challenges traditional notions of morality and suggests that power and self-assertion are the ultimate driving forces behind human behavior.

Program music refers to a type of music that is composed with the intention of conveying a specific story, idea, or narrative. It is often instrumental and does not contain any lyrics. The music is structured and composed in a way that represents different characters, events, or emotions within the story. Program music allows the listener to imagine and interpret the narrative being portrayed through the music, making it a unique and expressive form of musical composition.

Cezanne is known for painting several versions of Mont Sainte-Victoire. This mountain was a recurring subject in his work, and he depicted it in various styles and perspectives. Cezanne's paintings of Mont Sainte-Victoire are characterized by his unique approach to color, form, and composition. Through his exploration of this subject, Cezanne was able to experiment with different techniques and capture the essence of the mountain in his own distinct style.

Sergei Eisenstein is the correct answer because he is the film director known for directing the movies "Potemkin" and "Alexander Nevsky". Eisenstein was a prominent Soviet filmmaker and a pioneer in the field of montage editing. "Potemkin" is a silent film released in 1925, which depicts the 1905 mutiny of the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin against their officers. "Alexander Nevsky" is another historical drama film directed by Eisenstein and released in 1938, which portrays the medieval Russian hero Alexander Nevsky and his fight against the Teutonic Knights.

Freud is the correct answer because he was a Viennese physician who is widely regarded as the pioneer of modern psychology. He developed the psychoanalytic theory, which emphasized the role of the unconscious mind and the importance of childhood experiences in shaping adult behavior. Freud's work revolutionized the field of psychology and had a significant impact on our understanding of human behavior and the treatment of mental disorders.

The correct answer is October Revolution. The October Revolution refers to the events that took place in Russia in October 1917, where the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government and established a Marxist government. This revolution marked a significant turning point in Russian history, as it led to the end of the Tsarist regime and the establishment of the Soviet Union. The October Revolution is often seen as a key event in the spread of communism and the rise of the Soviet Union as a global power.

Yeats is the correct answer because he is a poet who often refers to gyres in his work. Gyres are a recurring theme in Yeats' poetry, particularly in his later works. He uses the concept of gyres to represent cycles of history, the movement of time, and the spiritual and philosophical transformations of the world. Yeats' fascination with gyres reflects his belief in the cyclical nature of life and his exploration of human existence and the universe.

The correct answer is Little Gidding. In the given line, the speaker is addressing the reader, stating that they are present in Little Gidding to kneel where prayer has been valid. Little Gidding is a place in England that holds historical and religious significance. It is known for its connection to the poet T.S. Eliot, who wrote a poem titled "Little Gidding" as part of his famous work "Four Quartets." The poem explores themes of spirituality, redemption, and the power of prayer.

The correct answer is Brothers Karamazov. In this novel, "The Grand Inquisitor" is a chapter that explores themes of religion, freedom, and the nature of evil. It is a philosophical and theological debate between Ivan and Alyosha Karamazov, two of the main characters in the book. The chapter presents the story of Jesus Christ returning to Earth during the time of the Spanish Inquisition and being confronted by the Grand Inquisitor, who questions his teachings and justifies the use of power and control over individual freedom.

Existentialists use the term "absurdity" to describe the meaninglessness of human existence. This concept suggests that life has no inherent purpose or value, and that individuals must confront this lack of meaning and create their own purpose and values in order to find fulfillment. The absurdity of human existence is often seen as a result of the clash between the human desire for meaning and the indifference of the universe. This term highlights the existentialist belief that humans must confront and embrace the absurdity of existence in order to live authentically.

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emerged in the twentieth century and focuses on exploring the nature of human existence, freedom, and choice. It emphasizes the individual's responsibility for their own actions and the importance of personal experience and subjective meaning in life. Existentialism rejects the idea of a predetermined or objective purpose in life and instead emphasizes the individual's ability to create their own meaning and find fulfillment through authentic and conscious choices. This philosophy has had a significant impact on various fields, including psychology, literature, and art.

Albert Camus was an Algerian-born French Existentialist writer. He is known for his philosophical works and novels that explore themes of absurdity, rebellion, and the human condition. Camus was a prominent figure in the existentialist movement and his works, such as "The Stranger" and "The Myth of Sisyphus," have had a significant impact on literature and philosophy. His writing style and ideas continue to be studied and admired by readers and scholars around the world.

Pop art is a form of art that emerged in the 1950s in the United States and Britain. It uses images and themes from popular culture, such as advertisements, comic books, and consumer products. Pop art often incorporates bright colors, bold lines, and repetition of images to highlight the prevalence and influence of mass media and consumerism in society. It seeks to blur the boundaries between high art and popular culture, challenging traditional notions of what is considered "art."

The correct answer is "Kierkegaard" because the question is asking for the name of a Danish existential philosopher. Kierkegaard is a well-known Danish philosopher who is often associated with existentialism. He is known for his writings on individuality, subjectivity, and the importance of personal choice and responsibility in life.

Jazz is the correct answer because it is a form of music that originated in the United States and has had a significant impact on Western civilization. Jazz emerged in the early 20th century and is characterized by improvisation, syncopation, and a blend of African and European musical traditions. It has influenced various genres of music and has been a major cultural export from the United States. Jazz has contributed to the development of Western music by pushing boundaries, inspiring new styles, and promoting artistic freedom.

Nietzsche was the author of Thus Spake Zarathustra. This philosophical novel, also known as Thus Spoke Zarathustra, was published in 1883-1885. It explores Nietzsche's ideas on the death of God, the will to power, and the concept of the Übermensch (superman). The book is written in the form of a prose poem and follows the journey of Zarathustra, a prophet-like figure, as he delivers his teachings to the people. Nietzsche's work had a significant impact on existentialism and has been highly influential in the field of philosophy.

Monet's painting "Nympheas (Water Lilies)" exemplifies his emphasis on conveying light and color. In this painting, Monet captures the vibrant colors and the play of light on the water lilies in his garden pond. The brushstrokes are loose and impressionistic, allowing the colors to blend and create a sense of movement and atmosphere. Monet's focus on light and color is evident in the way he portrays the reflections and the changing effects of light on the water's surface. This painting showcases Monet's mastery in capturing the essence of light and color in his work.

Richard Wagner meant by Gesamtkunstwerk the concept of a "Complete Art Work." This term refers to the idea of combining multiple art forms, such as music, drama, poetry, and visual arts, into a unified and immersive experience. Wagner believed that by integrating these different art forms, a more powerful and emotionally impactful work of art could be created. He aimed to break the traditional boundaries between different art forms and create a synthesis of all the arts in order to achieve a total work of art.

William Wordsworth is considered the founder of the Romantic movement in English Poetry. He, along with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, published the collection "Lyrical Ballads" in 1798, which marked the beginning of the Romantic era. Wordsworth's poems focused on the beauty of nature, the power of imagination, and the importance of individual experience. His emphasis on emotion and personal expression greatly influenced subsequent Romantic poets and helped shape the direction of English poetry in the 19th century.

The Transcendentalists were a group of American writers who were inspired by the natural world. They believed in the inherent goodness of both people and nature, and saw divinity in the natural world. They advocated for individualism, self-reliance, and the importance of intuition and personal experience. Some famous Transcendentalist writers include Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

Beethoven is usually regarded as the pioneer of musical romanticism because he played a crucial role in bridging the gap between the classical and romantic periods of music. His compositions were characterized by emotional intensity, individual expression, and a departure from the formal structures of classical music. Beethoven's innovative approach to composition paved the way for future romantic composers and greatly influenced the development of the romantic era in music.

Oliver Twist is the correct answer because it is a novel by Charles Dickens that heavily criticizes the treatment of the poor in workhouses. The story follows the life of an orphan named Oliver Twist who endures harsh conditions in a workhouse and faces exploitation and abuse. Dickens uses this novel to shed light on the injustices and mistreatment faced by the poor in workhouses during the Victorian era.

The image of a bull is used as a symbol for the country of Spain in Guernica. This can be seen as a representation of strength, power, and resilience, which are qualities often associated with Spain. Additionally, the bull is a significant symbol in Spanish culture and is commonly used in bullfighting, making it a fitting representation for the country.

O'Keeffe is remembered as an American painter who created paintings of flowers that were both representational and abstract. She was known for her unique style of capturing the essence of flowers through bold and vibrant colors, as well as her ability to blend realism with abstraction. O'Keeffe's flower paintings became iconic and established her as one of the most influential artists of the 20th century.

Yeats is the correct answer because he is the author of the poem "The Second Coming." This poem was written by William Butler Yeats, an Irish poet, and it was first published in 1920. "The Second Coming" is one of Yeats' most famous and widely studied poems, known for its apocalyptic imagery and themes of chaos and destruction.

Goya is considered the most important Spanish artist of Romanticism due to his significant contributions to the movement. He was known for his innovative and expressive style, which marked a departure from the traditional artistic norms of his time. Goya's works often depicted social and political issues, reflecting the turbulent period of Spanish history. His paintings, such as "The Third of May 1808" and "Saturn Devouring His Son," showcase his mastery in capturing emotion and conveying powerful messages. Goya's impact on the art world and his influence on future generations solidify his status as the most important Spanish artist of Romanticism.

Mary Cassatt was known for her paintings that focused on the intimate and domestic lives of women and children. She often depicted mothers and their children engaged in everyday activities, capturing the tender and emotional bond between them. Cassatt's paintings celebrated the beauty and strength of women, and her portrayal of children reflected their innocence and vulnerability. Through her art, Cassatt challenged the traditional male-dominated art world by elevating the subjects and experiences of women and children, making them the focal point of her work.

According to Sigmund Freud, human behavior is influenced by factors other than reason and logic, such as the subconscious. The subconscious mind contains thoughts, desires, and memories that are not readily accessible to conscious awareness but still have a significant impact on behavior. Freud believed that these hidden influences from the subconscious, including repressed emotions and unresolved conflicts, shape human behavior in profound ways. Therefore, the subconscious plays a crucial role in understanding and explaining human behavior, according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

Leo Tolstoy is considered to be the most important Russian author of the 1800's because of his significant contributions to Russian literature. Tolstoy's works, such as "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina," are considered masterpieces and have had a profound impact on literature and culture. His writing style, deep exploration of human nature, and social commentary made him a highly influential figure in Russian literature and beyond.

During the 1940s and 1950s, New York replaced Paris as the center of modern art. This shift can be attributed to several factors. The rise of Abstract Expressionism, led by artists like Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning, gained international recognition and put New York at the forefront of the art world. Additionally, the influx of European artists fleeing World War II and the establishment of influential art institutions like the Museum of Modern Art further solidified New York's position as the new epicenter of modern art.

Dejeuner sur l'Herbe (Luncheon on the Grass) broke with the stylistic tradition of the past by placing the figures in broad, flat color fields. This departure from the traditional use of shading and modeling in painting was a significant shift in style and technique. It created a more modern and abstract representation of the figures, challenging the conventional approach to depicting depth and form.

Verdi is considered the greatest Italian opera composer of the 19th century because of his immense contribution to the genre. He composed numerous operas that are still performed and beloved today, including iconic works such as "La Traviata," "Rigoletto," and "Aida." Verdi's compositions showcased his mastery of dramatic storytelling, powerful melodies, and emotional depth, making him a central figure in the development of Italian opera during the 19th century. His works continue to be celebrated for their timeless beauty and profound impact on the operatic tradition.

Auguste Renoir's paintings often depict beautiful young men and women enjoying themselves. This can be seen in his famous works such as "Luncheon of the Boating Party" and "Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette" where he captures scenes of people socializing, dancing, and having a good time. Renoir was known for his vibrant and lively portrayals of people, often focusing on their joy and pleasure.

The Harlem Renaissance was an African-American movement that emerged in New York City in the 1920s. It was a cultural, social, and artistic explosion that highlighted the achievements of African-Americans in literature, music, art, and theater. During this period, Harlem became a center for African-American intellectualism and creativity, with notable figures such as Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Duke Ellington contributing to the movement. The Harlem Renaissance played a significant role in challenging racial stereotypes and promoting cultural pride and identity within the African-American community.

Pollock was the American leader of the abstract expressionists. He was known for his unique style of drip painting, where he would pour or drip paint onto a canvas laid on the floor. This technique allowed him to create dynamic and energetic compositions. Pollock's work was influential in shaping the abstract expressionist movement, which aimed to convey emotions and ideas through abstract forms. His innovative approach to painting and his role as a leader in the art world make him the correct answer to this question.

Chopin, Mussorgsky, and Smetana all shared the common characteristic of incorporating traditional folk tunes into their compositions. This means that they drew inspiration from their respective cultural backgrounds and incorporated elements of traditional music into their own works. This allowed them to create unique and distinctive compositions that were influenced by the folk music of their respective countries.

The purpose of a symphonic poem, such as Richard Strauss' Don Juan, is to paint a picture in sound. This means that the composer aims to use music to evoke imagery and create a vivid and expressive sonic representation of a particular subject or story. Rather than focusing on combining verse with music, portraying the feelings of characters, or recreating the effect of the Greek chorus, the main objective is to use the power of music to create a visual experience for the listener.

Frank Lloyd Wright is widely regarded as the most influential American architect of the twentieth century. His innovative and visionary designs, such as Fallingwater and the Guggenheim Museum, revolutionized the field of architecture. Wright's organic architecture philosophy, which emphasized harmony between buildings and their natural surroundings, had a profound impact on the architectural community and continues to inspire architects today. His unique style and groundbreaking approach to design solidify his position as the most influential figure in American architecture during the twentieth century.

The Paris audience in 1913 reacted with outrage to the first performance of Stravinsky's Rite of Spring. This groundbreaking ballet and orchestral work, with its dissonant music and unconventional choreography, was met with shock and anger from the audience. The avant-garde nature of the performance, including the primitive and chaotic movements, was too radical for the conservative tastes of the time. The audience's reaction included booing, hissing, and even physical altercations. This infamous premiere has since become a symbol of the clash between tradition and innovation in the world of art.

Braque and Picasso were the first two pioneers in Cubist art between 1908 and 1914. Cubism was an innovative art movement that revolutionized the way artists depicted objects and space. Braque and Picasso collaborated closely during this period, developing the principles of Cubism together. They experimented with multiple viewpoints, geometric forms, and fragmented compositions, breaking away from traditional representational art. Their groundbreaking work in Cubism laid the foundation for modern art and influenced countless artists in the years to come.

The correct answer is Futurists. The Futurists were a group of artists in Italy who had a positive outlook on the future and a disdain for the past. They rejected traditional artistic styles and embraced new technologies, speed, and industrialization. They believed in the power of the machine age and sought to capture the dynamism and energy of modern life in their artwork.

The correct answer is "The Ring Cycle." Richard Wagner's most monumental operatic work is commonly known as "The Ring Cycle." This cycle consists of four interconnected operas: "Das Rheingold," "Die Walküre," "Siegfried," and "Götterdämmerung." The Ring Cycle is renowned for its epic scale, complex musical structure, and mythological themes. It is considered one of the most ambitious and influential works in the history of opera.

The correct answer suggests that Edgar Degas' painting, The Rehearsal, portrays the pain and tedium experienced by ballet dancers. This implies that the world of ballet is not as glamorous as it may seem, but rather involves hard work and physical strain. The painting may depict the dancers' exhaustion and the repetitive nature of their rehearsals, highlighting the challenges and sacrifices they face in their pursuit of perfection.

Tchaikovsky is the correct answer because he was a 19th-century composer who wrote the Pathetique Symphony. This symphony is one of Tchaikovsky's most famous works and is known for its emotional intensity and melancholic themes. Tchaikovsky's composition style and use of orchestration in the Pathetique Symphony are characteristic of his Romantic era music.

Potemkin and Triumph of the Will are two important examples of film as propaganda. Potemkin, directed by Sergei Eisenstein, was a 1925 Soviet silent film that depicted a mutiny on a battleship and was used to promote the ideals of the Russian Revolution. Triumph of the Will, directed by Leni Riefenstahl, was a 1935 Nazi propaganda film that glorified Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Both films were powerful tools used to manipulate public opinion and promote political agendas.

Sprechstimme is a vocal technique introduced by Schonberg that lies between singing and speaking. It involves the pitch of the voice being indicated rather than precisely sung, creating a unique and expressive style. This innovation revolutionized vocal music by expanding the possibilities of vocal expression and challenging traditional notions of melody and tonality.

Edvard Munch is the correct answer because he was a Norwegian artist who lived from 1863 to 1944 and is widely recognized as the forerunner of expressionist art. His most famous work, "The Scream," is considered an iconic example of expressionism and has had a significant influence on the art world. Munch's emotionally charged and introspective paintings paved the way for the development of the expressionist movement, making him a key figure in art history.

W.E.B. Du Bois wrote extensively about African-American identity. He was a prominent sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist who focused on issues of race and equality. Du Bois explored the experiences and struggles of African Americans, highlighting their unique cultural identity and advocating for their rights and social equality. His writings, such as "The Souls of Black Folk," challenged prevailing notions of race and contributed to the development of the civil rights movement.

Vincent van Gogh is considered the most important Dutch post-impressionist artist because of his significant contributions to the art world. His unique style, characterized by bold brushstrokes and vibrant colors, had a profound impact on future generations of artists. Van Gogh's works, such as "Starry Night" and "Sunflowers," are highly regarded for their emotional intensity and expressive qualities. His tragic life and struggles with mental illness have also contributed to his enduring legacy as an influential artist.

Ravel and Debussy are associated with impressionism in music. Impressionism in music is characterized by the use of color, texture, and atmosphere to create a sense of mood and emotion. Both Ravel and Debussy were known for their innovative use of harmony, tone color, and form in their compositions, which reflected the impressionist movement in art. They often used unconventional scales, exotic scales, and extended harmonies to create a dreamlike, ethereal quality in their music. Their compositions were also influenced by the sounds of nature and often evoked imagery and emotions rather than following traditional musical structures.