Linux LPI 117-101 # 8 Of 9

1. Which file contains information about filesystems and their respective mount points?

/etc/mount

/etc/fs_mount

/etc/fstab

/proc/fstab

Usually to mount the filesystem we use the mount command but that is
only for the current session. To mount the filesystem at boot time automatically we
use /etc/fstab.
Pattern of /etc/fstab
Device mount point filesystem mount options dump fsck
Example
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 2
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
LABEL=/usr /usr ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/var1 /var ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=SWAP-hda7 swap swap defaults

Explanation

Usually to mount the filesystem we use the mount command but that is
only for the current session. To mount the filesystem at boot time automatically we
use /etc/fstab.
Pattern of /etc/fstab
Device mount point filesystem mount options dump fsck
Example
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 2
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
LABEL=/usr /usr ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/var1 /var ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=SWAP-hda7 swap swap defaults

2. What umask will set the file permissions on a newly created file to -rw-r--r-- (644)?

0002

0022

0224

0246

umask command is used to display and set the default permissions.
Here in #######*******QUESTION asking for the umask value of newly created file having

permission
644. If any permission is not changed then special permission i.e SUID, SGID and
sticky bits are not set.
Then in for have total permission for file is:
7666
-7644
0022

Explanation

umask command is used to display and set the default permissions.
Here in #######*******QUESTION asking for the umask value of newly created file having

permission
644. If any permission is not changed then special permission i.e SUID, SGID and
sticky bits are not set.
Then in for have total permission for file is:
7666
-7644
0022

3. What command (with parameter[s]) would you type to mount all partitions
specified in the /etc/fstab?

mount command displays all mounted filesystem and mount -a mount
all filesystem written /etc/fstab.

Explanation

mount command displays all mounted filesystem and mount -a mount
all filesystem written /etc/fstab.

Submit

4. You have a floppy image called boot.img in your current working directory and
wish to transfer this image to a floppy device /dev/fd0. Type in the simplest
command that would do this?

dd command creates the disk image, the above command creates the
image of boot.img and writes the image into /dev/fd0.

Explanation

dd command creates the disk image, the above command creates the
image of boot.img and writes the image into /dev/fd0.

Submit

5. You are building a server that will have many hardware and operating system
upgrades. The server is the file server for all users on your 100 user network. Which
directory should have its own mountpoint and/or hard drive?

/home is the user's base directory where users home directory will
create. According to QUESTION that there are more than 100 users so /home needs to
mount on separate partition.

Explanation

/home is the user's base directory where users home directory will
create. According to QUESTION that there are more than 100 users so /home needs to
mount on separate partition.

Submit

6. What must be added to the following to enable group quotas for /usr?
/dev/hda2 /usr ext2 defaults 1 1

grpquota enables the group quota accounting and limits according to
the policy of administrator.
Example:
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,grpquota 1 1

Explanation

grpquota enables the group quota accounting and limits according to
the policy of administrator.
Example:
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,grpquota 1 1

Submit

7. On a standard Linux system as a normal user, what umask value will cause your file
to be created with the following permissions ?
drwxr-x--- 2 username group 512 Mar 6 11:16 dir1
-rw-r----- 1 username group 0 Mar 6 11:16 file1

In terms of umask, you need to look at things backwards... When you

see a umask of 027 it's the same as a pattern of ----x-xxx, right? Now, since it's a
umask you need to INVERT that to figure out how it turns into an actual
permission string. That makes it xxxx-x---.

Explanation

In terms of umask, you need to look at things backwards... When you

see a umask of 027 it's the same as a pattern of ----x-xxx, right? Now, since it's a
umask you need to INVERT that to figure out how it turns into an actual
permission string. That makes it xxxx-x---.

Submit

8. You work as network administrator at Certkiller .com. A user moved to another
department within Certkiller .com. Which command would you use to change the group
ownership of her files and directories? (fill in the blank - only the command without
arguments or options):

chown command change user and group ownership on file or
directory. Similalrly you can change the group ownership using the chgrp
command.
#chown userowner.groupowner file
#chown -R userowner.groupowner directory : This method is called recursively, it
changes the ownership of directory as well as all the conetents of directory.
#chgrp groupowner filename/directory

Explanation

chown command change user and group ownership on file or
directory. Similalrly you can change the group ownership using the chgrp
command.
#chown userowner.groupowner file
#chown -R userowner.groupowner directory : This method is called recursively, it
changes the ownership of directory as well as all the conetents of directory.
#chgrp groupowner filename/directory

Submit

9. You wish to copy the entire contents of the /dev/hda1 to /dev/hdb1 block by block.
Type in the simplest command that would do this?

dd command , which creates the disk image, the above command
cratest the image of /dev/hda1 and transfer into /dev/hdb1.
Similarly dd if=diskboot.img of=/dev/sda1 : Which creates the image of diskboot.img
and writes into /dev/sda1.

Explanation

dd command , which creates the disk image, the above command
cratest the image of /dev/hda1 and transfer into /dev/hdb1.
Similarly dd if=diskboot.img of=/dev/sda1 : Which creates the image of diskboot.img
and writes into /dev/sda1.

Submit

10. You are the root user of a system, and need to gather quota information about all
users on the system. Type the command along with any options and arguments to
accomplish this.

repquota command displays the quota report of particular filesystem.
#repquota /home : Which reports the information of quota on /home

Explanation

repquota command displays the quota report of particular filesystem.
#repquota /home : Which reports the information of quota on /home

Submit

11. You are building that what will be a busy email and web server. You have plenty of
space on a hardware RAID device. You are concerned about heavy log activity
causing problems. Which directory should you give its own partition?

/var/spool/mail is the user's mail spooling directory and /var/www is
the directory used by the http service. So /var/ shoul in different partitions.

Explanation

/var/spool/mail is the user's mail spooling directory and /var/www is
the directory used by the http service. So /var/ shoul in different partitions.

Submit

12. A file named Certkiller1 is set with the following ownership:
Owner = bla
Group = blub
You want to change this file's ownership to be totally owned by foo and group bar, what
command string will accomplish this?

chown [-hHLPR] [[user]] [:group] target1 [[target2 ..]]

Explanation

chown [-hHLPR] [[user]] [:group] target1 [[target2 ..]]

Submit

13. Which chown command will change the ownership to foo and the
group to bar on a file named biglist?

Chown foo/bar biglist

Chown -u foo -g bar biglist

Chown foo:bar biglist

Chown --user foo --group bar biglist

chown command is used to change the user owner and group owner of
file or directory.
Syntax: chown user:group file/directory
OR
chown user.group file/directory

Explanation

chown command is used to change the user owner and group owner of
file or directory.
Syntax: chown user:group file/directory
OR
chown user.group file/directory

14. What file must be put in the root of a filesystem for quotas to be enabled for users?

aquota.user is the quota information file as well as aquota.group is the
group quota information file, which files required to create in root filesystem.

Explanation

aquota.user is the quota information file as well as aquota.group is the
group quota information file, which files required to create in root filesystem.

Submit

15. To prevent users from being able to fill up the / partition, the _________ directory
should be on a separate partition if possible because it is world writeable.

If you haven't mounted the /var in different partition, it uses the space
from / parititions and /var has the world writable permission means others also can
write the files in /var/ so whenever others creates files it occupied space from /.

Explanation

If you haven't mounted the /var in different partition, it uses the space
from / parititions and /var has the world writable permission means others also can
write the files in /var/ so whenever others creates files it occupied space from /.

Submit

16. Type the command and argument that would cause the default permissions on
newly created files to be set as:
rw- r-- r--

umask is the command which display as well as set the default
permission.
First examine the given permission:
rw- for owner user : 6
r-- : for owner group member :4
r-- : for others: 4
It means total permission is 644
Now to set 644 default permission into file needs to subtract from 666
666
644
022
#umask 022

Explanation

umask is the command which display as well as set the default
permission.
First examine the given permission:
rw- for owner user : 6
r-- : for owner group member :4
r-- : for others: 4
It means total permission is 644
Now to set 644 default permission into file needs to subtract from 666
666
644
022
#umask 022

Submit

17. What does the command mount -a do?

It mounts the floppy disk for all users.

It shows all mounted file systems.

It opens /etc/fstab to edit.

It mounts all file systems listed in /etc/fstab.

mount command lists all mounted file system. -a option is used to
mount all file system written in /etc/fstab.

Explanation

mount command lists all mounted file system. -a option is used to
mount all file system written in /etc/fstab.

18. Before you start creating directories on a newly created file system, what should you do?

Check the base system's umask setting

Check the base system's CMOS setting

Check the base system's init stage setting

Check the base system's process ID setting

According to the technical information available at Linux From
Scratch Ver 3.0, Before we start creating directories, we need to check the base
system's umask setting. To do this, we run umask. The result should be 022. If it
isn't, then run the following command to ensure that the directories will be created
with the correct permissions:
umask 022

Explanation

According to the technical information available at Linux From
Scratch Ver 3.0, Before we start creating directories, we need to check the base
system's umask setting. To do this, we run umask. The result should be 022. If it
isn't, then run the following command to ensure that the directories will be created
with the correct permissions:
umask 022

19. A base Linux system's umask setting should be default to:

022

066

077

211

There are two different default umask value one for root user and
another is for non-root user.
022 umask is for root user and 002 for the non-root user. It is defined globally in
/etc/bashrc file.

Explanation

There are two different default umask value one for root user and
another is for non-root user.
022 umask is for root user and 002 for the non-root user. It is defined globally in
/etc/bashrc file.

20. To allow a regular user account to mount and unmount a filesystem (for instance, a
cdrom or floppy), which option will need to be added to the corresponding line in
/etc/fstab?

Nouidchk

Alluser

User

Auto

Answer C is correct. user options is used to allow an ordinary user to
mount the file system. The name of the mounting user is written to mtab so that
user can unmount the file system again.

Explanation

Answer C is correct. user options is used to allow an ordinary user to
mount the file system. The name of the mounting user is written to mtab so that
user can unmount the file system again.

21. What TWO permissions must a user have in order to run a shell script?

Read

Write

Execute

Browse on the directory

Users cannot run shell scripts

To execute the shell scripts required permission is read and execute.
#chmod a+x test.sh : Which sets the execute permission on test.sh file.

Explanation

To execute the shell scripts required permission is read and execute.
#chmod a+x test.sh : Which sets the execute permission on test.sh file.

Submit

22. After creating a new file, you notice that the permissions of the new
file are -rw-rw-rw-. From this, you know that the value of the umask is
what?

023

000

112

111

223

Files umask value is 6 because normal file created using the text editor
do not have execute permission.
Maximum Permission to file 666
Applied Permission to file 666
Unmask value is -----
000

Explanation

Files umask value is 6 because normal file created using the text editor
do not have execute permission.
Maximum Permission to file 666
Applied Permission to file 666
Unmask value is -----
000

23. How can you generate a report on the disk usage and quotas for all filesystem which
are defined in /etc/mtab to be read-write with quotas?

Quotarep -a

Repquota /dev/hd*

Repquota -a

Quotarep /dev/hd*

repquota prints a summary of the disk usage and quota for the
specified filesystem. For each user the current number of files and amount of space
is printed along with any quotas created with edquota.
Example: repquota /home : whch prints the quota information on /home.

Explanation

repquota prints a summary of the disk usage and quota for the
specified filesystem. For each user the current number of files and amount of space
is printed along with any quotas created with edquota.
Example: repquota /home : whch prints the quota information on /home.

24. If you set the umask to 022, by default what permissions will your files have?

0220

0557

0644

0755

umask is the command which display as well as set the default
permission.
When set the umask 022 then permission on files :
666
022
644
It means rw-r--r-- permission will set on files and
777
022
755
rwxr-xr-x permission will set on directory.

Explanation

umask is the command which display as well as set the default
permission.
When set the umask 022 then permission on files :
666
022
644
It means rw-r--r-- permission will set on files and
777
022
755
rwxr-xr-x permission will set on directory.

25. How can you set the SGID on a file called Certkiller examinator?

Chmod u+s Certkiller examinator

Chmod g+s Certkiller examinator

Chmod o+s Certkiller examinator

Chmod u+t Certkiller examinator

Like files or directories, process also runs under the some ownership.
By default process start under the ownership of executer. Means who is going to
execute the command, process start under the ownership or security context of that
user or group. When SUID or SGID bit is set the executable file, process starts
under the security context of file owner then executer.
#chmod u+s file : which sets SUID bit on file
#chmod u+g file : Which sets SGID bit on file.

Explanation

Like files or directories, process also runs under the some ownership.
By default process start under the ownership of executer. Means who is going to
execute the command, process start under the ownership or security context of that
user or group. When SUID or SGID bit is set the executable file, process starts
under the security context of file owner then executer.
#chmod u+s file : which sets SUID bit on file
#chmod u+g file : Which sets SGID bit on file.

26. When you create a new file, the permissions show as 654. What value is the umask
likely set at?

012

002

123

022

The new permission is 654 to set this permission umask should set:
666
654
012
#umask 012
When set the umask 012 the permission will be 654 on file.

Explanation

The new permission is 654 to set this permission umask should set:
666
654
012
#umask 012
When set the umask 012 the permission will be 654 on file.

27. You are using quota on your system. How can you see disk quota details?

Repquota

Quota -l

Quota

Quotachech

Quota -list

repquota prints a summary of the disk usage and quotas for the
specified file systems. For each user the current number of files and amount of
space (in kilobytes) is printed, along with any quotas created with edquota.
Example : repquota /home à prints the summary of disk usage and other information of
all users.

Explanation

repquota prints a summary of the disk usage and quotas for the
specified file systems. For each user the current number of files and amount of
space (in kilobytes) is printed, along with any quotas created with edquota.
Example : repquota /home à prints the summary of disk usage and other information of
all users.

28. Where is the quota information for users of volume /home stored?

/etc/sysconfig/quota/quota.home.user

/etc/quota/quota.home.user

/home/quota.home.user

/home/quota.user

/home/quota.home.group

Steps of configure the quota
7. mount the partition using usrquota , grpquota option eg
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 1 in fstab then reboot or
remount the filesystem
#mount -o remount /home
8. Create the quota Information file
#touch /home/aquota.user
#touch /home/aquota.group
9. Initialize the quota database
#quotacheck -ug /home
10. Enable the quota
#quotaon -ug /home
11. Apply the quota policy
#edquota -u user1 /home
12. Monitor the quota
#quota username
#repquota /home
aquota.user is the quota information file as well as aquota.group is the group quota
information file.

Explanation

Steps of configure the quota
7. mount the partition using usrquota , grpquota option eg
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 1 in fstab then reboot or
remount the filesystem
#mount -o remount /home
8. Create the quota Information file
#touch /home/aquota.user
#touch /home/aquota.group
9. Initialize the quota database
#quotacheck -ug /home
10. Enable the quota
#quotaon -ug /home
11. Apply the quota policy
#edquota -u user1 /home
12. Monitor the quota
#quota username
#repquota /home
aquota.user is the quota information file as well as aquota.group is the group quota
information file.

29. Which shown command will change the ownership to 'Certkiller' and the group to file 'list'?

Chown Certkiller /users list

Chown -u Certkiller -g users list

Chown Certkiller:users list

Chown -- user Certkiller - group users list

chown [-hHLPR] [[user]] [:group] target1 [[target2 ..]]

Explanation

chown [-hHLPR] [[user]] [:group] target1 [[target2 ..]]

30. Two directories require different quota for file system usage. The /var/mail
directory needs a 20MB quota, and the /home directories require a 40MB quota.
What must be true about these directories?

They must exist on Ext3 partitions

They must be on different drives

They must be on different partitions

They must be mounted by the root user

We can apply the quota policy on per paritions basis. If different
quota policy is required then needs to create the different partitions.

Explanation

We can apply the quota policy on per paritions basis. If different
quota policy is required then needs to create the different partitions.

31. What two things does the /etc/fstab file contain references to?

File Systems

Mount Points

User Options

File System Defaults

File System Permissions

All filesystems written in /etc/fstab mount automatically at boot

time.
Syntax of /etc/fstab:
Device mountpoint filesystem mounting options dump frequency fsck order
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults,acl 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults 1 2
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=/usr /usr ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/var /var ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=SWAP-hda13 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hda14 /test ext3 defaults,acl 0 1
/dev/hda15 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hdd /media/cdrom auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
/dev/hdc /media/cdrecorder auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0

Explanation

All filesystems written in /etc/fstab mount automatically at boot

time.
Syntax of /etc/fstab:
Device mountpoint filesystem mounting options dump frequency fsck order
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults,acl 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults 1 2
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=/usr /usr ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/var /var ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=SWAP-hda13 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hda14 /test ext3 defaults,acl 0 1
/dev/hda15 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hdd /media/cdrom auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
/dev/hdc /media/cdrecorder auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0

Submit

32. Which is a valid /etc/fstab entry

Fs1:/proc /mnt/fs1 nfs defaults 9 9

/mnt/fs1 fs1:/proc nfs defaults 0 0

Fs1:/home /mnt/fs1 nfs defaults 0 0

/mnt/home fs1:/home nfs defaults 0 0

/home:fs1 /mnt/fs1 nfs defaults 0 0

All filesystems written in /etc/fstab mount automatically at boot time.
Syntax of /etc/fstab:
Device mountpoint filesystem mounting options dump frequency fsck order
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults,acl 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults 1 2
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=/usr /usr ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/var /var ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=SWAP-hda13 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hda14 /test ext3 defaults,acl 0 1
/dev/hda15 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hdd /media/cdrom auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
/dev/hdc /media/cdrecorder auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
to mount the nfs shared
Server:shared directory path mountpoint filesystem mounting point dump frequency fsck
order.

Explanation

All filesystems written in /etc/fstab mount automatically at boot time.
Syntax of /etc/fstab:
Device mountpoint filesystem mounting options dump frequency fsck order
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults,acl 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults 1 2
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=/usr /usr ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/var /var ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=SWAP-hda13 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hda14 /test ext3 defaults,acl 0 1
/dev/hda15 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hdd /media/cdrom auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
/dev/hdc /media/cdrecorder auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
to mount the nfs shared
Server:shared directory path mountpoint filesystem mounting point dump frequency fsck
order.

33. You have the following file:
-rwxrwxr-x 1 foo root 0 Feb 23 07:48 /bin/foo
Which of the following commands will change the owner of the file /bin/foo from the
foo user to the bar user without affecting group ownership?

Chown /bin/foo bar

Chown bar /bin/foo

Chown bar.foo /bin/foo

Chown.foo.bar /bin/foo

chown [-hHLPR] [[user]] [:group] target1 [[target2 ..]]

Explanation

chown [-hHLPR] [[user]] [:group] target1 [[target2 ..]]

34. If a file is symlinked to with a link name of file2, and that file is deleted, what
happens to the contents of the file?

The contents still exist, and can be reached with file2

The contents are gone, leaving file2 orphaned

The file can be retrieved with undelete -f file2

File2 is another name to the original, and the contents are still there

The symlink itself is only a pointer to the original file. If that file is deleted the pointer will point at an empty space.

Explanation

The symlink itself is only a pointer to the original file. If that file is deleted the pointer will point at an empty space.

35. Which option must be listed in /etc/fstab to activate user quotas automatically?

Quota

User

Quotaon

Usrquota

To implement quota in partitions, we should mount with usrquota for
user quota, grpquota for group quota.
Example of mounting /home using usrquota and grpquota options.
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 2

Explanation

To implement quota in partitions, we should mount with usrquota for
user quota, grpquota for group quota.
Example of mounting /home using usrquota and grpquota options.
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 2

36. Which entry in /etc/fstab will allow any user to mount and
unmount /dev/cdrom?

/dev/cd rom /cd ro,noauto,unhide, all iso9660 0 0

/dev/cdrom /cd iso9660 ro,noauto,nonroot 0 0

/dev/cdrom /cd iso9660 ro,user,noauto,unhide 0 0

/dev/cdrom /cd iso9669 ro,user,noauto,unhide 0 0

/dev/cdrom /cd iso9660 ro,noauto,defaults 0 0

All filesystems written in /etc/fstab mount automatically at boot time.
Syntax of /etc/fstab:
Device mountpoint filesystem mounting options dump frequency fsck order
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults,acl 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults 1 2
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=/usr /usr ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/var /var ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=SWAP-hda13 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hda14 /test ext3 defaults,acl 0 1

/dev/hda15 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hdd /media/cdrom auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
/dev/hdc /media/cdrecorder auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
user : allow a user to mount
Owner : allow device owner to mount
Pamconsole : allow a user at the console to mount

Explanation

All filesystems written in /etc/fstab mount automatically at boot time.
Syntax of /etc/fstab:
Device mountpoint filesystem mounting options dump frequency fsck order
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults,acl 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults 1 2
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
none /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
LABEL=/usr /usr ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/var /var ext3 defaults 1 2
LABEL=SWAP-hda13 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hda14 /test ext3 defaults,acl 0 1

/dev/hda15 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hdd /media/cdrom auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
/dev/hdc /media/cdrecorder auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
user : allow a user to mount
Owner : allow device owner to mount
Pamconsole : allow a user at the console to mount

37. A user named Certkiller needs to execute a system script file. What rights do the
user need to execute a script file?

Read, Write and Execute for all

Execute only for user

Read-only for user, Execute for group

Read and Execute in the same permission set

rwx for everyone is a bit overkill, execute only will not be enough as
you can't access the file in that case. Read only for user will prohibit you from
executing it. So in the end you need both Read and Execute permission in the same
permission set.

Explanation

rwx for everyone is a bit overkill, execute only will not be enough as
you can't access the file in that case. Read only for user will prohibit you from
executing it. So in the end you need both Read and Execute permission in the same
permission set.

38. When you create a new directory, you see the permissions are set to 600. What
umask value would cause this to happen?

177

066

244

155

333

The new permission is 600, to set this permission umask should set:
777
-600
177
# umask 177
When umask set 177 the permission on directory will be 600.

Explanation

The new permission is 600, to set this permission umask should set:
777
-600
177
# umask 177
When umask set 177 the permission on directory will be 600.

39. Which command will print out the attributes of the file foobar?

Ls --attr foobar

Lsattr foobar

Printattr foobar

Fileattr foobar

lsattr - list file attributes on a Linux second extended file system

Explanation

lsattr - list file attributes on a Linux second extended file system

40. What is the proper option to put in /etc/fstab to enable user quotas for particular partition?

Usrquoata

Userquota

Userquoatas

Usrquotas

Usrquota enables the user quota accounting and limits according to the policy of
administrator.
Example:
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,usrquota 1 1

Explanation

Usrquota enables the user quota accounting and limits according to the policy of
administrator.
Example:
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,usrquota 1 1

41. Which of the following commands is run last during boot on a system
With quotas enabled?

Fsck

Mount

Quotacheck

Quotaon

quotaon announces to the system that disk quotas should be enabled
on one or more filesystems. The filesystem quota files must be present in the root
directory of the specified filesystem and be named either aquota.user (for version 2
user quota), quota.user (for version 1 user quota), aquota.group (for version 2
group quota), or quota.group (for version 1 group quota).

Explanation

quotaon announces to the system that disk quotas should be enabled
on one or more filesystems. The filesystem quota files must be present in the root
directory of the specified filesystem and be named either aquota.user (for version 2
user quota), quota.user (for version 1 user quota), aquota.group (for version 2
group quota), or quota.group (for version 1 group quota).

42. What would the following line accomplish if run as root?
chown -R bert /home/bert/*

Nothing, this command is invalid.

It would rovoke bert's ownership of all files in /home/bert to bert.

It would change user ownership of all files in /home/bert to bert.

It would set the group ownership of the directory /home/bert to bert

It would set ownership of all files and subdirectories in /home/bert to bert

-R Recursively change file user and group IDs. For each file operand that names a
directory, chown shall change the user ID (and group ID, if specified) of the directory
and all files in the file hierarchy below it. Unless a -H, -L, or -P option is specified, it is
unspecified which of these options will be used as the default.

Explanation

-R Recursively change file user and group IDs. For each file operand that names a
directory, chown shall change the user ID (and group ID, if specified) of the directory
and all files in the file hierarchy below it. Unless a -H, -L, or -P option is specified, it is
unspecified which of these options will be used as the default.

43. What are the default permissions for the Red Hat /etc/passwd file?

644

640

400

641

440

Default permission of /etc/passwd file in redhat enterprise linux is 644.
-rw-r--r-1 root root 3530 Aug 29 12:43 /etc/passwd

Explanation

Default permission of /etc/passwd file in redhat enterprise linux is 644.
-rw-r--r-1 root root 3530 Aug 29 12:43 /etc/passwd

44. Your unmask is set to 002. If you create a new file, what will the permission of the
new file be?

-rw-rw-r--

Rwxrwx-w-

------w-

Rwxrwxr-x

The given correct answer is "-rw-rw-r--". In UNIX/Linux systems, file permissions are represented by a 10-character string. The first character represents the file type, in this case, a regular file denoted by "-". The next three characters "rw-" indicate that the owner of the file has read and write permissions. The following three characters "rw-" indicate that the group members have read and write permissions. The last three characters "r--" indicate that others have only read permission. Therefore, if the unmask is set to 002, the new file will have permissions -rw-rw-r--.

Explanation

The given correct answer is "-rw-rw-r--". In UNIX/Linux systems, file permissions are represented by a 10-character string. The first character represents the file type, in this case, a regular file denoted by "-". The next three characters "rw-" indicate that the owner of the file has read and write permissions. The following three characters "rw-" indicate that the group members have read and write permissions. The last three characters "r--" indicate that others have only read permission. Therefore, if the unmask is set to 002, the new file will have permissions -rw-rw-r--.

45. Which of the following commands makes /bin/foo executable by everyone but only
writable by its owner?

Chmod 557 /bin/foo

Chmod o +rwx, a+rx /bin/foo

Chown 557 /bin/foo

Chmod 755 /bin/foo

chmod 755 ecuals xxx x-x x-x meaning rwx, rx, rx.

Explanation

chmod 755 ecuals xxx x-x x-x meaning rwx, rx, rx.

46. On boot you see an error message indicating that line 18 of /etc/fstab
is bad. Looking at it shows:
/dev/fdO /mnt/ floppy auto auto, user 0 0
Why is there an error?

Auto is not allowed in the third field for rernoveable media.

Auto in the fourth field cannot be used for removeable media.

The fifth field must be 1 for removeable media.

The sixth field must be 1 for removeable media

Here is the line of /etc/fstab
/dev/fd0 /media/floppy auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
auto filesystem is used for removable media so it can't use in mounting option. So
Answer B is correct.

Explanation

Here is the line of /etc/fstab
/dev/fd0 /media/floppy auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
auto filesystem is used for removable media so it can't use in mounting option. So
Answer B is correct.

47. You have just added a CD-ROM drive (/dev/hdd) to your system and have added it
to your fstab. Typically you can use which of the following commands to mount
media in that drive to /mnt/cdrom?

Mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom

Mount /dev/cdrom

Mount -t cdrom /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom

Mount /mnt/cdrom

Automount /mnt/hdd /mnt/cdrom

/mnt/cdrom or /media/cdrom is the mount point for cdrom specified in /etc/fstab.
/dev/hdd /media/cdrom auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
/dev/hdc /media/cdrecorder auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
So we need to mount just typing mount /media/cdrom command.

Explanation

/mnt/cdrom or /media/cdrom is the mount point for cdrom specified in /etc/fstab.
/dev/hdd /media/cdrom auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
/dev/hdc /media/cdrecorder auto pamconsole,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
So we need to mount just typing mount /media/cdrom command.

48. You changed umask to prevent access to your files by others. Now
you realize that another user has read a document that you wrote 2
weeks ago. Which of the following statements is correct?

You forgot a umask option

You had to delete all older files.

You forgot to use chmod.

You have to reboot.

umask command is used to set the default permission to new file or
directory. It will not change the permission of already created files/directories.
To change the Permission of already created files/directories, should chmod command.

Explanation

umask command is used to set the default permission to new file or
directory. It will not change the permission of already created files/directories.
To change the Permission of already created files/directories, should chmod command.

49. What are the default permissions on the Red Hat /etc/shadow file?

644

600

400

444

640

The default permission of /etc/shadow file in Redhat Enterprise Linux
is 400 means only the root user can read the file.
-r--------1 root root 3530 Aug 29 12:43 /etc/passwd

Explanation

The default permission of /etc/shadow file in Redhat Enterprise Linux
is 400 means only the root user can read the file.
-r--------1 root root 3530 Aug 29 12:43 /etc/passwd

50. Which of the following commands will list the quota for the user foobar?

Repquota foobar

Quota foobar

Lsquota foobar

Printquota foobar

quota - display disk usage and limits. Quota displays user's disk usage
and limits. By default only the user quotas are printed.
Either quota -u username
Or
quota username
To display group quota:
quota -g groupname

Explanation

quota - display disk usage and limits. Quota displays user's disk usage
and limits. By default only the user quotas are printed.
Either quota -u username
Or
quota username
To display group quota:
quota -g groupname

51. You need to alter the permissions on the directory /home/mrbill and all it's
contents to match the following permissions.
drwxr--r--
Which of these commands with options and arguments will accomplish this? Choose
two.

Chmod 0744 /home/mrbill -R

Chmod 744 /home/mrbill/*

Chmod -R u=rwx,g=r,o=r /home/mrbill

Chmod u+rwx,g+r,o+r /home/mrbill

We can change the permission of file or directory using the chmod
command either using sumbolic method or numeric method.
Permission categories
u : Owner user
g : Owner Group
o : others
a : all
Permission types:
r : Read only : Numeric Value 4
w : Write : Numeric Value 2
x : Execute : Numeric Value 1
#chmod g+rwx filename : Which sets the read, write and execute permission to owner
group member on file.
#chmod 777 filename : Which sets the read, write and execute permission to all
-R option is called recursive, when you use this option in directory it changes the
permission to all the contents of directory.

Explanation

We can change the permission of file or directory using the chmod
command either using sumbolic method or numeric method.
Permission categories
u : Owner user
g : Owner Group
o : others
a : all
Permission types:
r : Read only : Numeric Value 4
w : Write : Numeric Value 2
x : Execute : Numeric Value 1
#chmod g+rwx filename : Which sets the read, write and execute permission to owner
group member on file.
#chmod 777 filename : Which sets the read, write and execute permission to all
-R option is called recursive, when you use this option in directory it changes the
permission to all the contents of directory.

Submit

52. In which file are you likely to find the global setting for the umask and ulimit?

/etc/profile

/etc/bashrc

/etc/bash_profile

~/.bashrc

~/.bash_profile

Default umask is specified in /etc/bashrc file for root user and
non-root user. For root user 022 is the default umask and 002 is for the non-root
user.

Explanation

Default umask is specified in /etc/bashrc file for root user and
non-root user. For root user 022 is the default umask and 002 is for the non-root
user.

53. You want to configure user quotas for the /home filesystem. You've installed the
quota packages. What else needs to be done to enable the filesystem's quotas?
Choose all that apply.

Add usrquota to the /etc/fstab options column

Run the quotaon command

Run the quotacheck -avug command

Edit the user's quota settings

Remount the file system

Steps of configure the quota
1. mount the partition using usrquota , grpquota option eg
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 1 in fstab then reboot or
remount the filesystem
#mount -o remount /home
2. Create the quota Information file
#touch /home/aquota.user
#touch /home/aquota.group
3. Initialize the quota database
#quotacheck -ug /home
4. Enable the quota
#quotaon -ug /home
5. Apply the quota policy
#edquota -u user1 /home
6. Monitor the quota
#quota username
#repquota /home

Explanation

Steps of configure the quota
1. mount the partition using usrquota , grpquota option eg
LABEL=/home /home ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 1 in fstab then reboot or
remount the filesystem
#mount -o remount /home
2. Create the quota Information file
#touch /home/aquota.user
#touch /home/aquota.group
3. Initialize the quota database
#quotacheck -ug /home
4. Enable the quota
#quotaon -ug /home
5. Apply the quota policy
#edquota -u user1 /home
6. Monitor the quota
#quota username
#repquota /home

Submit

54. What is the purpose of setting the SUID? Choose all that apply.

Allows any user to run a executable program with the permissions of the owner of the program

Allows any user to run a program with the permissions of the group of the program

Everyone can edit the files that are created but only root and owner can delete them.

To keep programs that are needed constantly in non-swappable RAM

To cause a program opened in one X virtual pane to follow the user's focus to other panes

Like files or directories, process also runs under the some ownership.
By default process start under the ownership of executer. Means who is going to
execute the command, process start under the ownership or security context of that
user or group. When SUID or SGID bit is set the executable file, process starts
under the security context of file owner then executer.
#chmod u+s file : which sets SUID bit on file
#chmod u+g file : Which sets SGID bit on file.

Explanation

Like files or directories, process also runs under the some ownership.
By default process start under the ownership of executer. Means who is going to
execute the command, process start under the ownership or security context of that
user or group. When SUID or SGID bit is set the executable file, process starts
under the security context of file owner then executer.
#chmod u+s file : which sets SUID bit on file
#chmod u+g file : Which sets SGID bit on file.

Submit

55. You want the default permissions for your files to be -rw-r----- .
HOW must you set umask?

037

640

038

027

Total Permission 777
New Permission to set 740
Total Difference 037
umask 037 should set.

Explanation

Total Permission 777
New Permission to set 740
Total Difference 037
umask 037 should set.