Linux LPI 117-101 # 7 of 9

1. To change the priority of a running process, you use the _____ command. (Specify
command only with no options)

Renice alters the scheduling priority of one or more running
processes.
Example: # renice -20 -p 3042 : Which sets the -20 priority to process having 3042 PID.

Explanation

Renice alters the scheduling priority of one or more running
processes.
Example: # renice -20 -p 3042 : Which sets the -20 priority to process having 3042 PID.

Submit

2. What program would you use to increase or decrease the priority of a command
before it is executed?

nice command helps to run the command by setting different priority.
#nice -n -20 find / -size +1024k
Which runs the find command by setting priority value -20.

Explanation

nice command helps to run the command by setting different priority.
#nice -n -20 find / -size +1024k
Which runs the find command by setting priority value -20.

Submit

3. What command could be used to get a hierarchical view of all the processes running
on the system without requiring your to provide any switches or options?

The top programs provides a dynamic real-time view of running
system. It can display system summary information as well as a list of tasks
currently being managed by the linux kernel.

Explanation

The top programs provides a dynamic real-time view of running
system. It can display system summary information as well as a list of tasks
currently being managed by the linux kernel.

Submit

4. You wish to list all files within your current working directory that are of the type
ASCII, showing just a single line for each of those files. Type in the command string
that would accomplish this.

file command determines the type of file,
#file filename
File type can be ASCI, directory, HTML file etc.
# file * | grep ASCII : Displays the all ASCII files

Explanation

file command determines the type of file,
#file filename
File type can be ASCI, directory, HTML file etc.
# file * | grep ASCII : Displays the all ASCII files

Submit

5. You wish to match instances of the word 'Many' that are at the begining of a line in
the vi editor. What is the key combination to do this? Include the character to
indicate a search in VI, and type the command as if you were in Command Mode in
VI.

In vi Editory we can search any pattern in forward directory using /
and backward direction using ?. As well as can use different string processing
symbols.
Whildcard Charaacter:
. àAny Single Character
* àzero or more character
[abc] àAny Single Character from the range
[^abc] àAny Single Character except from the range
Similarly Anchors
^ àLine beigns with
$ àLine ends with
\ \> àWord ends with
So /^Many search all lines beginning by Many word.

Explanation

In vi Editory we can search any pattern in forward directory using /
and backward direction using ?. As well as can use different string processing
symbols.
Whildcard Charaacter:
. àAny Single Character
* àzero or more character
[abc] àAny Single Character from the range
[^abc] àAny Single Character except from the range
Similarly Anchors
^ àLine beigns with
$ àLine ends with
\ \> àWord ends with
So /^Many search all lines beginning by Many word.

Submit

6. You wish to match the character string v2.1 v2.2 v2.3 through to v2.9 within VI.
Type the search string to achieve this.

In vi Editory we can search any pattern in forward directory using /
and backward direction using ?. As well as can use different string processing
symbols.
Whildcard Charaacter:
. àAny Single Character
* àzero or more character
[abc] àAny Single Character from the range
[^abc] àAny Single Character except from the range
Similarly Anchors
^ àLine beigns with
$ àLine ends with
\ \> àWord ends with

Explanation

In vi Editory we can search any pattern in forward directory using /
and backward direction using ?. As well as can use different string processing
symbols.
Whildcard Charaacter:
. àAny Single Character
* àzero or more character
[abc] àAny Single Character from the range
[^abc] àAny Single Character except from the range
Similarly Anchors
^ àLine beigns with
$ àLine ends with
\ \> àWord ends with

Submit

8. You wish to edit the file 'mytextfile' with the VI editor and search for the string
' Certkiller '. Type in the command line to open the file and highlight the first instance
of Certkiller , (and any others).

To search in vi editor:
/ à Search in Forward Directtion
? à Search in Backward Direction
n à find Next in forward Direction
Nà Find Next in previous Direction
So vi +/ Certkiller mytextfile will search the Certkiller in mytextfile.

Explanation

To search in vi editor:
/ à Search in Forward Directtion
? à Search in Backward Direction
n à find Next in forward Direction
Nà Find Next in previous Direction
So vi +/ Certkiller mytextfile will search the Certkiller in mytextfile.

Submit

10. You wish to search for lines in VI that end with the string ' Certkiller ' Input the
keystrokes to achive this, including the vi search character.

In vi Editory we can search any pattern in forward directory using /
and backward direction using ?. As well as can use different string processing
symbols.
Wildcard Character:
. àAny Single Character
* àzero or more character
[abc] àAny Single Character from the range
[^abc] àAny Single Character except from the range
Similarly Anchors
^ àLine beigns with
$ àLine ends with
\ \> àWord ends with
$ symbol is used to search the pattern ended the lines with.

Explanation

In vi Editory we can search any pattern in forward directory using /
and backward direction using ?. As well as can use different string processing
symbols.
Wildcard Character:
. àAny Single Character
* àzero or more character
[abc] àAny Single Character from the range
[^abc] àAny Single Character except from the range
Similarly Anchors
^ àLine beigns with
$ àLine ends with
\ \> àWord ends with
$ symbol is used to search the pattern ended the lines with.

Submit

11. Type in the command line that will display the partitions on just the Secondary
Slave drive in your system.

fdisk is the partition management tool use to create, format, delete the
partitions. fdisk -l /dev/hda displays the all partitions created in /dev/hda

Explanation

fdisk is the partition management tool use to create, format, delete the
partitions. fdisk -l /dev/hda displays the all partitions created in /dev/hda

Submit

12. Type the full command line to begin partitioning the second SCSI drive on your
system using the most common disk partitioning tool.

Device Name Convention
IDE Disk:
Primary Master: /dev/had
Primary Slave: /dev/hdb
Secondary Master: /dev/hdc
Secondary Slave: /dev/hdd
SCSI Disk:
/dev/sda
/dev/sdb
fdisk is the disk management tool use to create, delete the partitions.
#fdisk -l : Displays all partitions
#fdisk -l /dev/hda : Displays all partitions created in /dev/had
#fdisk /dev/hda : fdisk mode can create partition on hda
#fdisk /dev/sdb : fdisk mode can create partition on /dev/sdb

Explanation

Device Name Convention
IDE Disk:
Primary Master: /dev/had
Primary Slave: /dev/hdb
Secondary Master: /dev/hdc
Secondary Slave: /dev/hdd
SCSI Disk:
/dev/sda
/dev/sdb
fdisk is the disk management tool use to create, delete the partitions.
#fdisk -l : Displays all partitions
#fdisk -l /dev/hda : Displays all partitions created in /dev/had
#fdisk /dev/hda : fdisk mode can create partition on hda
#fdisk /dev/sdb : fdisk mode can create partition on /dev/sdb

Submit

13. Which command (without options) would you use to display how much space is
available on all partitions?

df displays the amount of disk space available on the filesystem
containing each file name argument. If no file name is given, the space available on
all currently mounted filesystems is shown.
# df -h : Disk free space in human readable format.

Explanation

df displays the amount of disk space available on the filesystem
containing each file name argument. If no file name is given, the space available on
all currently mounted filesystems is shown.
# df -h : Disk free space in human readable format.

Submit

14. You are preparing to mount a new ext3 partition.
What command would you use to check the filesystem for errors before mounting it?
(Include only the command without path, options, or arguments)

e2fsck is used to check alinux second extended file system as well

as
third extended file jystem (containing journal in ext2 filesystem). After the

journal
has been applied a filesystem will normally be marked as clean. Hence, for ext3

filesystems, e2fsck will normally run the journal and exit, unless its superblock
indicates that further checking is required.

Explanation

e2fsck is used to check alinux second extended file system as well

as
third extended file jystem (containing journal in ext2 filesystem). After the

journal
has been applied a filesystem will normally be marked as clean. Hence, for ext3

filesystems, e2fsck will normally run the journal and exit, unless its superblock
indicates that further checking is required.

Submit

15. What utility is used to verify the integrity of a filesystem? (Do not specify
path or parameters)

fsck checks and repair the Linux File system. While checking the
filesystem it returns the error code
0 : No Errors
1 : File System Errors corrected
2 : System should be rebooted
4 : File system errors left uncorrected
8 : Operational error
16 : Usage or Syntax error
32 : Fsck canceled by user request
# fsck /dev/hda1 : It will check the filesystem error of /dev/hda1

Explanation

fsck checks and repair the Linux File system. While checking the
filesystem it returns the error code
0 : No Errors
1 : File System Errors corrected
2 : System should be rebooted
4 : File system errors left uncorrected
8 : Operational error
16 : Usage or Syntax error
32 : Fsck canceled by user request
# fsck /dev/hda1 : It will check the filesystem error of /dev/hda1

Submit

16. What command should you use to create an ext2 file system:

According to the technical information available at Linux From
Scratch Ver 3.0, To create an ext2 file system, use the mke2fs command. The LFS
partition is used as the only option to the command and the file system is

created.
mke2fs /dev/xxx
Replace "xxx" by the partition's designation (like hda11).

Explanation

According to the technical information available at Linux From
Scratch Ver 3.0, To create an ext2 file system, use the mke2fs command. The LFS
partition is used as the only option to the command and the file system is

created.
mke2fs /dev/xxx
Replace "xxx" by the partition's designation (like hda11).

Submit

17. You are experiencing errors and strange occurrences on an Ext2 filesystem, and
want to debug it's operations. Type just the command that will most directly accomplish this.

degubfs program is an interactive file system debugger. It can be

used
to examine and change the state of an ext2 filesystem.

Explanation

degubfs program is an interactive file system debugger. It can be

used
to examine and change the state of an ext2 filesystem.

Submit

18. Which of the following syslog identifiers represents the highest priority?

Info

Warning

Notice

the standard syslog levels are (in descending order of priority): emerg,
alert, crit, err, warning, notice, info, debug

Explanation

the standard syslog levels are (in descending order of priority): emerg,
alert, crit, err, warning, notice, info, debug

19. Using vi, you want to save changes to the file myfile with :w!, but vi complains it
cannot write to the file. Therefore, you want to check the write permissions on the
file. To do this without leaving vi, you type:

:!ls -l myfile

:\ls -l myfile

Esc :ls -l myfile

:?ls -l myfile

A is correct because if you want to execute the bash commands on vi
editor, use :!command . If you want to list the details of specified files, use :!ls -l
filename. Similarly to display the date use :!date. To write the output of command
in opened file in vi editor use !!date, !!ls -l etc.

Explanation

A is correct because if you want to execute the bash commands on vi
editor, use :!command . If you want to list the details of specified files, use :!ls -l
filename. Similarly to display the date use :!date. To write the output of command
in opened file in vi editor use !!date, !!ls -l etc.

Submit

21. Which of the following commands will print the inode usage on each
mounted filesystem?

Du -i

Df -i

Lsfs -i

Printfs -i

Explanation Report filesystem disk space usage.
df -i list inode information instead of block usage.

Explanation

Explanation Report filesystem disk space usage.
df -i list inode information instead of block usage.

22. You run following commands:
           [user@prompt]$ nice -n 1 program1
           [user@prompt]$ nice -n 5 program2
           [user@prompt]$ nice -n 10 program3
           Which of the program started will have the highest priority?

Program 1

Program 2

Program 3

hen process start, it start with default priority value of 0, Priority
value can be -20 (which is highest ) to 19 (which is lowest). So Answer A is correct.

Explanation

hen process start, it start with default priority value of 0, Priority
value can be -20 (which is highest ) to 19 (which is lowest). So Answer A is correct.

23. Which command would you use to change the priority of a running process?

Renice

Nice

Kill

Pstree

Killall

Renice alters the scheduling priority of one or more running
processes.
Example: # renice -20 -p 3042 : Which sets the -20 priority to process having 3042 PID.

Explanation

Renice alters the scheduling priority of one or more running
processes.
Example: # renice -20 -p 3042 : Which sets the -20 priority to process having 3042 PID.

24. Which of the following syslog identifiers represents the highest priority?

Notice

Warning

Error

Critical

critical represents the highest priority of any facility.
mail.info : Lowest priority
mail.critical : Highest priority of facilitiy.

Explanation

critical represents the highest priority of any facility.
mail.info : Lowest priority
mail.critical : Highest priority of facilitiy.

25. You run the following commands:
           [user@prompt]$ nice -n 1 program1
           [user@prompt]$ nice -n 5 program2
           [user@prompt]$ nice -n 10 program3
           Which of the program started will have the highest priority?

Program1

Program2

Program3

When process start, it start with default priority value of 0, Priority
value can be -20 (which is highest ) to 19 (which is lowest). So Answer A is correct.

Explanation

When process start, it start with default priority value of 0, Priority
value can be -20 (which is highest ) to 19 (which is lowest). So Answer A is correct.

26. You want to search the file myfile for all occurances of string containing at least five
characters, where character number 2 and 5 are 'a' and character number 3 is NOT
'b'. Which command would you use?

Grep a*^b*a myfile

Grep .a[^b].a myfile

Grep .[a].*.[a] myfile

Grep .a*^b..a myfile

grep, sed, tail, head, less, sort, cut etc are string processing tools,
which uses different symbls to match the pattern.
Whildcard Charaacter:
. àAny Single Character
* àzero or more character
[abc] àAny Single Character from the range
[^abc] àAny Single Character except from the range
Similarly Anchors
^ àLine beigns with
$ àLine ends with
\ \> àWord ends with

Explanation

grep, sed, tail, head, less, sort, cut etc are string processing tools,
which uses different symbls to match the pattern.
Whildcard Charaacter:
. àAny Single Character
* àzero or more character
[abc] àAny Single Character from the range
[^abc] àAny Single Character except from the range
Similarly Anchors
^ àLine beigns with
$ àLine ends with
\ \> àWord ends with

27. You have created a really long letter and after you are done you notice that you
used the name "Bob" many times but you forgot to capitalize it in many instances.
Which command would replace "bob" with "Bob" in all instances and generate a
new letter for printing?

Sed '/bob/Bob' letter > newletter

Sed s/bob/Bob/ leter < newletter

Sed 's/bob/Bob/' letter> newletter

Sed 's/bob, Bob/' letter > newletter

sed is called the stream editor command, which is used to find and
replace the string pattern.
Example:
#sed 's/cat/dog/' testfile >testfile1 : Which replace the cat to dog from testfile and redirect
the output into testfile1 file.
Similaly Answer C is correct.

Explanation

sed is called the stream editor command, which is used to find and
replace the string pattern.
Example:
#sed 's/cat/dog/' testfile >testfile1 : Which replace the cat to dog from testfile and redirect
the output into testfile1 file.
Similaly Answer C is correct.

28. Which of the following commands would display the lines containing capital letters
form the file "turkey.txt"?

Cat turkey.txt|wc -|

Grep -n [A-Z] turkey.txt

Cat turkey.txt|wc -w [A-Z]

Grep -v [A-Z] < turkey.txt

For [A-Z] in turkey.txt | count

grep, sed, tail, head, less, sort, cut etc are string processing tools,
which uses different symbls to match the pattern.
Whildcard Charaacter:
. àAny Single Character
* àzero or more character
[abc] àAny Single Character from the range
[^abc] àAny Single Character except from the range
Similarly Anchors
^ àLine beigns with
$ àLine ends with
\ \> àWord ends with

Explanation

grep, sed, tail, head, less, sort, cut etc are string processing tools,
which uses different symbls to match the pattern.
Whildcard Charaacter:
. àAny Single Character
* àzero or more character
[abc] àAny Single Character from the range
[^abc] àAny Single Character except from the range
Similarly Anchors
^ àLine beigns with
$ àLine ends with
\ \> àWord ends with

29. Which of the following syslog identifiers represents the highest priority?

Alert

Error

Critical

Emerg

the standard syslog levels are (in descending order of priority): emerg,
alert, crit, err, warning, notice, info, debug

Explanation

the standard syslog levels are (in descending order of priority): emerg,
alert, crit, err, warning, notice, info, debug

30. How can you print an entire file to standard output?

Printfile

Cat

Ls

Pr2stdout

Cat allows you to look, modify or combine a file. The ls command will
list the files and directories within the current working directory (the directory you
are currently in). Pr2stdout does not exist.

Explanation

Cat allows you to look, modify or combine a file. The ls command will
list the files and directories within the current working directory (the directory you
are currently in). Pr2stdout does not exist.

31. Which of the following syslog identifiers represents the highest priority?

Alert

Error

Critical

Emerg

critical represents the highest priority of any facility.
mail.info : Lowest priority
mail.critical : Highest priority of facilitiy.

Explanation

critical represents the highest priority of any facility.
mail.info : Lowest priority
mail.critical : Highest priority of facilitiy.

32. Which command will show the number of free and used inodes for your system's
mounted file systems?

Du -i

Df -i

Ls -iR /

Freeinodes

df - report file system disk space usage
-i, --inodes, list inode information instead of block usage

Explanation

df - report file system disk space usage
-i, --inodes, list inode information instead of block usage

33. What command with options will show the currently mounted filesystems usage in
kilobytes?

Df -k

Df -h

Du -k

Du -h

Du -s

df displays the amount of disk space available on the filesystem
containing each file name argument. If no file name is given, the space available

on
all currently mounted filesystems is shown.
# df -k : Disk free space in kilobytes.

Explanation

df displays the amount of disk space available on the filesystem
containing each file name argument. If no file name is given, the space available

on
all currently mounted filesystems is shown.
# df -k : Disk free space in kilobytes.

34. In the vi editor, which of the following commands will delete the
current line at the cursor and the 16 lines following it (17 lines total)?

17d

17dd

17x

D17d

16d

dd option is used to delete the current line. To delete more than one
line, we should pass the number of lines from current line.

Explanation

dd option is used to delete the current line. To delete more than one
line, we should pass the number of lines from current line.

35. What steps need to be performed, to make a new disk accessible to users? Select three.

Fdisk

Mkfs

Mount

Stat

Quotaon

One large disks convert into multiple small paritions using fdisk,
sfdisk, GNU parted etc tools. After creating the small partitions needs to create the
filesystem into the partitions. After creating the filesystem needs to mount on
directory only after user can use the partition.

Explanation

One large disks convert into multiple small paritions using fdisk,
sfdisk, GNU parted etc tools. After creating the small partitions needs to create the
filesystem into the partitions. After creating the filesystem needs to mount on
directory only after user can use the partition.

Submit

36. What command with switches will display the disk utilization for all mounted file systems?

Df

Vmstat

Du

Top

Free

df displays the amount of disk space available on the filesystem containing each file name argument. If no file name is given, the space available on all currently mounted filesystems is shown.
# df -h : Disk free space in human readable format.

Explanation

df displays the amount of disk space available on the filesystem containing each file name argument. If no file name is given, the space available on all currently mounted filesystems is shown.
# df -h : Disk free space in human readable format.

37. You want to save vi changes to the file myfile with :w!, but vi complains it can not
write to the file. Therefore, you want to check the write permissions on the file. To
do this without leaving vi, you type:

:!ls -l myfile

:\ls -l myfile

Esc :ls -l myfile

:?ls -l myfile

You can execute the external commands in vi editor using :! command
Example: :!ls -l à displays all contents of current directory.

Explanation

You can execute the external commands in vi editor using :! command
Example: :!ls -l à displays all contents of current directory.

38. How many inodes are assigned to a file when it is created?

1

2

4

8

One inode is assigned to one file. You can see by using ls -i or stat
filename.

Explanation

One inode is assigned to one file. You can see by using ls -i or stat
filename.

39. Which of the following Linux filesysterns pre-allocates a fixed
number of inodes at filesysterns make/creation time, and does NOT
generate them as needed?

Ext3

Jfs

Reiserfs

Xfs

What are the advantages of ext3?Why do you want to migrate from ext2 to ext3? Four
main reasons: availability, data integrity, speed, and easy transition.
Availability
After an unclean system shutdown (unexpected power failure, system crash), each ext2
file system cannot be mounted until its consistency has been checked by the e2fsck
program. The amount of time that the e2fsck program takes is determined primarily by
the size of the file system, and for today's relatively large (many tens of gigabytes) file
systems, this takes a long time. Also, the more files you have on the file system, the
longer the consistency check takes. File systems that are several hundreds of gigabytes in
size may take an hour or more to check. This severely limits availability.
By contrast, ext3 does not require a file system check, even after an unclean system
shutdown, except for certain rare hardware failure cases (e.g. hard drive failures). This is
because the data is written to disk in such a way that the file system is always consistent.
The time to recover an ext3 file system after an unclean system shutdown does not
depend on the size of the file system or the number of files; rather, it depends on the size
of the "journal" used to maintain consistency. The default journal size takes about a
second to recover (depending on the speed of the hardware).
Data Integrity
Using the ext3 file system can provide stronger guarantees about data integrity in case of
an unclean system shutdown. You choose the type and level of protection that your data
receives. You can choose to keep the file system consistent, but allow for damage to data
on the file system in the case of unclean system shutdown; this can give a modest speed
up under some but not all circumstances. Alternatively, you can choose to ensure that the
data is consistent with the state of the file system; this means that you will never see
garbage data in recently-written files after a crash. The safe choice, keeping the data
consistent with the state of the file system, is the default.
Speed
Despite writing some data more than once, ext3 is often faster (higher throughput) than
ext2 because ext3's journaling optimizes hard drive head motion. You can choose from
three journaling modes to optimize speed, optionally choosing to trade off some data
integrity.
1. One mode, data=writeback, limits the data integrity guarantees, allowing old data to
show up in files after a crash, for a potential increase in speed under some circumstances.
(This mode, which is the default journaling mode for most journaling file systems,
essentially provides the more limited data integrity guarantees of the ext2 file system and
merely avoids the long file system check at boot time.)
2. The second mode, data=ordered (the default mode), guarantees that the data is
consistent with the file system; recently-written files will never show up with garbage
contents after a crash.

3. The last mode, data=journal, requires a larger journal for reasonable speed in most
cases and therefore takes longer to recover in case of unclean shutdown, but is sometimes
faster for certain database operations.
The default mode is recommended for general-purpose computing needs. To change the
mode, add the data=something option to the mount options for that file system in the
/etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount).
Easy Transition
It is easy to change from ext2 to ext3 and gain the benefits of a robust journaling file
system, without reformatting. That's right, there is no need to do a long, tedious, and
error-prone backup-reformat-restore operation in order to experience the advantages of
ext3. There are two ways to perform the transition:
1. The Red Hat Linux installation program offers to transition your file systems when
you upgrade your system. All you have to do is select one checkbox per file system.
The tune2fs program can add a journal to an existing ext2 file system. If the file system is
already mounted while it is being transitioned, the journal will be visible as the file
.journal in the root directory of the file system. If the file system is not mounted, the
journal will be hidden and will not appear in the file system. Just run tune2fs -j /dev/hda1
(or whatever device holds the file system you are transitioning) and change ext2 to ext3
on the matching lines in /etc/fstab. If you are transitioning your root file system, you will
have to use an initrd to boot. Run the
mkinitrd program as described in the manual and make sure that your LILO or GRUB
configuration loads the initrd. (If you fail to make that change, the system will still boot,
but the root file system will be mounted as ext2 instead of ext3 - you can tell this by
looking at the output of the command cat

Explanation

What are the advantages of ext3?Why do you want to migrate from ext2 to ext3? Four
main reasons: availability, data integrity, speed, and easy transition.
Availability
After an unclean system shutdown (unexpected power failure, system crash), each ext2
file system cannot be mounted until its consistency has been checked by the e2fsck
program. The amount of time that the e2fsck program takes is determined primarily by
the size of the file system, and for today's relatively large (many tens of gigabytes) file
systems, this takes a long time. Also, the more files you have on the file system, the
longer the consistency check takes. File systems that are several hundreds of gigabytes in
size may take an hour or more to check. This severely limits availability.
By contrast, ext3 does not require a file system check, even after an unclean system
shutdown, except for certain rare hardware failure cases (e.g. hard drive failures). This is
because the data is written to disk in such a way that the file system is always consistent.
The time to recover an ext3 file system after an unclean system shutdown does not
depend on the size of the file system or the number of files; rather, it depends on the size
of the "journal" used to maintain consistency. The default journal size takes about a
second to recover (depending on the speed of the hardware).
Data Integrity
Using the ext3 file system can provide stronger guarantees about data integrity in case of
an unclean system shutdown. You choose the type and level of protection that your data
receives. You can choose to keep the file system consistent, but allow for damage to data
on the file system in the case of unclean system shutdown; this can give a modest speed
up under some but not all circumstances. Alternatively, you can choose to ensure that the
data is consistent with the state of the file system; this means that you will never see
garbage data in recently-written files after a crash. The safe choice, keeping the data
consistent with the state of the file system, is the default.
Speed
Despite writing some data more than once, ext3 is often faster (higher throughput) than
ext2 because ext3's journaling optimizes hard drive head motion. You can choose from
three journaling modes to optimize speed, optionally choosing to trade off some data
integrity.
1. One mode, data=writeback, limits the data integrity guarantees, allowing old data to
show up in files after a crash, for a potential increase in speed under some circumstances.
(This mode, which is the default journaling mode for most journaling file systems,
essentially provides the more limited data integrity guarantees of the ext2 file system and
merely avoids the long file system check at boot time.)
2. The second mode, data=ordered (the default mode), guarantees that the data is
consistent with the file system; recently-written files will never show up with garbage
contents after a crash.

3. The last mode, data=journal, requires a larger journal for reasonable speed in most
cases and therefore takes longer to recover in case of unclean shutdown, but is sometimes
faster for certain database operations.
The default mode is recommended for general-purpose computing needs. To change the
mode, add the data=something option to the mount options for that file system in the
/etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount).
Easy Transition
It is easy to change from ext2 to ext3 and gain the benefits of a robust journaling file
system, without reformatting. That's right, there is no need to do a long, tedious, and
error-prone backup-reformat-restore operation in order to experience the advantages of
ext3. There are two ways to perform the transition:
1. The Red Hat Linux installation program offers to transition your file systems when
you upgrade your system. All you have to do is select one checkbox per file system.
The tune2fs program can add a journal to an existing ext2 file system. If the file system is
already mounted while it is being transitioned, the journal will be visible as the file
.journal in the root directory of the file system. If the file system is not mounted, the
journal will be hidden and will not appear in the file system. Just run tune2fs -j /dev/hda1
(or whatever device holds the file system you are transitioning) and change ext2 to ext3
on the matching lines in /etc/fstab. If you are transitioning your root file system, you will
have to use an initrd to boot. Run the
mkinitrd program as described in the manual and make sure that your LILO or GRUB
configuration loads the initrd. (If you fail to make that change, the system will still boot,
but the root file system will be mounted as ext2 instead of ext3 - you can tell this by
looking at the output of the command cat

40. What is the simplest and most direct command to check the integrity of an Ext2
file system?

Fsck.ext2

Fsck -t ext2

E2fsck

Ext2fsck

None of the above

e2fsck is used to check alinux second extended file system as well

as
third extended file jystem (containing journal in ext2 filesystem). After the

journal
has been applied a filesystem will normally be marked as clean. Hence, for ext3
filesystems, e2fsck will normally run the journal and exit, unless its superblock
indicates that further checking is required.

Explanation

e2fsck is used to check alinux second extended file system as well

as
third extended file jystem (containing journal in ext2 filesystem). After the

journal
has been applied a filesystem will normally be marked as clean. Hence, for ext3
filesystems, e2fsck will normally run the journal and exit, unless its superblock
indicates that further checking is required.

41. Which utility on a system will report any excessive file system space remaining
with very few inodes still available?

Fsck

Debugfs

Sync

Showfiles

Softlinks

fsck checks and repair the Linux File system. While checking the
filesystem it returns the error code
0 : No Errors
1 : File System Errors corrected
2 : System should be rebooted
4 : File system errors left uncorrected
8 : Operational error
16 : Usage or Syntax error
32 : Fsck canceled by user request
# fsck /dev/hda1 : It will check the filesystem error of /dev/hda1

Explanation

fsck checks and repair the Linux File system. While checking the
filesystem it returns the error code
0 : No Errors
1 : File System Errors corrected
2 : System should be rebooted
4 : File system errors left uncorrected
8 : Operational error
16 : Usage or Syntax error
32 : Fsck canceled by user request
# fsck /dev/hda1 : It will check the filesystem error of /dev/hda1

42. What options will allow a normal user to mount and then unmount a file system
without needing assistance from the root user?

User and users in the /etc/fstab

User and users in the /etc/default/

User and users in the /etc/vfstab

User and users in the /etc/mnttab

Usrquota and grpquota in the /etc/fstab

allow a user to mount
Owner : allow device owner to mount
Pamconsole : allow a user at the console to mount

Explanation

allow a user to mount
Owner : allow device owner to mount
Pamconsole : allow a user at the console to mount

43. Which THREE of the following commands are used when setting up and accessing a
new filesystem on the hard drive?

Fsck

Mkfs

Mount

Fdisk

Format

One large disks convert into multiple small paritions using fdisk,
sfdisk, GNU parted etc tools. After creating the small partitions needs to create the
filesystem into the partitions. After creating the filesystem needs to mount on
directory only after user can use the partition.
Create the partitionàCreate the filesystemà Mount the filesystem

Explanation

One large disks convert into multiple small paritions using fdisk,
sfdisk, GNU parted etc tools. After creating the small partitions needs to create the
filesystem into the partitions. After creating the filesystem needs to mount on
directory only after user can use the partition.
Create the partitionàCreate the filesystemà Mount the filesystem

Submit

44. When the system is mounted, all file systems in the /etc/fstab are mounted, except
those with what in the option column?

Nomount

Noauto

Noatime

Nohup

noauto : Can only be mounted explicitly ( the -a option will not cause the file system to be mounted).

Explanation

noauto : Can only be mounted explicitly ( the -a option will not cause the file system to be mounted).

45. Which two programs will allow you to change the priority of a program already running?
(Choose two)

Top

Nice

Niceit

Renice

Chnice

Renice alters the scheduling priority of one or more running
processes.
Example: # renice -20 -p 3042 : Which sets the -20 priority to process having 3042 PID.

Explanation

Renice alters the scheduling priority of one or more running
processes.
Example: # renice -20 -p 3042 : Which sets the -20 priority to process having 3042 PID.

Submit

46. What is the most popular file system choice?

Ext2

Bsdf

Jfs

Ext3

Ext3 is the newer filesystem in linux having more advantages the older
ext2 filesystem.
What are the advantages of ext3?Why do you want to migrate from ext2 to ext3? Four
main reasons: availability, data integrity, speed, and easy transition.
Availability
After an unclean system shutdown (unexpected power failure, system crash), each ext2
file system cannot be mounted until its consistency has been checked by the e2fsck
program. The amount of time that the e2fsck program takes is determined primarily by
the size of the file system, and for today's relatively large (many tens of gigabytes) file
systems, this takes a long time. Also, the more files you have on the file system, the
longer the consistency check takes. File systems that are several hundreds of gigabytes in
size may take an hour or more to check. This severely limits availability.
By contrast, ext3 does not require a file system check, even after an unclean system
shutdown, except for certain rare hardware failure cases (e.g. hard drive failures). This is
because the data is written to disk in such a way that the file system is always consistent.
The time to recover an ext3 file system after an unclean system shutdown does not
depend on the size of the file system or the number of files; rather, it depends on the size
of the "journal" used to maintain consistency. The default journal size takes about a
second to recover (depending on the speed of the hardware).
Data Integrity
Using the ext3 file system can provide stronger guarantees about data integrity in case of
an unclean system shutdown. You choose the type and level of protection that your data
receives. You can choose to keep the file system consistent, but allow for damage to data
on the file system in the case of unclean system shutdown; this can give a modest speed
up under some but not all circumstances. Alternatively, you can choose to ensure that the
data is consistent with the state of the file system; this means that you will never see
garbage data in recently-written files after a crash. The safe choice, keeping the data
consistent with the state of the file system, is the default.
Speed
Despite writing some data more than once, ext3 is often faster (higher throughput) than
ext2 because ext3's journaling optimizes hard drive head motion. You can choose from
three journaling modes to optimize speed, optionally choosing to trade off some data
integrity.
1. One mode, data=writeback, limits the data integrity guarantees, allowing old data to
show up in files after a crash, for a potential increase in speed under some circumstances.
(This mode, which is the default journaling mode for most journaling file systems,
essentially provides the more limited data integrity guarantees of the ext2 file system and
merely avoids the long file system check at boot time.)
2. The second mode, data=ordered (the default mode), guarantees that the data is
consistent with the file system; recently-written files will never show up with garbage
contents after a crash.
3. The last mode, data=journal, requires a larger journal for reasonable speed in most
cases and therefore takes longer to recover in case of unclean shutdown, but is sometimes
faster for certain database operations.
The default mode is recommended for general-purpose computing needs. To change the
mode, add the data=something option to the mount options for that file system in the
/etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount).
Easy Transition
It is easy to change from ext2 to ext3 and gain the benefits of a robust journaling file
system, without reformatting. That's right, there is no need to do a long, tedious, and
error-prone backup-reformat-restore operation in order to experience the advantages of
ext3. There are two ways to perform the transition:
1. The Red Hat Linux installation program offers to transition your file systems when
you upgrade your system. All you have to do is select one checkbox per file system.
2. The tune2fs program can add a journal to an existing ext2 file system. If the file
system is already mounted while it is being transitioned, the journal will be visible as the
file .journal in the root directory of the file system. If the file system is not mounted,
the journal will be hidden and will not appear in the file system. Just run tune2fs -j
/dev/hda1 (or whatever device holds the file system you are transitioning) and change
ext2 to ext3 on the matching lines in /etc/fstab. If you are transitioning your root file
system, you will have to use an initrd to boot. Run the mkinitrd program as described
in the manual and make sure that your LILO or GRUB configuration loads the initrd. (If
you fail to make that change, the system will still boot, but the root file system will be
mounted as ext2 instead of ext3 - you can tell this by looking at the output of the
command cat /proc/mounts.) More information on tune2fs can be found in the
tune2fs man page (man tune2fs).

Explanation

Ext3 is the newer filesystem in linux having more advantages the older
ext2 filesystem.
What are the advantages of ext3?Why do you want to migrate from ext2 to ext3? Four
main reasons: availability, data integrity, speed, and easy transition.
Availability
After an unclean system shutdown (unexpected power failure, system crash), each ext2
file system cannot be mounted until its consistency has been checked by the e2fsck
program. The amount of time that the e2fsck program takes is determined primarily by
the size of the file system, and for today's relatively large (many tens of gigabytes) file
systems, this takes a long time. Also, the more files you have on the file system, the
longer the consistency check takes. File systems that are several hundreds of gigabytes in
size may take an hour or more to check. This severely limits availability.
By contrast, ext3 does not require a file system check, even after an unclean system
shutdown, except for certain rare hardware failure cases (e.g. hard drive failures). This is
because the data is written to disk in such a way that the file system is always consistent.
The time to recover an ext3 file system after an unclean system shutdown does not
depend on the size of the file system or the number of files; rather, it depends on the size
of the "journal" used to maintain consistency. The default journal size takes about a
second to recover (depending on the speed of the hardware).
Data Integrity
Using the ext3 file system can provide stronger guarantees about data integrity in case of
an unclean system shutdown. You choose the type and level of protection that your data
receives. You can choose to keep the file system consistent, but allow for damage to data
on the file system in the case of unclean system shutdown; this can give a modest speed
up under some but not all circumstances. Alternatively, you can choose to ensure that the
data is consistent with the state of the file system; this means that you will never see
garbage data in recently-written files after a crash. The safe choice, keeping the data
consistent with the state of the file system, is the default.
Speed
Despite writing some data more than once, ext3 is often faster (higher throughput) than
ext2 because ext3's journaling optimizes hard drive head motion. You can choose from
three journaling modes to optimize speed, optionally choosing to trade off some data
integrity.
1. One mode, data=writeback, limits the data integrity guarantees, allowing old data to
show up in files after a crash, for a potential increase in speed under some circumstances.
(This mode, which is the default journaling mode for most journaling file systems,
essentially provides the more limited data integrity guarantees of the ext2 file system and
merely avoids the long file system check at boot time.)
2. The second mode, data=ordered (the default mode), guarantees that the data is
consistent with the file system; recently-written files will never show up with garbage
contents after a crash.
3. The last mode, data=journal, requires a larger journal for reasonable speed in most
cases and therefore takes longer to recover in case of unclean shutdown, but is sometimes
faster for certain database operations.
The default mode is recommended for general-purpose computing needs. To change the
mode, add the data=something option to the mount options for that file system in the
/etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount).
Easy Transition
It is easy to change from ext2 to ext3 and gain the benefits of a robust journaling file
system, without reformatting. That's right, there is no need to do a long, tedious, and
error-prone backup-reformat-restore operation in order to experience the advantages of
ext3. There are two ways to perform the transition:
1. The Red Hat Linux installation program offers to transition your file systems when
you upgrade your system. All you have to do is select one checkbox per file system.
2. The tune2fs program can add a journal to an existing ext2 file system. If the file
system is already mounted while it is being transitioned, the journal will be visible as the
file .journal in the root directory of the file system. If the file system is not mounted,
the journal will be hidden and will not appear in the file system. Just run tune2fs -j
/dev/hda1 (or whatever device holds the file system you are transitioning) and change
ext2 to ext3 on the matching lines in /etc/fstab. If you are transitioning your root file
system, you will have to use an initrd to boot. Run the mkinitrd program as described
in the manual and make sure that your LILO or GRUB configuration loads the initrd. (If
you fail to make that change, the system will still boot, but the root file system will be
mounted as ext2 instead of ext3 - you can tell this by looking at the output of the
command cat /proc/mounts.) More information on tune2fs can be found in the
tune2fs man page (man tune2fs).

47. Which command will create an ext3 filesystem on /dev/hda2?

/sbin/mke2fs -d /dev/hda2

/sbin/mke2fs -j /dev/hda2

/sbin/mke2fs -m 3 /dev/hda2

/sbin/mke2fs -c ext3 /dev/hda2

mke2fs - create an ext2/ext3 filesystem
-j, Create the filesystem with an ext3 journal. If the -j option is not specified,

the default
journal parameters will be used to create an appropriately sized journal (given

the size of
the filesystem) stored within the filesystem. Note that you must be using a

kernel, which
has ext3 support in order to actually make use of the journal.

Explanation

mke2fs - create an ext2/ext3 filesystem
-j, Create the filesystem with an ext3 journal. If the -j option is not specified,

the default
journal parameters will be used to create an appropriately sized journal (given

the size of
the filesystem) stored within the filesystem. Note that you must be using a

kernel, which
has ext3 support in order to actually make use of the journal.

48. According to the Linux File System Hierarchy Standard, which one of the following
directories is shareable and for static application files?

/opt

/var

/var/log

/etc

/usr

The Linux File system Hierarchy

Explanation

The Linux File system Hierarchy

49. A user needs to search a file for lines that contain the asterisk (*) character. Which
grep search command will accomplish this? Choose all that apply.

Grep \* textfile

Grep '*' textfile

Grep "*" textfile

Grep \ textfile

Grep "'*'" textfile

grep, sed, tail, head, less, sort, cut etc are string processing tools,
which uses different symbls to match the pattern.
Whildcard Charaacter:
. àAny Single Character
* àzero or more character
[abc] àAny Single Character from the range
[^abc] àAny Single Character except from the range
Similarly Anchors
^ àLine beigns with
$ àLine ends with
\ \> àWord ends with
So grep search the pattern and displays all lines matching the pattern. But * is the
meaningfull character so to kill the meaning of meaningfull characters should use \.

Explanation

grep, sed, tail, head, less, sort, cut etc are string processing tools,
which uses different symbls to match the pattern.
Whildcard Charaacter:
. àAny Single Character
* àzero or more character
[abc] àAny Single Character from the range
[^abc] àAny Single Character except from the range
Similarly Anchors
^ àLine beigns with
$ àLine ends with
\ \> àWord ends with
So grep search the pattern and displays all lines matching the pattern. But * is the
meaningfull character so to kill the meaning of meaningfull characters should use \.

Submit

50. You are writing text in vi. Now you want to save your changes and exit.
Which two sequence of inputs will accomplish this? Select two.

Esc XX

Ctrl :w!

Esc zz

Esc :wq!

Esc ZZ

Shortcuts Description
:wq or ZZ Save and Exit
:w Write into Disk
:q! Quit without Save

Explanation

Shortcuts Description
:wq or ZZ Save and Exit
:w Write into Disk
:q! Quit without Save

Submit

51. After starting vi to edit an existing text file, you press 'A' (shift +a). This will let you:

Insert text at the end of the current file.

Insert text at the end of the current sentence.

Insert text after your current cursor position.

Insert text at the end of the file.

Insert text at the end of your current paragraph.

Pressing 'A' in vi (text editor) after starting to edit an existing text file will let you insert text at the end of the current sentence.

Explanation

Pressing 'A' in vi (text editor) after starting to edit an existing text file will let you insert text at the end of the current sentence.

52. You are preparing to mount a new ext3 partition that is the second partition on
your first IDE drive. How can you check the integrity of the filesystem first
without having to answer "y" to a bunch of Questions?

E3fsck -y /dev/hda2

E2fsck -y /dev/hda2

E3fsck -r /dev/hda2

E2fsck -r /dev/hda2

e2fsck is used to check alinux second extended file system as well as third

extended
file jystem (containing journal in ext2 filesystem). After the journal has been
applied a filesystem will normally be marked as clean. Hence, for ext3

filesystems,
e2fsck will normally run the journal and exit, unless its superblock indicates

that
further checking is required.
Where -y means assumes an answer of 'yes' to all #######*******QUESTIONs; allows

e2fsck to be used
non-interactively.

Explanation

e2fsck is used to check alinux second extended file system as well as third

extended
file jystem (containing journal in ext2 filesystem). After the journal has been
applied a filesystem will normally be marked as clean. Hence, for ext3

filesystems,
e2fsck will normally run the journal and exit, unless its superblock indicates

that
further checking is required.
Where -y means assumes an answer of 'yes' to all #######*******QUESTIONs; allows

e2fsck to be used
non-interactively.

53. While using the vi editor, you wish to move ahead one page. You should press the
control key and

A

D

F

U

To move screen in vi Editor,
F à go forward one full screen
B à go back one full screen
D à go down half screen
U à go up half screen

Explanation

To move screen in vi Editor,
F à go forward one full screen
B à go back one full screen
D à go down half screen
U à go up half screen

54. What option can be used with the shutdown command to skip fsck on reboot?

Shutdown -f

Shutdown -o

Shutdown -r

Shutdown -s

shutdown command shutdowns the system in secure way.
Syntax: # shutdown option time
Example: shotdown -h now + 5 minutes : Which shutdown the system after 5 minutes
from now.
#shutdown -f : Which skips the fsck on reboot
#shutdown -F : Which forces fsck on reboot.

Explanation

shutdown command shutdowns the system in secure way.
Syntax: # shutdown option time
Example: shotdown -h now + 5 minutes : Which shutdown the system after 5 minutes
from now.
#shutdown -f : Which skips the fsck on reboot
#shutdown -F : Which forces fsck on reboot.

55. You installed a new experimental kernel and found that one of your ext2
partitions no longer functions. You tried unsuccessfully to repair it.
What program can you use to interactively debug the filesystem?

E2fsck

Tune2fs

Debugfs

Tine2fs

Dumpe2fs

degubfs program is an interactive file system debugger. It can be

used
to examine and change the state of an ext2 filesystem.

Explanation

degubfs program is an interactive file system debugger. It can be

used
to examine and change the state of an ext2 filesystem.

56. The command mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hdb1 -T largefile creates what size of inode?

4 kilobyte

1 megabyte

2 megabyte

4 megabyte

-T fs-type : Specify how the filesystem is going to be used, so that
mke2fs can choose optimal filesystem parameters for that use. Some Filesystem type
are:
news : One inode per 4kb block
largerfile : one inode per megabyte
largerfile4 : one inode per 4 megabytes

Explanation

-T fs-type : Specify how the filesystem is going to be used, so that
mke2fs can choose optimal filesystem parameters for that use. Some Filesystem type
are:
news : One inode per 4kb block
largerfile : one inode per megabyte
largerfile4 : one inode per 4 megabytes

57. If you want your system to be FHS-compliant, you must ensure that the /usr/local
directory contain (choose all that apply):

Bin

Lib

Man

Sbin

/usr/local directory contains bin, etc, info, man, lib, sbin, share, src
directories.

Explanation

/usr/local directory contains bin, etc, info, man, lib, sbin, share, src
directories.

Submit

58. Select all the ways of exiting and saving a vi session.

:wq

:w

:ZZ

Shift ZZ

:x

The given options are different commands used in the vi editor to exit and save a session. The command ":wq" is used to write the changes and exit the session, while "Shift ZZ" is a shortcut for the same command. The command ":x" is also used to save and exit the session. Therefore, the correct answer is ":wq, Shift ZZ, :x" as these are the valid ways to exit and save a vi session.

Explanation

The given options are different commands used in the vi editor to exit and save a session. The command ":wq" is used to write the changes and exit the session, while "Shift ZZ" is a shortcut for the same command. The command ":x" is also used to save and exit the session. Therefore, the correct answer is ":wq, Shift ZZ, :x" as these are the valid ways to exit and save a vi session.

Submit

59. According to version 2.2 of the Fliesystem Hierarchy Standard, which of the
following is an optional directory in / (the root file system)? Select all that apply

/boot

/tmp

/mnt

/home

/var

When you try to install the linux into your system, you need to create
at least / and swap (Virtual Memory) filesystems. As well as some important
directories which can't separate from / like dev, lib, bin, sbin, etc. Other are called
the Optional filesystem.

Explanation

When you try to install the linux into your system, you need to create
at least / and swap (Virtual Memory) filesystems. As well as some important
directories which can't separate from / like dev, lib, bin, sbin, etc. Other are called
the Optional filesystem.

Submit

60. Which utility would you use to change how often a filesystem check
was performed over an EXT2 filesystem (without losing any data stored
on that filesystem)?

Mod2fs

Fsck

Tune2fs

Mke2fs

Fixe2fs

fsck is used to check and optionally repair one or more Linux file
systems. filesys can be a device name (e.g. /dev/hdc1, /dev/sdb2), a mount point

(e.g. /,
/usr, /home).Normally, the fsck program will try to run file systems on different

physical
disk drives in parallel to reduce total amount time to check all of the file

systems

Explanation

fsck is used to check and optionally repair one or more Linux file
systems. filesys can be a device name (e.g. /dev/hdc1, /dev/sdb2), a mount point

(e.g. /,
/usr, /home).Normally, the fsck program will try to run file systems on different

physical
disk drives in parallel to reduce total amount time to check all of the file

systems

Linux LPI 117-101 # 7 Of 9