ESOL test prep
Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units in a language ex. play er s and phonemes are the smallest units of sound when a word is pronounced
Morphemes are the smallest sounds in a word, phonemes are the minimal meaningful units of language
They both have roots in the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences
Commanding
Reporting
Persuading
Requesting
Syllable reduction
Phonologically sounds have been omitted, grammatical structure has been simplified, and the shaw sound is used
Lexically definitions have changed
The Great Vowel Shift happened
Un-
Re-
-ing
-ly
Morphophonemic knowledge
Pragmatics knowledge
Syntactic knowledge
Semantic knowledge
Speak and write only in their L2
Speak and write in their L1 and learn to master the L2
Speak the L2 fluently and then focus on writing
Speak the L1 at home and the L2 in school
Replacing one phoneme with another /dog/ for "dig"
Altering one phoneme with another /ska/ for "Sack"
A sound becomes identical with or similar to a neighboring sound /grampa/ for "grandpa"
Syntax
Grammatical structure
Discourse competence
Developmental pragmatics
Questions, length, plurals, negatives
Negatives, plurals, questions, length
Questions, negatives, plurals, length
Length, plurals, negatives, questions
Refers to the background knowledge that the speakers share
When the conversation takes place, what objects are present, and what actions are happening
Refers to things that were said previously
Refers to the social relationship and setting of the speakers and listeners
Over-extension
Structural ambiguity
Redundancy
Lexical anomaly
Wait and weight
Wind and wind
Fair and fare
Tear and tear
Prefix
Root
Compound
Suffix
Metathesis and substitution
Dissimulation and insertion
Assimilation and deletion
Substitution and insertion
4
3
2
1
Left and left
Weight and wait
Produce and produce
Close and close
Their and there
Help students string words together into coherent groupings
Focus only on the literal meaning of words
Carefully evaluate directions for words that students may need help to understand as a beginning L1
Focus and correct contextual errors
Their L1 doesn't use the tip of their tongue so the sounds are difficult to make
Some languages are timed with syllables that change word meanings
Intonation patterns are different
Standard English has 20 vowel sounds and 24 consonants
Are because the student is trying to speak at a level higher than their ability in L2
Are due to a student trying to speak in their L1
Because they don't have models of good L2 speakers
Developmental due to context and learning environment
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