Justice And Ethics Ch 5 Quiz
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Justice and Ethics Ch 5 Quiz---------------------------------------------
- 1.Robert Hanssen was convicted of
- A.
Murder
- B.
Sexual assault
- C.
Espionage
- D.
Nothing. He died before he could be brought to justice.
- 2.The difficulty for psychological egoism as an explanation for human motivation is that:
- A.
It does not take religious and spiritual motivations into account
- B.
There is no empirical evidence that supports the existence of deeper incentives
- C.
Human beings and their actions are highly variable
- D.
It does not take into account decision-making skills and critical thinking
- 3.________ argued that all evil-including that which we do to ourselves-is a product of ignorance.
- A.
Socrates
- B.
Plato
- C.
Aristotle
- D.
Homer
- 4.The _________ hypothesis states that jurors are more likely to make decisions in favor of defendants who are demographically and socially simialr to themselves.
- A.
Similarity-leniency
- B.
Pity
- C.
Desistance
- D.
Jury nullification
- 5.The distinguishing characteristic of ________ in relation to other forms of sanction is its tendency to continue even after other forms of sanction disappear.
- A.
Religious condemnation
- B.
Guilt
- C.
Social disapproval
- D.
Incarceration
- 6.The ________ explanation implies that the cause of corruption is to be found in the questionable moral character of a few individuals who, by virtue of their psychological makeup, were predisposed to engage in corrupt practices even before they joined the police force.
- A.
Rotten-apple
- B.
Bad-seed
- C.
Select-few
- D.
Corrupted-officer
- 7.Psychologically, compassion and empathy require ________ with another person.
- A.
Communicating
- B.
Connecting spiritually
- C.
Identification
- D.
Understanding
- 8.The primary four negative forces that are thought to govern human conduct are:
- A.
Physical sensations of pain, emotional sensations of pain, moral forces, religious sanctions or condemnations
- B.
Emotional sensations of pain, sociological forces, political or legal forces, cultural beliefs
- C.
Physical sensations of pain, political or legal forces, moral forces, religious sanctions or condemnations
- D.
Religious sanctions or condemnations, emotional sensations of pain, physical sensations of pain, political or legal forces
- 9.Which philosopher attempted to provide a general theory of human motivation whereby all individual actions could be understood in terms of egoistic motives?
- A.
Thomas Hobbes
- B.
John Locke
- C.
Jeremy Bentham
- D.
Immanuel Kant
- 10.Which philosopher argued that neither reward nor punishment should ever be regarded as incentives to action?
- A.
Aristotle
- B.
Immanuel Kant
- C.
Jeremy Bentham
- D.
Thomas Hobbes
- 11.Within moral philosophy, religion has been employed as a ________ for moral values and as a source of ________ for moral behavior.
- A.
Reason; pleasure
- B.
Sanction; motivation
- C.
Justification; appreciation
- D.
Justification; motivation
- 12.Psychological egoism does not necessarily imply that we always ________ act in the pursuit of self-interest.
- A.
Intentionally
- B.
Consciously
- C.
A and B
- D.
None of the above
- 13.Michael Johnston defines ________ as actions that "exploit the powers of law enforcement in return for considerations of private-regarding benefit and that violate formal standards governing his or her conduct."
- A.
Prison corruption
- B.
Police corruption
- C.
Gratuities
- D.
Kickbacks
- 14.The strongest support for psychological egoism comes from:
- A.
Socrates' philosophical works
- B.
The fact that its explanation is irrefutable
- C.
The understanding that many motives are unconscious
- D.
The strategy of reinterpreting motives
- 15.________ proposed that human conduct is governed primarily by four negative forces.
- A.
Jeremy Bentham
- B.
Immanuel Kant
- C.
Cesare Beccaria
- D.
Joel Feinberg
- 16.The problem of self-interest is a ________ dilemma.
- A.
Philosophical
- B.
Theoretical
- C.
Practical
- D.
All of the above
- 17.When explanations of police deviance focus on a small number of offenders, they ignore
- A.
Departmental factors.
- B.
Institutional factors.
- C.
Systemic factors.
- D.
All of the above.
- 18.________ principally evaluates the psychological assumptions, attitudes, and principles (as well as developmental matters) associated with morality.
- A.
Ethical sociology
- B.
Self-interested psychology
- C.
Moral psychology
- D.
None of the above
- 19.________ describes a form of human motivation whereby our decisions and actions are motivated primarily, if not exclusively, by our own interests.
- A.
Formalism
- B.
Determinism
- C.
Relativism
- D.
Egoism
- 20.Psychological egoism eliminates the possibility of:
- A.
Generosity
- B.
Altruism
- C.
Kindness
- D.
All of the above
- 21.Three fundamental controversies examined within the realm of moral psychology include:
- A.
Moral motivation, psychological egoism, moral development
- B.
Psychological egoism, self-interest, moral development
- C.
Moral motivation, moral development, human psychology
- D.
Moral beliefs, moral values, moral development
- 22.
![In his
Republic, ________ tells the story of Gyges, a poor shepherd who gains the
power of invisibility, but eventually uses this power immorally. - ProProfs]( "In his
Republic, ________ tells the story of Gyges, a poor shepherd who gains the
power of invisibility, but eventually uses this power immorally.")
In his Republic, ________ tells the story of Gyges, a poor shepherd who gains the power of invisibility, but eventually uses this power immorally.- A.
Julius Caesar
- B.
Plato
- C.
Hippocrates
- D.
Aristotle
- 23.Psychological egoism does not concern itself with:
- A.
What we do
- B.
Why we do what we do
- C.
What we should do
- D.
What we would like to do
- 24.A(n) ________ desire to help others is a moral desire; having such moral desires demonstrates that we can be ________ people.
- A.
Innate; immoral
- B.
Strong; moral
- C.
Pre-existing; moral
- D.
Pre-existing; virtuous
- 25.________ is a normative variation of egoism which holds that we should always act in such a way that we rationally maximize our self interests.
- A.
Psychological egoism
- B.
Value egoism
- C.
Utilitarian egoism
- D.
Ethical egoism
- 26.Before we begin to talk about why we _____ be moral, we need to first ask whether we ______ be moral.
- A.
Can; should
- B.
Should; can
- C.
Are forced to; can
- D.
Should; even want to
- 27.
![As a way
to neutralize feelings of guilt, the statement]( "As a way
to neutralize feelings of guilt, the statement")
As a way to neutralize feelings of guilt, the statement "The people I arrest deserve to be roughed up a little" is an example of- A.
Denial of responsibility
- B.
Denial of injury
- C.
Denial of victim
- D.
Condemnation of the condemners appealling to higher authorities
- 28.A traditional typology of prison corruption includes:
- A.
Feasance, malfeasance, nonfeasance
- B.
Feasance, misfeasance, nonfeasance
- C.
Misfeasance, malfeasance, nonfeasance
- D.
Misfeasance, malfeasance, feasance
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