Justice And Ethics Ch 5 Quiz

This explanation suggests that the cause of corruption is attributed to a small number of individuals within the police force who have questionable moral character. These individuals are believed to have a predisposition towards engaging in corrupt practices even before they became part of the force. The term "rotten apple" is often used metaphorically to refer to a person or thing that is corrupt or has a negative influence on others. In this context, it implies that the corruption within the police force is primarily caused by a few individuals with corrupt tendencies.

Plato tells the story of Gyges in his Republic. The story involves a poor shepherd who discovers a ring that grants him the power of invisibility. Initially, Gyges uses this power to commit immoral acts without consequence. This story serves as a moral allegory, highlighting the corrupting influence of power and the importance of living a just and virtuous life.

Police corruption refers to actions where law enforcement officers abuse their powers for personal gain and violate the formal standards that govern their conduct. This can include accepting bribes, engaging in illegal activities, or using their position to benefit themselves or others unlawfully.

The question is asking whether we should be moral and whether we can be moral. It is important to first determine whether it is necessary or desirable to be moral before discussing why. The correct answer is "should; can" because it suggests that we should consider whether it is morally right to be moral and whether it is possible for us to be moral.

The similarity-leniency hypothesis suggests that jurors are more inclined to make decisions in favor of defendants who share similar demographic and social characteristics with themselves. This means that jurors may show more leniency towards defendants who they perceive as being more like them, leading to a potential bias in the decision-making process.

Socrates argued that all evil, including the harm we cause to ourselves, is a result of ignorance. He believed that people only commit harmful actions because they lack knowledge or understanding of what is truly good. Socrates emphasized the importance of seeking knowledge and self-reflection in order to overcome ignorance and lead a virtuous life. His philosophy had a significant influence on Plato and Aristotle, who further developed his ideas.

Psychological egoism suggests that individuals always act in their own self-interest, but it does not imply that this is always done intentionally or consciously. It means that our actions are driven by our own desires and needs, even if we are not consciously aware of it or intentionally seeking self-interest. Therefore, both A (intentionally) and B (consciously) can be true in the context of psychological egoism.

The correct answer is "All of the above." This means that the explanations of police deviance that focus on a small number of offenders ignore departmental factors, institutional factors, and systemic factors. In other words, these explanations fail to consider the larger organizational and systemic issues that contribute to police deviance.

Psychological egoism claims that all human actions are ultimately motivated by self-interest. However, this explanation fails to consider religious and spiritual motivations, which can be powerful driving forces for individuals. Additionally, there is a lack of empirical evidence supporting the existence of deeper incentives beyond self-interest. Human beings are complex and their actions are highly variable, making it difficult to attribute all motivations solely to self-interest. Lastly, psychological egoism overlooks the role of decision-making skills and critical thinking in shaping human behavior.

Guilt is the correct answer because it is a form of sanction that tends to persist even after other forms of sanction, such as religious condemnation, social disapproval, or incarceration, have been lifted or resolved. Guilt is an internal feeling of remorse or responsibility for wrongdoing, and it can continue to affect an individual's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors even when external sanctions or consequences have been removed. This makes guilt unique and distinguishes it from other forms of sanction.

The problem of self-interest is a dilemma that can be approached from different perspectives. Philosophically, it raises questions about ethics, morality, and the nature of human behavior. Theoretically, it can be analyzed and studied to understand its underlying principles and implications. Practically, it presents challenges in everyday life, such as making decisions that balance self-interest with the needs and well-being of others. Therefore, all of the given options - philosophical, theoretical, and practical - are valid approaches to understanding and addressing the problem of self-interest.

Egoism describes a form of human motivation where our decisions and actions are primarily driven by our own self-interests. This means that individuals prioritize their own needs, desires, and well-being above others. Egoism suggests that people act in ways that they believe will bring them the greatest personal benefit or satisfaction, without considering the interests or welfare of others. This perspective views self-interest as the primary motivator for human behavior.

Moral psychology is the correct answer because it is the field of study that primarily focuses on evaluating the psychological assumptions, attitudes, and principles related to morality. It examines how individuals develop their moral beliefs and how they make moral judgments. This field explores topics such as empathy, moral reasoning, moral emotions, and moral development. Ethical sociology, self-interested psychology, and none of the above do not specifically address the psychological aspects of morality, making them incorrect choices.

Robert Hanssen was convicted of espionage. Espionage refers to the act of spying or gathering confidential information for a foreign government or organization without permission. In this case, Hanssen was found guilty of spying for the Soviet Union and Russia for over 20 years. He sold valuable classified information that compromised national security, making him one of the most damaging spies in US history. Although he died before facing the full consequences of his actions, his conviction for espionage stands as a testament to his betrayal of his country.

The correct answer is misfeasance, malfeasance, nonfeasance. Misfeasance refers to the improper performance of a lawful act, malfeasance refers to the performance of an unlawful act, and nonfeasance refers to the failure to perform a required act. This traditional typology categorizes different types of corruption in prisons based on the nature of the act or the lack thereof.

Psychological egoism is a theory that states that individuals always act in their own self-interest. It focuses on explaining why we do what we do and what we would like to do, rather than prescribing what we should do. It does not concern itself with moral obligations or ethical considerations, but rather seeks to understand human behavior based on self-interest. Therefore, the correct answer is that psychological egoism does not concern itself with what we should do.

Immanuel Kant argued that neither reward nor punishment should ever be regarded as incentives to action. Kant believed that moral actions should be driven by a sense of duty and the recognition of what is morally right, rather than by external factors such as rewards or punishments. He emphasized the importance of acting out of a sense of moral duty, rather than for personal gain or avoidance of punishment. Kant's ethical philosophy, known as deontological ethics, focuses on the inherent moral worth of actions rather than their consequences.

Thomas Hobbes attempted to provide a general theory of human motivation whereby all individual actions could be understood in terms of egoistic motives. He believed that humans are driven by self-interest and the desire to fulfill their own needs and desires. According to Hobbes, individuals are motivated by their own survival and seek to maximize their own pleasure and minimize their pain. This theory, known as psychological egoism, suggests that all human actions can ultimately be traced back to selfish motives.

In order to feel compassion and empathy towards another person, it is necessary to have a sense of identification with them. This means being able to understand and relate to their experiences, emotions, and perspectives. Without this identification, it would be difficult to truly connect with someone on an emotional level and genuinely feel compassion and empathy towards them.

Jeremy Bentham proposed that human conduct is governed primarily by four negative forces.

This answer correctly identifies the three fundamental controversies examined within the realm of moral psychology: moral motivation, psychological egoism, and moral development. These controversies revolve around questions such as what motivates individuals to act morally, whether individuals are inherently self-interested or altruistic, and how moral reasoning and behavior develop over time.

Religion has historically served as a justification for moral values, providing a framework and rationale for why certain actions are considered right or wrong. Additionally, religion has acted as a source of motivation for moral behavior, providing individuals with a sense of purpose and a belief in divine rewards or punishments for their actions.

Psychological egoism is the belief that individuals are fundamentally self-interested and that all actions are ultimately motivated by self-interest. This perspective denies the existence of genuine altruism, which is the selfless concern for the well-being of others. Therefore, if psychological egoism is true, it would eliminate the possibility of altruism, as well as generosity and kindness, since these actions are typically seen as selfless acts done for the benefit of others.

The statement "The people I arrest deserve to be roughed up a little" is an example of denial of victim because it suggests that the individuals being arrested are not victims of any harm or mistreatment, but rather deserving of rough treatment. This denial of victimhood helps the person making the statement to avoid feeling guilty or responsible for any harm they may cause to those they arrest.

The primary four negative forces that are thought to govern human conduct are physical sensations of pain, political or legal forces, moral forces, and religious sanctions or condemnations. These forces can influence human behavior by creating physical discomfort, enforcing laws or regulations, imposing moral standards, and imposing religious consequences for certain actions.

This answer suggests that having a pre-existing desire to help others is a moral desire. It also implies that having such moral desires demonstrates that we can be moral people.

Ethical egoism is a normative variation of egoism that states individuals should always act in a way that maximizes their self-interests. Unlike psychological egoism, which describes human behavior, ethical egoism prescribes how individuals should behave. It is different from value egoism, which focuses on personal values, and utilitarian egoism, which prioritizes the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Ethical egoism emphasizes self-interest as the guiding principle for moral decision-making.

The strategy of reinterpreting motives provides the strongest support for psychological egoism because it allows for the explanation of seemingly altruistic actions as ultimately being driven by self-interest. By reinterpreting motives, psychological egoism argues that individuals may engage in apparently selfless acts to fulfill their own desires or to enhance their own well-being in some way. This perspective suggests that even when people appear to be acting in the interest of others, they are ultimately motivated by their own self-interest.