ITEC A&p (Skeletal) Q&a

The average person has 206 bones in their body. This is a standard number for adults and includes all the bones in the skeletal system, such as the skull, ribs, spine, and limbs. However, it is important to note that the number of bones can vary slightly from person to person due to factors such as age and development.

The cranium is the correct answer because it is the bony structure that surrounds and protects the brain. It is made up of several bones that are fused together to form a strong and sturdy enclosure for the brain. The cranium acts as a protective barrier, shielding the brain from external forces and preventing injury.

The spinal column, also known as the vertebral column, is made up of 33 bones. These bones, called vertebrae, are stacked on top of each other and form the main structure of the spine. Each vertebra is connected to the one above and below it, allowing for flexibility and movement. The spinal column plays a crucial role in protecting the spinal cord and supporting the body's weight.

The rib cage is a bony structure that surrounds and protects the heart and lungs. It acts as a protective barrier against external forces, such as impact or injury, helping to prevent damage to these vital organs. The rib cage also provides support and structure to the chest cavity, allowing for proper functioning of the heart and lungs. Additionally, the ribs play a role in the mechanics of breathing by expanding and contracting to facilitate the movement of air in and out of the lungs.

The spinal column, also known as the vertebral column, is made up of 33 bones. These bones are called vertebrae and they are stacked on top of each other to form the backbone. Each vertebra has a specific shape and function, and they are connected by joints and cushioned by discs. The spinal column provides support for the body, protects the spinal cord, and allows for movement and flexibility.

The zygomatic bone is commonly referred to as the cheekbone. It is a facial bone that forms the prominence of the cheek and contributes to the structure of the eye socket. The zygomatic bone connects with other facial bones, such as the maxilla and frontal bone, to provide support and shape to the face.

The correct answer is "Cheekbone." The zygomatic bone is commonly known as the cheekbone because it forms the prominence of the cheek. It is a paired bone that connects the skull to the maxilla and temporal bone, contributing to the structure of the face. The zygomatic bone plays a crucial role in facial symmetry and provides support for the soft tissues of the cheek.

Calcium and phosphorous are the main minerals that contribute to the strength of bones. These minerals are essential for the formation and maintenance of the bone structure. Calcium provides rigidity and strength, while phosphorous helps in the formation of the mineral matrix in bones. Together, they form hydroxyapatite crystals, which give bones their hardness and strength. Without an adequate supply of calcium and phosphorous, bones can become weak and brittle, leading to conditions like osteoporosis.

Cartilage and bone have different physical properties. Cartilage is described as rubbery because it is flexible and can bend without breaking. On the other hand, bone is described as firm because it is hard and rigid. This difference in texture is due to the composition and structure of the two tissues. Cartilage is made up of cells called chondrocytes and a matrix of collagen fibers, which give it its rubbery texture. Bone, on the other hand, is composed of cells called osteocytes and a matrix of collagen fibers and calcium salts, which make it firm and strong.

The bone that forms the upper arm is called the humerus. It is the longest bone in the human body and connects the shoulder to the elbow. The humerus is located on the upper part of the arm, between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint. It plays a crucial role in allowing for movement and flexibility in the arm, as well as providing support and structure.

The elbow joint is a hinge joint because it allows movement in only one plane, similar to a hinge on a door. This joint primarily allows for flexion and extension, allowing the forearm to move towards and away from the upper arm. The structure of the elbow joint, with the humerus, radius, and ulna bones, and the presence of ligaments that stabilize the joint in a hinge-like manner, further supports the classification of the elbow joint as a hinge joint.

The synovial membrane is responsible for lubricating the ends of bones. This membrane lines the joint cavities and produces synovial fluid, which acts as a lubricant and shock absorber within the joint. It helps reduce friction between the bones, allowing for smooth and pain-free movement. The other membranes listed (mucous membrane, serous membrane, and cell membrane) do not have this specific function of lubricating the ends of bones.

The hollow space in the middle of bones is filled with bone marrow. Bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue found in the center of bones. It is responsible for producing blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Bone marrow also contains stem cells, which are crucial for the growth and repair of tissues. Therefore, bone marrow plays a vital role in the production of blood cells and maintaining the overall health of the body.

The bones of the cranium include the parietal and occipital bones. The parietal bones form the sides and roof of the cranium, while the occipital bone forms the back of the skull. These bones help protect the brain and provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by an autoimmune disease that leads to the attack on the synovial membrane. In this condition, the immune system mistakenly targets the synovial membrane, which lines the joints, leading to inflammation and damage. This autoimmune response results in pain, swelling, and stiffness in the affected joints. Unlike other types of arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis is not caused by a deficiency of calcium, deposition of uric acid crystals, or an injury to the joint.

The skull not only protects the brain but also safeguards the sense organs such as the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. These organs are crucial for receiving and processing sensory information, allowing us to see, hear, smell, taste, and touch. The skull acts as a strong and sturdy structure that surrounds and shields these delicate organs from potential injuries or damage.

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by an autoimmune response in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the synovial membrane, which lines the joints. This leads to inflammation, pain, and damage to the joint. Unlike other forms of arthritis, such as osteoarthritis, which can be caused by factors like injury or wear and tear, rheumatoid arthritis is primarily driven by an autoimmune reaction.

The scapula is commonly referred to as the shoulder blade. It is a triangular-shaped bone located on the upper back that connects the upper arm bone to the collarbone. It plays a vital role in the movement and stability of the shoulder joint. The other options listed, such as cheek bone, collar bone, and breast bone, are all different bones in the body and do not serve the same function as the scapula.

Osteoporosis is primarily caused by hormonal changes, especially the decrease in estrogen levels in women during menopause and reduced testosterone in men as they age. These hormones are crucial for maintaining bone density, and their decline leads to bone loss, making bones more fragile and susceptible to fractures. While calcium intake is important for bone health, osteoporosis is not caused by high calcium but often by insufficient calcium. Other factors include age, genetics, and lack of physical activity. Excessive physical activity or a low-protein diet is less directly linked to osteoporosis development than hormonal changes.

The nasal bone is classified as flat because it is a thin, flat bone that forms the bridge of the nose. Flat bones are typically thin and provide protection and support to vital organs, such as the skull. They also serve as attachment points for muscles. The nasal bone fits this description as it is a thin, flat bone that protects the nasal cavity and provides structure to the nose.

The clavicle is commonly known as the collar bone. It is a long bone that connects the shoulder blade to the breastbone. The clavicle is easily visible and palpable, forming the prominence of the shoulder. It plays a crucial role in supporting the shoulder and arm movements. The other options, such as breast bone, shoulder blade, and lower jaw, are not alternate names for the clavicle.

The nasal bone is a flat bone. Flat bones are thin and usually curved, providing protection and serving as a site for muscle attachment. The nasal bone is located in the upper part of the face, forming the bridge of the nose. Its flat shape helps to provide structure and support to the nose.

The given statement "Bone is a dry and non-living supporting structure" is incorrect because bones are actually living tissues that contain cells, blood vessels, and nerves. They are not dry and non-living. Bones provide support to the body, protect organs, and serve as a storage site for minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

The mandible is the lower jawbone, which is the only movable bone in the skull. It is connected to the temporal bone by the temporomandibular joint, allowing for movements such as chewing and talking. Unlike other bones in the skull, the mandible is not fused to any other bones, making it the only bone that can move freely.

The scapula is an example of a flat bone because it is thin, flat, and curved, resembling a triangular shape. Flat bones provide protection and serve as attachment sites for muscles. The scapula is located on the upper back and forms part of the shoulder girdle. It helps to stabilize and move the arm, and also protects important structures like the lungs and heart.

The skeletal system functions to store calcium and form blood cells. Calcium is stored in the bones and released into the bloodstream when needed for various bodily functions. The bones also house bone marrow, where red and white blood cells are produced. These blood cells are essential for carrying oxygen, fighting infections, and maintaining overall health. Therefore, the skeletal system plays a crucial role in both calcium storage and blood cell formation.

The innominate bones refer to the hip bones, which consist of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. These three bones come together to form the pelvis and provide stability and support to the body. The sacrum and coccyx are part of the vertebral column, while the femur, patella, and tibia are bones of the leg. The clavicle and scapula are bones of the shoulder girdle. Therefore, the correct answer is the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

The talus is a bone in the foot that is located between the tibia and the calcaneus. It plays a crucial role in the movement of the foot and ankle, as it allows for the articulation between the leg and the foot. The talus is responsible for transmitting the weight of the body from the tibia to the foot, and it also helps to absorb shock during activities such as walking and running.

Lordosis is an exaggerated inward curve of the spine. This condition is characterized by the excessive curvature of the lower back, causing the buttocks to protrude. It can be caused by various factors such as poor posture, obesity, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions. Lordosis can lead to back pain, muscle imbalances, and difficulty in maintaining proper posture. Treatment options include physical therapy, exercises to strengthen the core muscles, and in severe cases, surgery may be required.

The trapezoid is an example of a short bone because it is one of the small, cube-shaped bones found in the wrist. Short bones are typically found in areas where there is limited space, such as the hands and feet. They provide stability and support, as well as allow for fine movements and flexibility. The zygomatic, temporal, and hyoid bones are not examples of short bones as they have different shapes and functions.

The trapezoid is an example of a short bone because it is a small, irregularly shaped bone found in the wrist. Short bones are typically cube-shaped or have a similar irregular shape, and they provide stability and support to the body. They are found in areas where limited movement is required, such as the wrist and ankle. The zygomatic, temporal, and hyoid bones are not examples of short bones as they have different shapes and functions in the body.

Protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression are movements that occur at the shoulder girdle joint. The shoulder girdle consists of the scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle (collarbone) and is responsible for various movements of the upper limb. Protraction refers to moving the shoulder girdle forward, retraction is pulling it back, elevation is raising it upward, and depression is lowering it downward. These movements are important for activities such as reaching, lifting, and shrugging the shoulders.

The slightly moveable joint between the vertebrae can be found in an adult. This joint allows for limited movement and flexibility in the spine, facilitating actions such as bending and twisting. The vertebrae are the individual bones that make up the spinal column, and the joints between them are known as intervertebral joints. These joints are made up of intervertebral discs, which act as shock absorbers and allow for slight movement between the vertebrae.

The sacrum is a triangular bone located at the base of the spine. It is formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae, which are individual bones that fuse together during development. Therefore, the correct answer is 5, as there are five bones that form the sacrum.

The sternum is a flat bone. It is a long, flat bone located in the center of the chest. It connects to the ribs and forms the front part of the rib cage. The flat shape of the sternum provides protection to vital organs such as the heart and lungs.

An example of a pivot joint can be found between the atlas and axis bones. This joint allows for rotation of the head, as the atlas bone pivots around the axis bone.

The skeletal system refers to all the bones in the body and the tissues that connect them. This includes ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. The skeletal system provides support, protection, and movement for the body. It also plays a role in blood cell production and mineral storage.

Circumduction is the correct answer because it refers to the movement in which a joint moves in a circular motion, such as the shoulder or hip joint. This type of movement allows for a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Pronation and supination refer to movements of the forearm, while plantarflexion refers to the movement of the foot.

The phalanges and metacarpals form a hinge joint. A hinge joint allows movement in only one direction, similar to a door hinge. This type of joint is found in the fingers and allows for flexion and extension movements.

A hinge joint allows movement in only one plane, similar to a door hinge. The phalanges of the fingers and toes are connected by hinge joints, allowing them to flex and extend. This type of joint is responsible for the bending and straightening movements of the fingers and toes.