Questions On Infection Control: Quiz!

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  • 1/40 Questions

    Infection Acquired while in a hospital.

    • Virulence
    • Contamination
    • Nosocomial Infection
    • Endotoxin
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About This Quiz

Explore key concepts of infection control with this engaging quiz! Test your knowledge on asepsis, sterility, pathogens, nosocomial infections, cross contamination, and contamination. Perfect for learners interested in healthcare safety and hygiene practices.

Questions On Infection Control: Quiz! - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Microorganism capable of causing disease in humans.

    • Asepsis

    • Sterility

    • Pathogen

    • Cross Contamination

    Correct Answer
    A. Pathogen
    Explanation
    A pathogen is a microorganism that has the ability to cause disease in humans. It can be a bacteria, virus, fungus, or other infectious agent that can invade the body and disrupt its normal functioning, leading to illness. Pathogens can be transmitted through various means such as direct contact, contaminated food or water, or through the air. They can cause a wide range of diseases, from mild infections to severe and life-threatening conditions. It is important to practice good hygiene and take precautions to prevent the spread of pathogens and protect against diseases.

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  • 3. 

    Insect, animal, or another carrier that transfers an infecting agent form one host to another.

    • Spore

    • Pathogen

    • Vector

    • Asepsis

    Correct Answer
    A. Vector
    Explanation
    A vector is an insect, animal, or another carrier that transfers an infecting agent from one host to another. In this context, a vector acts as a vehicle for the transmission of pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, between individuals or populations. Vectors can play a crucial role in the spread of diseases, as they facilitate the transfer of the infecting agent without being affected themselves.

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  • 4. 

    Completed destruction or inactivation of all forms of microorganisms.

    • Cleaning

    • Sterilization

    • Disinfection

    • Contamination

    Correct Answer
    A. Sterilization
    Explanation
    Sterilization refers to the process of completely destroying or inactivating all forms of microorganisms. This process ensures that no viable microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, are present on the surface or object being sterilized. Unlike cleaning, which only removes visible dirt and debris, sterilization goes a step further by eliminating any potential pathogens. Disinfection, on the other hand, reduces the number of microorganisms but does not guarantee complete eradication. Contamination refers to the presence of harmful substances or microorganisms on a surface or object.

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  • 5. 

    A resistant form of certain species of bacteria.

    • Vector

    • Endotoxin

    • Exotoxin

    • Spore

    Correct Answer
    A. Spore
    Explanation
    A spore is a resistant form of certain species of bacteria that allows them to survive in unfavorable conditions such as extreme temperatures or lack of nutrients. Spores are highly durable and can remain dormant for long periods of time until conditions become favorable for growth and reproduction. This adaptation allows bacteria to persist and spread, making spores an important survival strategy for certain bacterial species.

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  • 6. 

    Transmission of microorganisms between PLACES or PERSONS.

    • Asepsis

    • Cross Contamination

    • Nosocomial Infection

    • Contamination

    Correct Answer
    A. Cross Contamination
    Explanation
    Cross contamination refers to the transfer of microorganisms from one place or person to another. This can occur through direct contact, contaminated surfaces, or contaminated equipment. It is a common cause of infections, especially in healthcare settings where there is a high risk of transmission. By understanding and practicing proper hygiene and infection control measures, cross contamination can be minimized or prevented, reducing the risk of infections spreading between places or persons.

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  • 7. 

    Presence of a microorganism in an otherwise sterile environment.

    • Cross Contamination

    • Contamination

    • Nosocomial Infection

    • Pathogen

    Correct Answer
    A. Contamination
    Explanation
    Contamination refers to the presence of a microorganism in an otherwise sterile environment. It can occur when microorganisms are introduced into a clean or sterile area, leading to potential health risks. This can happen through various means such as contact with contaminated surfaces, improper handling of equipment, or poor hygiene practices. Contamination can result in the spread of pathogens and the development of infections, making it important to maintain proper sanitation and hygiene protocols to prevent its occurrence.

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  • 8. 

    The process of destroying vegetative pathogenic microorganisms not sporicidal.

    • Cleaning

    • Sterilization

    • Disinfection

    • Pathogenic

    Correct Answer
    A. Disinfection
    Explanation
    Disinfection is the correct answer because it refers to the process of destroying vegetative pathogenic microorganisms. Unlike sterilization, which eliminates all forms of microorganisms including spores, disinfection specifically targets vegetative pathogens. Cleaning is the process of removing dirt and debris, while sterilization involves killing all microorganisms. Pathogenic refers to microorganisms that can cause disease.

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  • 9. 

    The heightened ability of an organism to produce infection in its host.

    • Pathogen

    • Exotoxin

    • Endotoxin

    • Virulence

    Correct Answer
    A. Virulence
    Explanation
    Virulence refers to the heightened ability of an organism to produce infection in its host. It is a measure of the severity of the disease caused by the organism. Organisms with high virulence are more likely to cause severe illness or death in their hosts, while those with low virulence may cause milder symptoms or even be asymptomatic. Virulence factors, such as toxins or enzymes, can enhance the ability of the organism to invade and damage host tissues, evade the immune system, or spread within the host.

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  • 10. 

    Requires oxygen for reproduction.

    • Obligate anaerobes

    • Obligate aerobes

    • Aerotolerant anaerobes

    • Facultative anaerobes

    Correct Answer
    A. Obligate aerobes
    Explanation
    Obligate aerobes are organisms that require oxygen for their survival and reproduction. They cannot live in the absence of oxygen and rely on aerobic respiration to generate energy. These organisms have adapted to utilize oxygen as a final electron acceptor in their metabolic pathways. They possess specific enzymes and cellular machinery to efficiently carry out aerobic respiration. Unlike facultative anaerobes or aerotolerant anaerobes, obligate aerobes cannot switch to anaerobic metabolism in the absence of oxygen. Therefore, they are completely dependent on oxygen for their growth and reproduction.

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  • 11. 

    The complete absence of all microorganisms.

    • Asepsis

    • Contamination

    • Nosocomial Infection

    • Sterility

    Correct Answer
    A. Sterility
    Explanation
    Sterility refers to the complete absence of all microorganisms. It is the state of being free from any living organisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Sterility is often achieved through various sterilization methods, such as autoclaving, filtration, or chemical disinfection. In medical settings, maintaining sterility is crucial to prevent infections and ensure safe procedures. Therefore, sterility is the correct answer in this context.

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  • 12. 

    A poisonous substance produced primarily by gram POSITIVE BACTERIA and SECRETED into surrounding media; some are extremely lethal.

    • Vectors

    • Spores

    • Vegetative Organisms

    • Exotoxin

    Correct Answer
    A. Exotoxin
    Explanation
    Exotoxins are toxic substances that are produced by gram-positive bacteria and released into the surrounding environment. They can be extremely lethal and cause harm to the host. Unlike endotoxins, which are part of the bacterial cell wall and are only released when the bacteria are lysed, exotoxins are actively secreted by the bacteria. They can target specific cells or tissues in the host and disrupt their normal functioning, leading to various diseases and symptoms.

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  • 13. 

    Absence of disease-producing microorganisms.

    • Asepsis

    • Sterility

    • Pathogen

    • Nosocomial Infection

    Correct Answer
    A. Asepsis
    Explanation
    Asepsis refers to the absence of disease-producing microorganisms. It is a state of being free from harmful bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. Asepsis is important in healthcare settings to prevent the spread of infections and maintain a safe environment for patients. It involves various practices such as hand hygiene, sterilization of equipment, and proper disposal of waste. By implementing aseptic techniques, healthcare professionals can minimize the risk of nosocomial infections and ensure the well-being of patients.

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  • 14. 

    Reproduction and growth of microorganisms.

    • Vegetative organisms

    • Vector

    • Virulence

    • Cross Contamination

    Correct Answer
    A. Vegetative organisms
    Explanation
    Vegetative organisms refer to microorganisms that are actively growing and reproducing. They are in their vegetative state, which means they are metabolically active and able to carry out essential life functions such as respiration, digestion, and reproduction. This is in contrast to dormant or spore-forming stages of microorganisms. Understanding the concept of vegetative organisms is important in the study of reproduction and growth of microorganisms, as it helps in identifying the conditions and factors that promote their proliferation.

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  • 15. 

    Reproduced under Aerobic/Anaerobic conditions:

    • Obligate anaerobes

    • Facultative anaerobes

    • Obligate aerobes

    • Aerotolerant anaerobes

    Correct Answer
    A. Facultative anaerobes
    Explanation
    Facultative anaerobes are organisms that can survive and function in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. They have the ability to switch between aerobic respiration (using oxygen) and anaerobic fermentation (without oxygen) depending on the availability of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, they can utilize it for energy production through aerobic respiration. However, in the absence of oxygen, they can switch to anaerobic fermentation to generate energy. This adaptability allows facultative anaerobes to thrive in a wide range of environments, making them versatile and capable of surviving in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor conditions.

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  • 16. 

    Kills everything but Spores:

    • Cleaning

    • Disinfection

    • Sterilization

    • All of the Above

    Correct Answer
    A. Disinfection
    Explanation
    Disinfection is the correct answer because it refers to the process of killing or removing most disease-causing microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, on surfaces or objects. While cleaning removes dirt and debris, and sterilization eliminates all forms of microbial life, disinfection specifically targets harmful microorganisms without necessarily achieving complete sterilization. Therefore, disinfection is the most appropriate term for killing everything but spores.

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  • 17. 

    Reproduce best at low oxygen levels; high levels are inhibitory:

    • Aerotolerant anaerobes

    • Micro aerophilic anaerobes

    • Facultative anaerobes

    • Obligate aerobes

    Correct Answer
    A. Micro aerophilic anaerobes
    Explanation
    Micro aerophilic anaerobes are organisms that thrive in environments with low levels of oxygen. High levels of oxygen can be inhibitory to their growth and reproduction. These organisms are able to tolerate some oxygen but prefer lower oxygen levels for optimal growth. They are considered anaerobes because they can survive and reproduce in the absence of oxygen, but they also require small amounts of oxygen for their metabolic processes. Therefore, micro aerophilic anaerobes are the best fit for the given description.

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  • 18. 

    Essential for all bacterial growth.

    • Light

    • Moisture

    • Hydrogen ions

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Moisture
    Explanation
    Moisture is essential for all bacterial growth because bacteria require water to carry out their metabolic processes. Without moisture, bacteria would not be able to uptake nutrients, metabolize them, or excrete waste products. Moisture also helps to maintain the structural integrity of bacterial cells and facilitates the movement of substances in and out of the cells. Therefore, the presence of moisture is crucial for bacterial growth and survival.

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  • 19. 

    A process to eliminate Vegetative, Pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects; Differs from sterilization by lack of Sporicidal Activity

    • Disinfection

    • Cleaning

    • Sterilization

    • All of the Above

    Correct Answer
    A. Disinfection
    Explanation
    Disinfection is a process that eliminates vegetative and pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects. It differs from sterilization because it lacks sporicidal activity, meaning it may not be able to kill spores. Cleaning refers to the removal of dirt and debris, while sterilization is a process that kills all microorganisms, including spores. Therefore, the correct answer is disinfection.

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  • 20. 

    To perform a Gram Stain:

    • Dye with Crystal Violet

    • Dye with Ultra Violet

    • Dye with Light Blue

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Dye with Crystal Violet
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "dye with Crystal Violet" because a Gram stain is a laboratory technique used to differentiate bacteria into two categories: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Crystal Violet is the primary dye used in this staining method. It helps to stain the cells and allows for differentiation based on the cell wall structure. Ultra Violet and Light Blue are not used in the Gram staining process.

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  • 21. 

    Inhibited

    • Vector

    • Vegetative organism

    • Endotoxin

    • Static

    Correct Answer
    A. Static
    Explanation
    Static means not moving or changing. In the context of the given options, static could refer to something that is not dynamic or active. It could imply that the other options are more active or have the ability to move or change, whereas static does not.

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  • 22. 

    Gram-Negative Organisms Stain:

    • Blue

    • Pink

    • Violet

    • Red

    Correct Answer
    A. Pink
    Explanation
    Gram-negative organisms stain pink because they have a thinner peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall. During the Gram staining process, the crystal violet dye is applied to the bacteria, followed by iodine, which forms a complex with the dye. The decolorization step with alcohol or acetone removes the dye-iodine complex from the thinner peptidoglycan layer of Gram-negative bacteria, allowing them to take up the counterstain, which is usually safranin or fuchsine. This counterstain appears pink under the microscope, contrasting with the purple color of Gram-positive bacteria, which retain the crystal violet dye.

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  • 23. 

    Disease-producing

    • Vector

    • Pathogen

    • Pathogenic

    • Vegetative organism

    Correct Answer
    A. Pathogenic
    Explanation
    The term "pathogenic" refers to an organism or agent that is capable of causing disease. It can be used to describe bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms that have the ability to invade and harm the host organism. In the context of the given options, "pathogenic" is the most appropriate term to describe an organism or agent that is disease-causing.

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  • 24. 

    Regenerate to vegetative cell when conditions improve:

    • Spores

    • Bacteria

    • Mycoplasmas

    • Blue-green algae

    Correct Answer
    A. Spores
    Explanation
    Spores have the ability to regenerate into vegetative cells when conditions improve. This is a survival mechanism employed by certain organisms, such as fungi and bacteria, to withstand unfavorable environmental conditions. During unfavorable conditions, spores enter a dormant state, protecting themselves from harsh conditions. When conditions become favorable again, spores undergo germination and develop into vegetative cells, allowing the organism to resume growth and reproduction.

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  • 25. 

    Poisonous substance produced by gram NEGATIVE BACTERIA and RELEASED when the bacterial cell is destroyed.

    • Exotoxin

    • Pathogen

    • Virulence

    • Endotoxin

    Correct Answer
    A. Endotoxin
    Explanation
    Endotoxins are toxic substances that are part of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. They are released when the bacterial cell is destroyed, such as during cell lysis or bacterial infection. Endotoxins can cause a wide range of harmful effects in the host organism, including fever, inflammation, and organ damage. They are different from exotoxins, which are toxic substances secreted by bacteria into the surrounding environment. Pathogen refers to any disease-causing organism, while virulence refers to the ability of a pathogen to cause disease.

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  • 26. 

    Develop in response to adverse environmental conditions:

    • Nucleus

    • Spores

    • Viruses

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Spores
    Explanation
    Spores are the correct answer because they are specialized reproductive structures produced by certain organisms, such as fungi and bacteria, in response to adverse environmental conditions. Spores are capable of surviving harsh conditions like extreme temperatures, lack of water, and high levels of radiation. They can remain dormant until conditions become favorable for growth and reproduction. This adaptive strategy allows organisms to ensure their survival and continue their life cycle even in unfavorable environments. Nucleus and viruses are not directly involved in the development of organisms in response to adverse environmental conditions.

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  • 27. 

    Only reproduce in an oxygen-free environment:

    • Obligate anaerobes

    • Aerotolerant anaerobes

    • Facultative anaerobes

    • Micro aerophilic anaerobes

    Correct Answer
    A. Obligate anaerobes
    Explanation
    Obligate anaerobes are organisms that can only reproduce in an oxygen-free environment. This means that they cannot survive or grow in the presence of oxygen. They rely on other sources of energy, such as fermentation, to carry out their metabolic processes. Obligate anaerobes are unable to use oxygen as a final electron acceptor in their respiration process, and exposure to oxygen can be toxic to them. Therefore, they require an environment completely devoid of oxygen in order to thrive and reproduce.

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  • 28. 

    The killing of microorganisms.

    • Disinfectant

    • Cidal

    • Cleaning

    • Sterilization

    Correct Answer
    A. Cidal
    Explanation
    The term "cidal" is used to describe something that causes the death or destruction of a particular organism or microorganism. In the context of the given options, "cidal" refers to the ability of a substance or process to kill microorganisms. Disinfectants are substances that are used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on surfaces. Cleaning involves removing dirt and impurities from surfaces, but may not necessarily kill microorganisms. Sterilization is a process that aims to completely eliminate all forms of life, including microorganisms. Therefore, "cidal" is the most appropriate term to describe the killing of microorganisms.

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  • 29. 

    The removal of all foreign matter such as sputum blood, dirt, or organic matter that may provide an environment for bacterial growth.

    • Disinfection

    • Sterilization

    • Cleaning

    • Pathogenic

    Correct Answer
    A. Cleaning
    Explanation
    Cleaning refers to the process of removing all foreign matter such as sputum, blood, dirt, or organic matter that may provide an environment for bacterial growth. This process helps to maintain a clean and hygienic environment by eliminating potential sources of contamination. Cleaning is an essential step in preventing the spread of pathogens and maintaining a safe and healthy environment. Disinfection and sterilization, on the other hand, involve the killing or removal of microorganisms, while pathogenic refers to organisms that can cause disease.

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  • 30. 

    Unaffected by exposure to oxygen:

    • Obligate anaerobes

    • Facultative anaerobes

    • Aerotolerant anaerobes

    • Obigate aerobes

    Correct Answer
    A. Aerotolerant anaerobes
    Explanation
    Aerotolerant anaerobes are microorganisms that can survive and grow in the presence of oxygen, but they do not require it for their metabolism. They are not affected by exposure to oxygen because they possess enzymes that can neutralize the toxic effects of oxygen. These organisms are capable of carrying out anaerobic respiration, obtaining energy from the fermentation of sugars, and can tolerate the presence of oxygen without being harmed. Unlike obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and obligate aerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes can survive in environments with or without oxygen.

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  • 31. 

    Requirements for bacterial growth:

    • Simple Nutrients - water, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, potassium

    • Complex Nutrients - Sugars, amino acids, blood products

    • RNA

    • DNA

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Simple Nutrients - water, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, potassium
    A. Complex Nutrients - Sugars, amino acids, blood products
    Explanation
    Bacterial growth requires both simple and complex nutrients. Simple nutrients include water, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, and potassium, which are essential for basic metabolic processes. Complex nutrients, such as sugars, amino acids, and blood products, provide additional energy and building blocks for the bacteria to grow and reproduce. Both types of nutrients are necessary for bacterial growth and survival.

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  • 32. 

    Mitochondria are absent; use aerobic metabolic enzymes:

    • Bacteria

    • Blue-green algae

    • Mycoplasmas

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    All of the given options, bacteria, blue-green algae, and mycoplasmas, lack mitochondria and instead use aerobic metabolic enzymes for their energy production. Mitochondria are organelles responsible for aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells, but these organisms are prokaryotic or have reduced cellular structures. Therefore, they have evolved alternative mechanisms to generate energy, such as using enzymes in their cytoplasm to carry out aerobic metabolism.

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  • 33. 

    Gram-Positive Organisms Stain:

    • Blue

    • Pink

    • Red

    • Violet

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Blue
    A. Violet
    Explanation
    Gram-positive organisms stain blue or violet because they have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall. This layer retains the crystal violet dye used in the Gram staining process. The blue or violet color is then intensified by the addition of iodine. This staining characteristic helps differentiate Gram-positive bacteria from Gram-negative bacteria, which do not retain the dye and instead stain pink or red due to the presence of an outer membrane.

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  • 34. 

    Eukaryotic organisms such as mitochondria use:

    • Anaerobic metabolism

    • Aerobic metabolism

    • Gram positive organisms

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Aerobic metabolism
    Explanation
    Eukaryotic organisms, including mitochondria, use aerobic metabolism. This process involves the breakdown of glucose and other organic molecules in the presence of oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP. It is a more efficient and sustainable way of generating energy compared to anaerobic metabolism, which occurs in the absence of oxygen. Gram-positive organisms, on the other hand, refer to a specific group of bacteria and are not directly related to the metabolism of eukaryotic organisms. Therefore, the correct answer is aerobic metabolism.

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  • 35. 

    Most common anaerobe you will find in Necrotic Tissue.

    • Microaerophilic anaerobe

    • Obligate anaerobe

    • Aerotolerant anaerobe

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Microaerophilic anaerobe
    Explanation
    Microaerophilic anaerobes are organisms that require low levels of oxygen to survive, but they cannot tolerate high levels of oxygen. They can be found in environments with limited oxygen availability, such as necrotic tissue. Obligate anaerobes, on the other hand, cannot survive in the presence of oxygen and are commonly found in anaerobic environments. Aerotolerant anaerobes can survive in the presence of oxygen, but they do not use it for their metabolic processes. Therefore, the correct answer is microaerophilic anaerobe, as it specifically describes an organism that can survive in low oxygen conditions.

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  • 36. 

    Colors that are destructive to bacteria.

    • Ultraviolet

    • Red

    • Blue

    • Green

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Ultraviolet
    A. Blue
    Explanation
    Ultraviolet and blue colors are considered destructive to bacteria. Ultraviolet light has a shorter wavelength and higher energy than visible light, making it capable of damaging the DNA and cellular structure of bacteria, ultimately killing them. Blue light has also been found to have antimicrobial properties, inhibiting the growth of bacteria and reducing their viability. Therefore, both ultraviolet and blue colors can be effective in destroying bacteria.

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  • 37. 

    Prokaryotic Organisms such as Mycoplasmas with PEPTIDOGLYCAN:

    • Gram Positive

    • Stain Violet

    • Aerobic metabolism

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Gram Positive
    A. Stain Violet
    Explanation
    Gram positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which is responsible for retaining the violet stain during the Gram staining process. This staining method is commonly used to differentiate between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Therefore, the correct answer is Gram positive and stain violet.

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  • 38. 

    Prokaryotic Organisms such as Blue-green algae LACK PEPTIDOGLYCAN:

    • Stain Pink

    • Gram Positive

    • Gram Negative

    • Stain VIolet

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Stain Pink
    A. Gram Negative
    Explanation
    Prokaryotic organisms, such as blue-green algae, lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Peptidoglycan is a polymer that gives structural support to bacterial cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane, which makes them more resistant to staining. When stained with the Gram stain, which involves the use of crystal violet dye, iodine, and safranin, gram-negative bacteria do not retain the violet stain and instead take on the pink stain due to the thin peptidoglycan layer. Therefore, the correct answer is "Stain Pink, Gram Negative."

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  • 39. 

    Atmospheric Gas Requirements:

    • Obligate Anaerobes/Obligate Aerobes

    • Aerotolerant Anaerobes

    • Facultative Anaerobes

    • Micro aerophilic Anaerobes

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Obligate Anaerobes/Obligate Aerobes
    A. Aerotolerant Anaerobes
    A. Facultative Anaerobes
    A. Micro aerophilic Anaerobes
    Explanation
    This answer lists the different types of atmospheric gas requirements for different organisms. Obligate anaerobes and obligate aerobes have strict requirements for either the absence or presence of oxygen, respectively. Aerotolerant anaerobes can tolerate the presence of oxygen but do not require it for their survival. Facultative anaerobes can survive with or without oxygen. Microaerophilic anaerobes require low levels of oxygen for their growth.

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  • 40. 

    Use Carbon Dioxide as a principal source of carbon.

    • Micro aerophilic anaerobes

    • Chemolithotrophic Bacteria

    • Aerotolerant Anaerobes

    • Photolithotrophic Bacteria

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Chemolithotrophic Bacteria
    A. Photolithotrophic Bacteria
    Explanation
    Chemolithotrophic bacteria and photolithotrophic bacteria both use inorganic compounds as a source of energy. Chemolithotrophic bacteria use inorganic compounds such as sulfur or iron, while photolithotrophic bacteria use light energy to convert inorganic compounds into organic compounds. Both types of bacteria do not require carbon dioxide as a principal source of carbon, which is stated in the given correct answer. Micro aerophilic anaerobes and aerotolerant anaerobes are not relevant to the given statement.

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  • Mar 21, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Aug 24, 2016
    Quiz Created by
    One_militantmind
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