Imaging Ch. 1, 2, 3

Excessive heat within an x-ray tube can lead to multiple effects. Bearing failure and decreased anode speed can occur due to the increased heat, causing damage to the components and reducing the rotational speed of the anode. The heat can also roughen the target surface, which can affect the quality of the x-ray beam. Additionally, excessive heat can lead to arcing, which is the formation of an electric discharge between electrodes. Therefore, all of the mentioned effects are possible when there is excessive heat within an x-ray tube.

Scatter refers to the deflection of X-ray photons from their original path as they interact with the structure being radiographed. The intensity of the beam, the composition of the structure, and the kilovoltage (kVp) level all play a role in determining the amount of scatter produced. The intensity of the beam affects the number of photons available for scattering, while the composition of the structure determines how likely the photons are to scatter. The kilovoltage level influences the energy of the photons, which in turn affects their scattering behavior. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to scatter production.

The negatively charged particle of an atom is the electron. Protons and neutrons are both found in the nucleus of an atom and have no charge or a positive charge, respectively. The electron, on the other hand, orbits around the nucleus and carries a negative charge. It plays a crucial role in determining the chemical behavior of atoms and is involved in the formation of chemical bonds.

Using the shortest exposure time possible is the correct answer because it helps to minimize the chances of artifacts caused by patient movement during radiography. By using a shorter exposure time, the image is captured quickly, reducing the likelihood of blurring or distortion caused by the patient's movement. This allows for a clearer and more accurate radiograph to be obtained.

The correct answer is "All of the above." This is because the anode's target in an x-ray machine is composed of tungsten, which is a high melting point material that can withstand the high temperatures generated during x-ray production. These temperatures can reach in excess of 1000 degrees C. Additionally, the anode's target usually has a copper base, which helps to dissipate heat and improve the efficiency of the x-ray production process. Therefore, all of the statements mentioned in the options are true.

Adjusting the collimator to the smallest field size possible helps to reduce unnecessary radiation by limiting the area being exposed to radiation. This reduces scatter radiation and also minimizes radiation exposure to the patient and any persons restraining the patient. Opening the collimator as wide as possible would have the opposite effect, increasing the area exposed to radiation and potentially increasing scatter radiation. Placement of a lead apron over the area of interest on the patient can help shield that specific area, but it does not address reducing unnecessary radiation overall. The selection of full-wave rectification or half-wave rectification does not directly impact unnecessary radiation or scatter radiation.

X-rays have the ability to cause substances to fluoresce by exciting the atoms in the material, causing them to emit light. They can also completely remove an electron from an atom, leaving the atom positively charged, through a process called ionization. Additionally, x-rays can cause chemical changes that can kill cells, making them useful in medical treatments such as radiation therapy. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as x-rays possess all these abilities.

X-rays have a shorter wavelength compared to visible light. The electromagnetic spectrum consists of various types of waves, with visible light being a part of it. X-rays have shorter wavelengths than visible light, which means they have higher energy and can penetrate through certain materials. This property makes them useful in medical imaging and other applications where the ability to pass through objects is required.

In an x-ray tube, electrons are accelerated from the cathode towards the anode. The anode is positively charged, while the cathode is negatively charged. This creates an electric field that attracts the electrons towards the anode. As the electrons travel towards the anode, they gain energy and collide with the target material, producing x-rays. Therefore, the correct answer is "toward the anode in an x-ray tube."

In x-ray tubes, the majority of energy produced by the movement of electrons is in the form of heat. This is because when high-speed electrons collide with the target material, their kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy. X-rays are also produced in this process, but the amount of heat generated is much higher compared to the amount of x-ray energy. Therefore, heat is the primary form of energy produced in x-ray tubes.

X-ray electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that travels in a straight line. This means that it does not curve or bend unless acted upon by an external force. However, the direction of X-ray radiation can be altered by using devices such as mirrors or lenses. Therefore, the statement that X-ray electromagnetic radiation travels in a straight line and its direction can be altered is true.

This statement is true because genetic damage refers to changes or mutations in the DNA that can be passed on to future generations. These changes may not be immediately apparent or detectable in the individual who carries the damaged genes. Instead, they may manifest in the offspring or subsequent generations. Therefore, it is accurate to say that genetic damage is not detectable until future generations are produced.

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895.

By entering the proper exposure settings in the control panel before the final positioning of the animal, the technician can help to prolong the life of the filament in the x-ray tube. This ensures that the appropriate amount of radiation is used for the specific procedure, preventing overexposure and potential damage to the filament. Proper exposure settings also help to produce clear and accurate radiographs, reducing the need for retakes and minimizing the wear and tear on the filament.

The given answer is correct because it states that x-rays with shorter wavelengths penetrate farther than x-rays with longer wavelengths. This is because shorter wavelengths have higher energy and can penetrate through materials more easily. X-rays with longer wavelengths have lower energy and are more likely to be absorbed or scattered by the material they encounter, limiting their penetration. Therefore, x-rays with shorter wavelengths are able to travel deeper into the body or through thicker materials.

The correct answer is 0.5 mm. In veterinary radiography, the lead-lined rubber lining protective apparel is used to protect against radiation exposure. The thickness of the lining is crucial in determining the level of protection provided. A thickness of 0.5 mm is considered appropriate for this purpose, as it provides sufficient shielding against radiation while still allowing for ease of movement and flexibility in the apparel.

The correct answer is "all of the above" because both photons and quanta are terms used to describe bundles of energy that travel in a wave. Photons are specifically used in the context of electromagnetic radiation, while quanta is a more general term that can be used to describe bundles of energy in various physical systems. Therefore, both terms are correct and can be used interchangeably to refer to bundles of energy that travel in a wave.

Filaments located in an x-ray tube emit electrons when heated. This is because the filament, typically made of tungsten, is heated to a high temperature by passing an electric current through it. This process, known as thermionic emission, causes the electrons to be released from the surface of the filament. These emitted electrons then travel towards the anode, creating the electron beam necessary for the production of x-rays.

The answer is "Animals cells are not as susceptible to damage from irradiation as human cells." This statement is not true because both animal cells and human cells can be damaged by irradiation. Radiation can affect the DNA in cells, leading to mutations and potentially causing cancer. Therefore, both animal cells and human cells are equally susceptible to damage from irradiation.

Air molecules interfere with the path of electrons, thus decreasing the number of electrons reaching the target.

A thermoluminescent dosimeter is a type of dosimeter that can be stored for years, maintain its information, and can be reused. It works by measuring the amount of radiation exposure an individual receives. The dosimeter contains a material that emits light when heated, and this light emission is proportional to the amount of radiation absorbed. This makes it a reliable and long-lasting option for monitoring radiation exposure over time.

The correct answer is that the stationary anode is unable to withstand large amounts of heat. This means that it has a limited capacity to handle high temperatures, which can be a limitation in certain applications.

According to state and federal regulations, the upper limit of exposure that an occupationally exposed individual may receive is 0.05 Sv/year. This limit is set to ensure the safety and well-being of individuals who are exposed to radiation in their work environment. It is important to adhere to this limit to prevent any potential harmful effects of radiation exposure.

A radiograph is the radiographic record of an object on film produced by the passage of x-rays, a form of electromagnetic radiation, through that object.

Cataracts is a type of somatic damage caused by radiation. Radiation exposure can lead to the formation of cataracts, which are characterized by the clouding of the lens in the eye. This occurs when the radiation damages the proteins in the lens, causing them to clump together and obstruct vision. Cataracts can develop over time after exposure to ionizing radiation, such as X-rays or nuclear radiation.