Geol 1340 Exam 3
Practice for Geology Exam 3
- 1.
Earth's overall density is calculated to be 5.52 grams per cubic centimeter. However, crustal rocks only give densities around 2.9 grams per cubic centimeter. Where is the excess density?
- A.
Iron in Earth's core
- B.
Water stored in the oceans
- C.
Increasing pressures increase the density of mantle rocks at depth
- D.
The larger circumference of Earth at the equator relative to the poles means that the highest density occurs at zero degrees latitude
Correct Answer
A. Iron in Earth's coreExplanation
Chapter 8aRate this question:
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- 2.
Which of the following statements regarding heat flow on Earth is TRUE?
- A.
Heat is transferred from Earth's interior towards the surface mainly by radiation.
- B.
Heat is transferred from Earth's interior towards the surface mainly by conduction.
- C.
Heat flow, as measured on Earth's surface, is higher along mid-ocean ridges and other volcanically active regions but lower within the interiors of stable continents.
- D.
Heat flow, as measured on Earth's surface, is the same everywhere.
Correct Answer
C. Heat flow, as measured on Earth's surface, is higher along mid-ocean ridges and other volcanically active regions but lower within the interiors of stable continents.Explanation
Chapter 8aRate this question:
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- 3.
For the figure below, which letter corresponds to the epicenter of the earthquake?
- A.
Site A
- B.
Site B
- C.
Site C
- D.
Site D
Correct Answer
B. Site BExplanation
Chapter 8aRate this question:
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- 4.
The figure below illustrates the motion of ____________
- A.
Surface waves
- B.
P-waves
- C.
S-waves
- D.
Refracted waves
Correct Answer
B. P-wavesExplanation
Chapter 8aRate this question:
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- 5.
The bending of seismic waves when passing through Earth's interior is called _________
- A.
Refraction
- B.
Reflection
- C.
Diffraction
- D.
Deflection
Correct Answer
A. RefractionExplanation
Chapter 8aRate this question:
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- 6.
The bending of seismic waves when passing through Earth's interior is due to changes in wave ____________ when encountering different Earth materials.
- A.
Temperature
- B.
Type
- C.
Velocity
- D.
Magnitude
Correct Answer
C. VelocityExplanation
Chapter 8aRate this question:
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- 7.
The Moho is the boundary between the ________ and _________
- A.
Asthenosphere/mesosphere
- B.
Mesosphere/outer core
- C.
Outer core/inner core
- D.
Crust/upper mantle
Correct Answer
D. Crust/upper mantleExplanation
Chapter 8aRate this question:
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- 8.
What happens to S-waves as they pass through the asthenosphere?
- A.
S-waves change into P-waves
- B.
S-waves slow down because of the presence of a few percent partial melt
- C.
S-waves cannot penetrate through the asthenosphere
- D.
S-waves speed up because of an increase in density of mantle rocks
Correct Answer
B. S-waves slow down because of the presence of a few percent partial meltExplanation
Chapter 8aRate this question:
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- 9.
What happens to P- and S-waves when encountering transition zones at 400 km and 700 km depths?
- A.
P- and S-waves are reflected back to the surface.
- B.
The two transition zones prevent P- and S-waves from reaching the lower mantle.
- C.
They slow down because mantle material is softened at these depths.
- D.
They speed up due to density increases in mantle rock resulting from phase changes in minerals.
Correct Answer
D. They speed up due to density increases in mantle rock resulting from pHase changes in minerals.Explanation
Chapter 8aRate this question:
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- 10.
What changes in P- and S-waves occur when encountering the outer core that lead scientists to conclude that this layer is composed of liquid iron?
- A.
P-waves slow down while S-waves speed up when passing through the outer core.
- B.
Both P- and S-waves are prevented from passing through the outer core.
- C.
S-waves cannot pass through the outer core while P-waves slow down significantly when passing through this layer.
- D.
Both P- and S-waves increase in velocity when passing through the outer core.
Correct Answer
C. S-waves cannot pass through the outer core while P-waves slow down significantly when passing through this layer.Explanation
Chapter 8aRate this question:
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- 11.
The upper mantle is composed largely of a rock called ___________
- A.
Peridotite
- B.
Andesite
- C.
Granite
- D.
Basalt
Correct Answer
A. PeridotiteExplanation
Chapter 8aRate this question:
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- 12.
P-wave shadow zones are regions on Earth's surface where...
- A.
Only P-waves are detected by seismometers.
- B.
Only P-waves are generated by earthquakes.
- C.
S-waves change into P-waves.
- D.
No P-waves are detected by seismometers.
Correct Answer
D. No P-waves are detected by seismometers.Explanation
Chapter 8aRate this question:
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- 13.
Circulation of liquid iron in the outer core is thought to be responsible for Earth's _____________
- A.
Heat flow
- B.
Magnetic field
- C.
Gravity
- D.
Rotation
Correct Answer
B. Magnetic fieldExplanation
Chapter 8aRate this question:
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- 14.
Which of the following statements is true for minerals?
- A.
Minerals are mostly created through the activities of organisms.
- B.
Atoms within the crystal structure of a mineral are usually disorganized and randomly distributed.
- C.
The minerals quartz and halite are considered separate minerals because of differences in crystal sizes
- D.
A given mineral has a specific crystal structure and chemical composition.
Correct Answer
D. A given mineral has a specific crystal structure and chemical composition.Explanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 15.
Which of the following statements regarding silicate minerals is false?
- A.
All silicate minerals have silicon and oxygen in their chemical formula.
- B.
Silicate tetrahedra can bond with cations but not with other tetrahedra.
- C.
The basic building block of all silicate minerals is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron.
- D.
Silicate minerals are the most abundant minerals in Earth's crust.
Correct Answer
B. Silicate tetrahedra can bond with cations but not with other tetrahedra.Explanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following is NOT a silicate mineral?
- A.
Mica
- B.
Pyroxene
- C.
Hematite
- D.
Plagioclase feldspar
- E.
Quartz
Correct Answer
C. HematiteExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 17.
The mineral calcite belongs to which of the following mineral groups?
- A.
Halides
- B.
Sulfates
- C.
Oxides
- D.
Silicates
- E.
Carbonates
Correct Answer
E. CarbonatesExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 18.
What distinguishes the native element minerals from the other mineral groups?
- A.
Native element minerals are all soft and easily scratched
- B.
Native element minerals only form ionic bonds
- C.
Native element minerals are bonded to sulfur
- D.
Native element minerals are comprised of only one element
Correct Answer
D. Native element minerals are comprised of only one elementExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 19.
Which of the following pairs of minerals belong to the same mineral group?
- A.
Mica and gold
- B.
Quartz and halite
- C.
Gypsum and anhydrite
- D.
Calcite and olivine
Correct Answer
C. Gypsum and anhydriteExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 20.
According to the Rock Cycle, which of the following is the first stage in converting a metamorphic rock into a sedimentary rock?
- A.
Uplift and exposure
- B.
Lithification
- C.
Burial to greater depths
- D.
Increase the temperature
Correct Answer
A. Uplift and exposureExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 21.
Which of the following statements regarding the Rock Cycle is FALSE?
- A.
Any rock type can be uplifted and exposed to weathering agents.
- B.
Sedimentary rocks can convert into metamorphic rocks if the temperature and pressure conditions are right.
- C.
Only igneous rocks can be uplifted and exposed to weathering.
- D.
Igneous rocks can bypass the weathering stage and convert directly into metamorphic rocks.
Correct Answer
C. Only igneous rocks can be uplifted and exposed to weathering.Explanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 22.
Which of the following statements regarding cooling rates of magma is TRUE?
- A.
An igneous pluton forms from lava that is extruded onto Earth's surface and cools quickly.
- B.
Lava erupted on Earth's surface cools very slowly when exposed to the atmosphere.
- C.
Magma crystallizing deep in the crust cools slowly and forms large crystals.
- D.
Fast cooling rates of magma produce large crystals.
Correct Answer
C. Magma crystallizing deep in the crust cools slowly and forms large crystals.Explanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 23.
What is the dominant igneous intrusion illustrated below?
- A.
Batholith
- B.
Sill
- C.
Dike
- D.
Volcanic neck
Correct Answer
B. SillExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 24.
A magma rich in dissolved gases will produce...
- A.
Only plutonic rocks with large crystals.
- B.
Explosive eruptions and volcanic ash.
- C.
Quiet eruptions and fluid lava.
- D.
Mild eruptions that crystallize into mafic igneous rocks only.
Correct Answer
B. Explosive eruptions and volcanic ash.Explanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 25.
A light-colored igneous rock with abundant quartz and potassium feldspar is probably ________ in composition.
- A.
Felsic
- B.
Intermediate
- C.
Ultramafic
- D.
Mafic
Correct Answer
A. FelsicExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 26.
A low-viscosity magma most likely...
- A.
Yields explosive eruptions
- B.
Has low silica content
- C.
Erupts volcanic ash
- D.
Is thick and sticky, thus retaining its gases
Correct Answer
B. Has low silica contentExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 27.
Which of the following is NOT a direct product of weathering?
- A.
Clay minerals
- B.
Rock fragments
- C.
Dissolved ions
- D.
Water
Correct Answer
D. WaterExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 28.
Detrital (clastic) sedimentary rocks...
- A.
Crystallize directly from water.
- B.
Are composed of particles of pre-existing rocks.
- C.
Include rock salt and limestone.
- D.
Are more likely than chemical sedimentary rocks to contain fossils of marine organisms.
Correct Answer
B. Are composed of particles of pre-existing rocks.Explanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 29.
Which of the following is NOT a sedimentary environment where sediments accumulate?
- A.
Mountain valley
- B.
Desert
- C.
Uplifted bedrock undergoing weathering and erosion
- D.
Continental shelf
- E.
Beach
Correct Answer
C. Uplifted bedrock undergoing weathering and erosionExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 30.
How does breccia differ from conglomerate?
- A.
Particle sizes in breccia are smaller than those found in conglomerate.
- B.
Particles in breccia are angular, while particles in conglomerate are rounded.
- C.
Breccia is a detrital sedimentary rock whereas conglomerate is a chemical sedimentary rock.
- D.
Breccia contains fossils whereas conglomerate does not.
Correct Answer
B. Particles in breccia are angular, while particles in conglomerate are rounded.Explanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 31.
Which of the following chemical sedimentary rocks will most likely contain fossils?
- A.
Rock salt
- B.
Chert
- C.
Limestone
- D.
Rock gypsum
Correct Answer
C. LimestoneExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 32.
_________ metamorphism is directly associated with the margins of igneous intrusions?
- A.
Contact
- B.
Burial
- C.
Dynamic
- D.
Regional
Correct Answer
A. ContactExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 33.
Hydrothermal metamorphism will most likely occur...
- A.
Deep within mountain ranges
- B.
Along fault planes
- C.
Within high pressure areas where fluids are absent
- D.
Near mid-ocean ridges
Correct Answer
D. Near mid-ocean ridgesExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 34.
Which of the following is NOT a foliated metamorphic rock?
- A.
Sandstone
- B.
Schist
- C.
Gneiss
- D.
Slate
Correct Answer
A. SandstoneExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 35.
Which of the following statements is an example of foliation in metamorphic rocks?
- A.
Reactions between rocks and hot magmatic fluids result in the formation of green, blocky minerals containing water in their crystal structures.
- B.
Minerals are platy and randomly oriented in different directions due to high temperature, low pressure metamorphism.
- C.
Alignment of platy minerals like micas in a common direction due to direct pressure during metamorphism.
- D.
Recrystallization of original minerals into large, equal-sized crystals that appear as granules in a metamorphic rock.
Correct Answer
C. Alignment of platy minerals like micas in a common direction due to direct pressure during metamorpHism.Explanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 36.
Hornfels are most commonly associated with ___________ metamorphism.
- A.
Dynamic
- B.
Contact
- C.
Regional
- D.
Hydrothermal
Correct Answer
B. ContactExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 37.
Quartz sandstone is metamorphosed into ___________.
- A.
Quartzite
- B.
Marble
- C.
Mylonite
- D.
Schist
Correct Answer
A. QuartziteExplanation
Chapter 8bcRate this question:
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- 38.
Wegener assembled the continents like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle into a giant supercontinent called...
- A.
Eurasia
- B.
Pangea
- C.
Gondwanaland
- D.
Euroamerica
Correct Answer
B. PangeaExplanation
Chapter 8dRate this question:
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- 39.
Weird ice-flow directions of ancient glaciers, as evidenced today on the continents of South America, Africa, India, and Australia, make sense if we...
- A.
Assume randomness in the way glaciers move.
- B.
Assume that all ice flows originated in Australia.
- C.
Assemble these continents into a giant supercontinent.
- D.
Take into account changes in Earth's magnetic field over the last three hundred million years.
Correct Answer
C. Assemble these continents into a giant supercontinent.Explanation
Chapter 8dRate this question:
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- 40.
Which of the following does NOT constitute evidence for continental drift?
- A.
Similar fossils of ancient plants and animals found on the five southern continents now separated by oceans.
- B.
Coal deposits in Antarctica.
- C.
Polar wander curves.
- D.
A cooling, shrinking Earth.
- E.
Reef-building corals in frozen Greenland.
Correct Answer
D. A cooling, shrinking Earth.Explanation
Chapter 8dRate this question:
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- 41.
Which of the following statements regarding mid-ocean ridges is FALSE?
- A.
Sites of hydrothermal discharges on the seafloor known as black smokers.
- B.
Plate boundary where new oceanic lithosphere is created.
- C.
Lithospheric plates converge along mid-ocean ridges.
- D.
Sites of undersea volcanic activity
- E.
Long, undersea mountain ranges found in all the major ocean basins of the world.
Correct Answer
C. LithospHeric plates converge along mid-ocean ridges.Explanation
Chapter 8dRate this question:
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- 42.
Which of the following statements regarding reversals in Earth's magnetic field is TRUE?
- A.
Even though Earth's magnetic polarity occasionally reverses, the direction of magnetic lines of force have always pointed towards the magnetic north pole.
- B.
Magnetic stripes in oceanic crust only reflect periods of normal magnetic polarity.
- C.
Magnetic stripes on the seafloor only exhibit normal polarity to the left of a mid-ocean ridge, and reverse polarity to the right of the ridge.
- D.
The Geomagnetic Time Scale indicates numerous reversals in Earth's magnetic field over the last 5 million years.
Correct Answer
D. The Geomagnetic Time Scale indicates numerous reversals in Earth's magnetic field over the last 5 million years.Explanation
Chapter 8dRate this question:
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- 43.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
- A.
Magnetic inclination and declination can be measured in some igneous rocks.
- B.
Magnetic declination today is a compass needle pointing to the magnetic north pole.
- C.
Polarity reversals in Earth's magnetic field only affect the magnetic inclination, but not the declination, of ancient rocks.
- D.
The magnetic inclination of a compass needle is zero degrees at the equator.
Correct Answer
C. Polarity reversals in Earth's magnetic field only affect the magnetic inclination, but not the declination, of ancient rocks.Explanation
Chapter 8dRate this question:
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- 44.
What is going on in the following illustration?
- A.
Magnetization of ancient rocks point to various pole positions in the past that are artifacts of continental drift and not because poles actually migrated.
- B.
Earth's magnetic field was in the process of reversing over the past 500 million years.
- C.
Earth had two north magnetic poles in the past that eventually merged into one pole.
- D.
The magnetic north and south poles were at one time joined in the northern hemisphere, but have since drifted apart to their present locations.
Correct Answer
A. Magnetization of ancient rocks point to various pole positions in the past that are artifacts of continental drift and not because poles actually migrated.Explanation
Chapter 8dRate this question:
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- 45.
Studies of the ocean floor indicate that oceanic crust varies in age from place to place. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
- A.
Oceanic crust becomes progressively older as we approach a mid-ocean ridge.
- B.
The ages of oceanic crust are truncated at convergent plate boundaries.
- C.
The youngest oceanic crust occurs along mid-ocean ridges.
- D.
The oldest oceanic crust within an ocean basin occurs along the margins of the basin and furthest from the mid-ocean ridge.
Correct Answer
A. Oceanic crust becomes progressively older as we approach a mid-ocean ridge.Explanation
Chapter 8dRate this question:
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- 46.
Where would you least expect to find active volcanoes?
- A.
Oceanic hot spot
- B.
Transform plate boundary
- C.
Mid-ocean ridge
- D.
Convergent plate boundary
Correct Answer
B. Transform plate boundaryExplanation
Chapter 8dRate this question:
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- 47.
What constitutes the plates of plate tectonics?
- A.
Crust only
- B.
Crust and solid upper portion of the mantle directly above the asthenosphere
- C.
Crust and asthenosphere
- D.
Oceanic lithosphere only
- E.
Continental lithosphere only
Correct Answer
B. Crust and solid upper portion of the mantle directly above the asthenospHereExplanation
Chapter 8dRate this question:
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- 48.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a plate boundary?
- A.
Oceanic hot spot
- B.
Mid-ocean ridge
- C.
Transform fault
- D.
Subduction zone
Correct Answer
A. Oceanic hot spotExplanation
Chapter 8dRate this question:
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- 49.
Which of the following statements regarding convergent plate boundaries is FALSE?
- A.
Boundary where oceanic crust is destroyed
- B.
Sites of plate collision and subduction
- C.
Only occurs where a continental plate meets an oceanic plate
- D.
Associated with volcanic arcs and mountain ranges
Correct Answer
C. Only occurs where a continental plate meets an oceanic plateExplanation
Chapter 8dRate this question:
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- 50.
A principle driving force for the movement of lithospheric plates is/are...
- A.
Mantle plumes
- B.
Magnetic reversals
- C.
Mantle convection
- D.
Volcanoes and earthquakes
Correct Answer
C. Mantle convectionExplanation
Chapter 8dRate this question:
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