Geol 1340 Exam 3

Iron in Earth's core

Water stored in the oceans

Increasing pressures increase the density of mantle rocks at depth

The larger circumference of Earth at the equator relative to the poles means that the highest density occurs at zero degrees latitude

Heat is transferred from Earth's interior towards the surface mainly by radiation.

Heat is transferred from Earth's interior towards the surface mainly by conduction.

Heat flow, as measured on Earth's surface, is higher along mid-ocean ridges and other volcanically active regions but lower within the interiors of stable continents.

Heat flow, as measured on Earth's surface, is the same everywhere.

Site A

Site B

Site C

Site D

Surface waves

P-waves

S-waves

Refracted waves

Refraction

Reflection

Diffraction

Deflection

Temperature

Type

Velocity

Magnitude

Asthenosphere/mesosphere

Mesosphere/outer core

Outer core/inner core

Crust/upper mantle

S-waves change into P-waves

S-waves slow down because of the presence of a few percent partial melt

S-waves cannot penetrate through the asthenosphere

S-waves speed up because of an increase in density of mantle rocks

P- and S-waves are reflected back to the surface.

The two transition zones prevent P- and S-waves from reaching the lower mantle.

They slow down because mantle material is softened at these depths.

They speed up due to density increases in mantle rock resulting from phase changes in minerals.

P-waves slow down while S-waves speed up when passing through the outer core.

Both P- and S-waves are prevented from passing through the outer core.

S-waves cannot pass through the outer core while P-waves slow down significantly when passing through this layer.

Both P- and S-waves increase in velocity when passing through the outer core.

Peridotite

Andesite

Granite

Basalt

Only P-waves are detected by seismometers.

Only P-waves are generated by earthquakes.

S-waves change into P-waves.

No P-waves are detected by seismometers.

Heat flow

Magnetic field

Gravity

Rotation

Minerals are mostly created through the activities of organisms.

Atoms within the crystal structure of a mineral are usually disorganized and randomly distributed.

The minerals quartz and halite are considered separate minerals because of differences in crystal sizes

A given mineral has a specific crystal structure and chemical composition.

All silicate minerals have silicon and oxygen in their chemical formula.

Silicate tetrahedra can bond with cations but not with other tetrahedra.

The basic building block of all silicate minerals is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron.

Silicate minerals are the most abundant minerals in Earth's crust.

Mica

Pyroxene

Hematite

Plagioclase feldspar

Quartz

Halides

Sulfates

Oxides

Silicates

Carbonates

Native element minerals are all soft and easily scratched

Native element minerals only form ionic bonds

Native element minerals are bonded to sulfur

Native element minerals are comprised of only one element

Mica and gold

Quartz and halite

Gypsum and anhydrite

Calcite and olivine

Uplift and exposure

Lithification

Burial to greater depths

Increase the temperature

Any rock type can be uplifted and exposed to weathering agents.

Sedimentary rocks can convert into metamorphic rocks if the temperature and pressure conditions are right.

Only igneous rocks can be uplifted and exposed to weathering.

Igneous rocks can bypass the weathering stage and convert directly into metamorphic rocks.

An igneous pluton forms from lava that is extruded onto Earth's surface and cools quickly.

Lava erupted on Earth's surface cools very slowly when exposed to the atmosphere.

Magma crystallizing deep in the crust cools slowly and forms large crystals.

Fast cooling rates of magma produce large crystals.

Batholith

Sill

Dike

Volcanic neck

Only plutonic rocks with large crystals.

Explosive eruptions and volcanic ash.

Quiet eruptions and fluid lava.

Mild eruptions that crystallize into mafic igneous rocks only.

Felsic

Intermediate

Ultramafic

Mafic