Geol 1340 Exam 3

Rivers and streams

Groundwater

Glaciers

Wind

All of the above

Temperature

Type

Velocity

Magnitude

Iron in Earth's core

Water stored in the oceans

Increasing pressures increase the density of mantle rocks at depth

The larger circumference of Earth at the equator relative to the poles means that the highest density occurs at zero degrees latitude

Refraction

Reflection

Diffraction

Deflection

Rock salt

Chert

Limestone

Rock gypsum

Shear

Tensional

Lateral

Compressional

Site A

Site B

Site C

Site D

Heat flow

Magnetic field

Gravity

Rotation

Radial

Dendritic

Rectangular

Trellis

Quartzite

Marble

Mylonite

Schist

Assume randomness in the way glaciers move.

Assume that all ice flows originated in Australia.

Assemble these continents into a giant supercontinent.

Take into account changes in Earth's magnetic field over the last three hundred million years.

Earth's surface only refers to the areas above sea level

Most of Earth's surface is covered by water

The vertical distance from sea level to the highest elevation on land is greater than the vertical distance from sea level to the deepest trench in the ocean

The average elevation of Earth's surface occurs above sea level

Mass wasting

Physical weathering

Erosion

Chemical weathering

Only plutonic rocks with large crystals.

Explosive eruptions and volcanic ash.

Quiet eruptions and fluid lava.

Mild eruptions that crystallize into mafic igneous rocks only.

Similar fossils of ancient plants and animals found on the five southern continents now separated by oceans.

Coal deposits in Antarctica.

Polar wander curves.

A cooling, shrinking Earth.

Reef-building corals in frozen Greenland.

All silicate minerals have silicon and oxygen in their chemical formula.

Silicate tetrahedra can bond with cations but not with other tetrahedra.

The basic building block of all silicate minerals is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron.

Silicate minerals are the most abundant minerals in Earth's crust.

Native element minerals are all soft and easily scratched

Native element minerals only form ionic bonds

Native element minerals are bonded to sulfur

Native element minerals are comprised of only one element

Any rock type can be uplifted and exposed to weathering agents.

Sedimentary rocks can convert into metamorphic rocks if the temperature and pressure conditions are right.

Only igneous rocks can be uplifted and exposed to weathering.

Igneous rocks can bypass the weathering stage and convert directly into metamorphic rocks.

Low tablelands

Hills

Plains

Mountains

P-waves slow down while S-waves speed up when passing through the outer core.

Both P- and S-waves are prevented from passing through the outer core.

S-waves cannot pass through the outer core while P-waves slow down significantly when passing through this layer.

Both P- and S-waves increase in velocity when passing through the outer core.

Peridotite

Andesite

Granite

Basalt

Uplift and exposure

Lithification

Burial to greater depths

Increase the temperature

Boundary where oceanic crust is destroyed

Sites of plate collision and subduction

Only occurs where a continental plate meets an oceanic plate

Associated with volcanic arcs and mountain ranges

Two adjacent drainage basins are separated by a ridge or drainage divide.

Runoff within a particular drainage basin ultimately collects within one major stream or river.

Only a large area covering several states can be considered a drainage basin.

Drainage systems ultimately carry water to the ocean.

A large drainage basin can be comprised of smaller drainage basins.

Only P-waves are detected by seismometers.

Only P-waves are generated by earthquakes.

S-waves change into P-waves.

No P-waves are detected by seismometers.

Minerals are mostly created through the activities of organisms.

Atoms within the crystal structure of a mineral are usually disorganized and randomly distributed.

The minerals quartz and halite are considered separate minerals because of differences in crystal sizes

A given mineral has a specific crystal structure and chemical composition.

Felsic

Intermediate

Ultramafic

Mafic

Sandstone

Schist

Gneiss

Slate

Contains exposures of the root zones of ancient mountain ranges that have since mostly been eroded away

Includes old continental margin sedimentary rocks subsequently metamorphosed within the collision zone of protocontinents

Only consists of undeformed sedimentary rocks younger than 500 million years

Includes metamorphosed igneous rocks originally formed within ancient subduction zones

Crust only

Crust and solid upper portion of the mantle directly above the asthenosphere

Crust and asthenosphere

Oceanic lithosphere only

Continental lithosphere only

A landscape is an open system with variable inputs of energy and materials

A landscape is in steady-state equilibrium and never changes with time if all the input variables remain the same

Uplift of land creates a disequilibrium between relief and energy

The landscape interacts with hydrologic and atmospheric processes

Rock fall

Soil creep

Rock slide

Debris slide

Surface waves

P-waves

S-waves

Refracted waves

Asthenosphere/mesosphere

Mesosphere/outer core

Outer core/inner core

Crust/upper mantle

Yields explosive eruptions

Has low silica content

Erupts volcanic ash

Is thick and sticky, thus retaining its gases

Clay minerals

Rock fragments

Dissolved ions

Water

Crystallize directly from water.

Are composed of particles of pre-existing rocks.

Include rock salt and limestone.

Are more likely than chemical sedimentary rocks to contain fossils of marine organisms.

Narrow V-shaped valley

Active downcutting

Wide flood plain

Rapids and waterfalls

Particle sizes in breccia are smaller than those found in conglomerate.

Particles in breccia are angular, while particles in conglomerate are rounded.

Breccia is a detrital sedimentary rock whereas conglomerate is a chemical sedimentary rock.

Breccia contains fossils whereas conglomerate does not.

Contact

Burial

Dynamic

Regional

Mantle plumes

Magnetic reversals

Mantle convection

Volcanoes and earthquakes

Collision of the supercontinent with another continent causes the former to split apart.

Supercontinent prevents heat in the underlying mantle from escaping, thus generating upwelling mantle plumes that break the supercontinent apart.

Supercontinent is split apart due to impact by a large asteroid

Subduction zones form within the supercontinent and generate volcanoes that blow the supercontinent apart

Mantle beneath the supercontinent cools and sinks, pulling parts of the supercontinent down with it.

Synclines/anticlines

Basins/anticlines

Anticlines/synclines

Synclines/domes

Acids

Rock fragments

Water

Solid rock

Magnetic inclination and declination can be measured in some igneous rocks.

Magnetic declination today is a compass needle pointing to the magnetic north pole.

Polarity reversals in Earth's magnetic field only affect the magnetic inclination, but not the declination, of ancient rocks.

The magnetic inclination of a compass needle is zero degrees at the equator.

Are generally small and constructed of pyroclasic material.

Are mostly constructed by basaltic lava.

Are the largest of all the volcanoes on Earth.

Are the classic type of volcanoes comprising the Cascade Range of Washington and Oregon.

Are the classic type of volcanoes comprising the Cascade Range of Washington and Oregon.

Rotational slide

Soil creep

Debris avalanche

Mudflow

Halides

Sulfates

Oxides

Silicates

Carbonates