Gait

The adductor magnus, adductor longus, and gracilis muscles are responsible for adduction at the hip joint. Adduction refers to the movement of bringing the leg or thigh towards the midline of the body. These muscles work together to pull the leg inward, allowing for movements such as crossing the legs or bringing the thighs together. The adductors play an important role in stabilizing the hip joint and maintaining balance during activities such as walking, running, and jumping.

The acronym HAT stands for head, arm, and trunk. This means that when referring to HAT, it is referring to the three main parts of the human body: the head, the arms, and the trunk or torso.

Hearing is not a requirement for normal gait because gait refers to the pattern of walking, which primarily relies on the coordination of muscles and the ability to maintain balance. While hearing can contribute to spatial awareness and safety during walking, it is not essential for the basic mechanics of gait. Vision, on the other hand, plays a crucial role in gait as it helps to detect obstacles and maintain balance. Muscles are also essential for generating the necessary movements and providing stability during walking.

The quadriceps and hamstring muscles work as antagonists because they perform opposite actions at the knee joint. The quadriceps are responsible for knee extension, which straightens the leg, while the hamstring muscles are responsible for knee flexion, which bends the leg. When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes to allow for the desired movement. Therefore, the quadriceps and hamstring muscles work as antagonists to maintain balance and control in leg movements.

Double support time refers to the part of the gait cycle where both feet are on the ground simultaneously. It is the time between the initial contact of one limb and the toe off of the opposite limb. During this phase, both feet provide support and stability to the body.

Lordosis refers to an excessive inward curvature of the spine, commonly seen in the lower back or lumbar region. This condition causes the buttocks to stick out and the stomach to protrude, giving a swayback appearance. It is often caused by poor posture, obesity, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions. Scoliosis, on the other hand, is a sideways curvature of the spine, kyphosis is an excessive outward curvature of the spine, and kypho-scoliosis is a combination of both sideways and outward curvature. Therefore, the correct answer for the given question is lordosis.

Stride length refers to the distance between the sequential points of initial contact by the same foot. It is the measurement of the distance covered by a person in a single stride, which includes the distance covered by both feet. Step time refers to the time taken for a single step, while step length refers to the distance covered by a single step. Therefore, stride length is the correct answer as it specifically addresses the distance between the sequential points of initial contact by the same foot.

The rectus femoris is not a hamstring muscle. The hamstrings are a group of muscles located at the back of the thigh, which include the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles. The biceps femoris is also a hamstring muscle. However, the rectus femoris is a muscle located in the front of the thigh and is part of the quadriceps muscle group.

Scoliosis is the correct answer because it is the lateral curvature of the spine. Kyphosis refers to an excessive outward curvature of the upper back, while lordosis refers to an excessive inward curvature of the lower back. Kypho-scoliosis is a combination of both kyphosis and scoliosis. Therefore, scoliosis is the most appropriate term to describe the lateral curvatio of the spine.

The term "cadence" refers to the number of steps taken per minute. It is a measure of how fast someone is walking or running. This answer correctly identifies "steps per minute" as the definition of cadence, which is the most accurate explanation among the given options.

Cycle time refers to the elapsed time between two consecutive footfalls of the same foot. It represents the time it takes for a complete cycle to occur, starting from the first contact of one footfall to the first contact of the next footfall. This term is commonly used in the context of analyzing human gait or walking patterns.

The spine is divided into four natural curves: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. Each of these curves serves a specific purpose in maintaining the balance and flexibility of the spine. The cervical curve is located in the neck region and helps support the weight of the head. The thoracic curve is in the upper back and provides stability to the rib cage. The lumbar curve is in the lower back and helps support the weight of the upper body. Finally, the sacral curve is at the base of the spine and connects the spine to the pelvis.

The question is asking about the number of phases in gait. Gait refers to the pattern of movement of the limbs during locomotion. The correct answer is 2 because there are two main phases in gait: the stance phase and the swing phase. During the stance phase, the foot is in contact with the ground, providing support. In the swing phase, the foot is off the ground, moving forward in preparation for the next step. These two phases alternate as a person walks or runs, making 2 the correct answer.

Dynamic Base refers to the distance between the most medial aspects of opposite weight-bearing feet. It is a measure of the width of the base of support during walking or running. This measurement is important in assessing balance and stability during gait. Cadence refers to the number of steps taken per minute, while walking speed refers to the velocity at which an individual walks. These measures are not directly related to the distance between the most medial aspects of opposite weight-bearing feet.

The correct answer is kypho-scoliosis. Kypho-scoliosis refers to a combination of both kyphosis and scoliosis, which are two different types of abnormal curvatures of the spine. Kyphosis is characterized by an excessive outward curvature of the upper back, leading to a hunched or rounded appearance. Scoliosis, on the other hand, involves a lateral curvature of the spine, causing it to twist or curve sideways. Therefore, kypho-scoliosis is the correct answer as it encompasses both the outward and lateral curvatures of the spine.

During normal gait, the adductor magnus, gluteus magnus (lower), biceps femoris (long head), semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles all work together to extend the leg. This means that they help to straighten the leg at the hip joint, allowing for forward movement during walking.

The tensor fascia lata and gluteus medius are muscles that function as abductors of the hip. Abduction refers to the movement of the leg away from the midline of the body. The gluteus maximus, on the other hand, is primarily responsible for hip extension and external rotation. The adductors, as the name suggests, are muscles that bring the leg closer to the midline of the body. Flexors, on the other hand, refer to muscles that decrease the angle at a joint. Therefore, the correct answer is abductors.

The degree between the line of progression and midline of the foot is referred to as the toe in/toe out angle. This angle describes the direction in which the toes are pointing during walking or running. A toe-in angle indicates that the toes are pointing inward, towards the midline of the body, while a toe-out angle suggests that the toes are pointing outward, away from the midline. This angle is important in assessing gait abnormalities and can help identify issues with foot alignment and biomechanics.

The correct answer is mid swing because mid swing is not a phase of the stance phase of gait. The stance phase of gait consists of loading response, mid stance, and terminal stance. Mid swing is a phase of the swing phase of gait, which occurs after the stance phase. During mid swing, the leg is swinging forward and preparing for foot contact with the ground.

The single support time refers to the part of the gait cycle where only one limb is in contact with the ground. It is the time between the terminal stance of one limb and the initial contact of the opposite limb. This phase is important for maintaining balance and stability during walking or running.

The extension and flexion of the knee occur in the sagittal plane. The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves and movements in this plane involve forward and backward motions. The knee joint moves in a back-and-forth motion when extending and flexing, which aligns with the characteristics of the sagittal plane.

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The spatial feature of gait refers to the measurement of foot placement. This involves analyzing the distance and position of each foot as it is placed during walking or running. By measuring foot placement, researchers and healthcare professionals can assess various aspects of gait, such as stride length, step width, and overall stability. This information is crucial for diagnosing and monitoring conditions that affect gait, such as Parkinson's disease or musculoskeletal disorders.

The swing phase occurs from toe off to heel strike. During this phase, the foot is off the ground and swinging forward, preparing for the next step. The toe off is when the toes push off the ground, propelling the body forward, and the heel strike is when the heel makes contact with the ground again to start the next stance phase.

The sartorius muscle is not a knee extensor. It is the longest muscle in the human body and functions primarily as a hip flexor and knee flexor. It helps with crossing the legs and rotating the thigh. The other three muscles listed, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and vastus lateralis, are all knee extensors and play a role in extending the knee joint.

During normal gait, the total range of motion (ROM) of the hip is 50 degrees, with 30 degrees of flexion and 20 degrees of extension. This means that the hip joint can bend forward (flexion) by 30 degrees and bend backward (extension) by 20 degrees, resulting in a total ROM of 50 degrees.

Distance is a spatial measure that refers to the amount of space between two points or objects. It is a numerical measurement that represents the length of the path traveled by an object. In the context of the given options, distance is the only one that directly relates to spatial measures. Time and motion, on the other hand, are not specific to spatial measurements and can be applied to various other contexts. Therefore, distance is the correct answer.

The base of gait refers to the distance between the two feet when walking or running. It is the width of the space between the feet and is an important measurement in assessing stability and balance during gait. A wider base of gait provides more stability, while a narrower base of gait requires more control and balance. Therefore, understanding the base of gait is crucial in evaluating and analyzing an individual's walking or running pattern.

During gait, the sartorius, adductor longus, rectus femoris, gracilis, and iliopsoas muscles work as flexors at the hip. These muscles are responsible for bending the hip joint, bringing the thigh closer to the torso. This action is necessary for lifting the leg off the ground and moving it forward during walking or running. The flexion movement allows for proper leg swing and helps maintain balance and stability during gait.

The correct answer is 20% because during the gait cycle, there are two periods of double support where both feet are on the ground. These periods occur at the beginning and end of the gait cycle, each accounting for approximately 10% of the total gait cycle. Therefore, the total time spent in double support is 20% of the gait cycle.

Step length refers to the distance between the sequential points of initial contact by the opposite foot. It is the distance covered by one step, from the point where one foot makes contact with the ground to the point where the other foot makes contact. Stride length, on the other hand, refers to the distance covered by two consecutive steps. Cycle time is the time taken to complete one full stride or step. Therefore, step length is the most appropriate term to describe the distance between the sequential points of initial contact by the opposite foot.

Kyphosis refers to an excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing a hunched or rounded back. Scoliosis, on the other hand, involves an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine. Lordosis is an inward curvature of the spine, typically in the lower back. Kypho-scoliosis is a combination of both kyphosis and scoliosis. Therefore, the correct answer is kyphosis, as it specifically relates to an increase in outward curvature of the spine.

Step time refers to the duration or time interval between the sequential points of initial contact made by the opposite foot. It measures the time taken for one complete step, starting from the moment one foot makes contact with the ground to the moment the opposite foot makes contact. The other options, step length and stride length, refer to the distance covered by the foot during a step or a stride, respectively, and do not specifically measure the time interval.

The knee reaches maximum flexion at mid swing because during this phase of the gait cycle, the leg is swinging forward and the knee is flexing to allow for clearance of the foot. As the leg swings forward, the knee bends to bring the foot up towards the buttocks. This maximum flexion occurs before the leg starts to extend for the next phase of the gait cycle.

The measurement of duration of gait refers to the time taken for each step during walking or running. This is known as temporal measurement because it focuses on the timing aspect of the gait cycle. It involves analyzing the time intervals between different events in the gait cycle, such as heel strike and toe-off. By measuring the temporal aspects of gait, researchers and clinicians can assess the timing and coordination of movement, identify abnormalities or asymmetries, and track progress in rehabilitation or treatment.

Ground clearance refers to the distance between the ground and the lowest point of the body during gait. It is an important goal that must be achieved in gait to ensure that the feet do not drag on the ground and cause tripping or stumbling. Maintaining adequate ground clearance allows for smooth and efficient movement while walking or running.

locking of knee stablises knee, ligaments become taut by the medial rotaion of the femur and lateral rotation of the tibia during final stages of extension. enables upright standing with little energy expenditure.

The rectus femoris is not a knee flexor. It is actually a knee extensor, as it is one of the four muscles that make up the quadriceps group. The bicep femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus are all muscles that make up the hamstring group and are responsible for knee flexion. The gracilis and sartorius are also muscles that contribute to knee flexion.

The correct answer is "body in motion regardless of forces that produce that motion". Kinematics specifically focuses on the study of motion, without considering the forces that cause that motion. It is concerned with describing the position, velocity, and acceleration of objects in motion, as well as the relationships between these quantities. This definition highlights the fact that kinematics is solely concerned with the motion itself, rather than the forces responsible for it.

During gait, muscles use minimum energy because the human body is designed to be efficient in its movements. When walking or running, the muscles work in a coordinated manner, utilizing the body's natural biomechanics to conserve energy. This is achieved through a combination of muscle contractions and relaxations, as well as the efficient transfer of energy from one muscle group to another. By using minimum energy, the body is able to sustain prolonged periods of walking or running without excessive fatigue.

gluteus maximus extends and lateral rotation of hip the other 2 abduction aand medial rotation of hip

Coxa vara is a condition where the angle of the femoral inclination has decreased beyond 128 degrees. This means that the angle between the femoral neck and the shaft of the femur is less than the normal range. This can lead to various issues such as a shorter leg, abnormal gait, and hip pain. It is important to diagnose and treat coxa vara to prevent further complications and improve overall function.

The rectus femoris muscle has its origins in the ilium and inserts at the tibial tuberosity. This muscle is one of the four quadriceps muscles located in the front of the thigh. It plays a crucial role in extending the leg at the knee joint and is involved in activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The origins and insertion points mentioned in the question align with the rectus femoris muscle, making it the correct answer.

2D motion analysis is not a way to analyze gait because it only captures movement in two dimensions, typically using video cameras, which limits the amount of information that can be obtained about the complex movements and forces involved in walking. Other methods such as observation, force plate analysis, and foot pressure studies provide more comprehensive data on gait patterns, forces exerted, and pressure distribution on the feet.

During the initial contact phase of walking or running, the knee is flexed. This means that the knee joint is bent, bringing the lower leg closer to the upper leg. This flexion helps to absorb the impact of the foot hitting the ground and allows for a smooth transition into the next phase of the gait cycle. Flexing the knee also helps to activate the muscles in the thigh and calf, providing stability and control during the initial contact phase.

The correct answer is unlocking of the knee. This term refers to the movement in which the femur laterally rotates and the tibia medially rotates, allowing the knee joint to move from a fully extended position to a flexed position. This unlocking motion is necessary to initiate knee flexion and allows for smooth and controlled movement of the joint.

The angle of inclination refers to the angle at which a body segment or joint deviates from the frontal plane of motion. The frontal plane divides the body into front and back halves, and movements that occur in this plane are typically side-to-side or lateral movements. Therefore, the correct answer is frontal.

Heel rise marks the transition from mid stance to terminal stance. During mid stance, the body weight is fully transferred onto the supporting foot, and the foot is flat on the ground. As the heel begins to lift off the ground, it indicates the start of terminal stance, where the body prepares for the push-off phase and the foot propels the body forward in preparation for the swing phase.

piriforms, obturator internus, gemellus superior and gemellus.

Stride length refers to the distance covered by an individual's leg during one step while walking or running. It is the measurement from the heel strike of one foot to the heel strike of the same foot in the next step. Stride length is an important factor in analyzing gait patterns and can vary depending on factors such as speed, height, and leg length.