A Trivia On Foreign Service Officer Test: Quiz!

Gerrymandering is the practice of manipulating the boundaries of electoral districts to benefit one political party or group. It involves drawing irregular district lines in a way that gives an unfair advantage to a particular political power. This tactic is often used to concentrate the voting power of one group, dilute the voting power of another, or create safe districts for incumbents. Filibustering refers to the act of prolonging a debate or delaying a decision in a legislative assembly, while federalizing refers to the process of transferring power from a central government to regional or local authorities. Rezoning involves the redrawing of boundaries for administrative purposes and is not specifically related to political manipulation.

Robert Dahl and others have written about the American political system as being pluralistic.

The War Powers Act was enacted in 1973 over the veto of President Nixon. It allows the president to engage in military actions (also instituted if troops are moved into harm's way) for 60 days (90 to get troops out safely). The Congress must pass a resolution or the troops must come out. The Court has said that an appropriation to support the action constitutes a resolution supporting the engagement. The Supreme Court has never ruled on the constitutionality of the act, and there are no penalties specified in the act. Several presidents have questioned the constitutionality of the act but have followed it.

The correct answer is electronic records. The Freedom of Information Act, enacted in 1966 and expanded in 1996, allows the public to access government information. The expansion in 1996 included electronic records, recognizing the increasing use of technology and the need to make government information available in digital formats. This amendment aimed to ensure transparency and accountability by allowing citizens to request and obtain electronic records from government agencies.

A professional journalist will most likely consider anything said by a source to be "on the record." This means that the information can be reported and attributed directly to the source. It implies that the source is willing to have their statements publicly associated with them and is giving permission to use their name and position when reporting the information. This is the default assumption unless the journalist is explicitly told otherwise, such as if the source wants the information to be "off the record" or "on background" (where the information can be used but without attribution).

Many individuals are typically included in a class-action suit. Many suits charge injury by a firm, such as against a medical equipment company, for faulty medical equipment.

The correct answer is passing the bill again by a two-thirds majority in both houses. This is because the Constitution allows Congress to override a Presidential veto by re-passing the bill with a two-thirds majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. This demonstrates the checks and balances system in place, where Congress has the power to counteract the President's veto if they have enough support.

Public figures may sue, but they have to prove that the person making the false statement knew that it was false and it was done maliciously. The requirement to prove slander is greater for those in the public eye, whether officials or actors, than those not. This was the decision in New York Times v. Sullivan.

The Marshall Plan called for the reconstruction of Europe to prevent Soviet incursion. Point Four was aimed at developing countries. The other two -- NATO and SEATO -- were collective security agreements.

The First Amendment to the Constitution affects the political process by declaring that the Federal government should not interfere with the press. This amendment guarantees freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and the right to assemble peacefully. It ensures that the government cannot censor or control the media, allowing for a free and independent press to hold the government accountable and provide information to the public.

Laissez-faire is associated with Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations. It indicates that the market will do the regulating and that government should avoid intervention. The invisible hand of the market will regulate.

Political Action Committees (PACs) are formed by groups such as drug companies to contribute money to candidates' campaigns. They are restricted in how much they can contribute. One way around these limits is to form conduits, which bundle money from individual contributions to give to candidates. PACs have been controversial because of a concern that they unduly influence policy.

Party voting has been very strong in the United States, especially since the Republicans took control of the majority in 1994. In earlier periods, such as the 1950s and 1960s, although party was important, cohesion was far less (significantly less than in the British House of Commons). For the Democrats, party cohesion most notably was reduced by southern Democrats who voted more conservatively than their northern colleagues. Some political scientists thought it important to have strong party cohesion so that the wishes of the voters could clearly translate into the Congressional majority, a school of thought known as the Responsible Party Model.

A, B, and D are all methods of direct democracy. A is the recall and D is the referendum. B is the initiative. In some states the ballot measure is referred to as propositions.

The executive department and vice president declare disability. In case of dispute, the Congress decides, and by a two-thirds vote can continue the vice president as acting president. This procedure was adopted in 1967 in the 25th Amendment.

In some states, but not all, laws have been passed to allow journalists to protect their sources. These laws are called shield laws. There is not a shield law at the federal level.

Youth received the vote by constitutional amendment in 1971 -- the 26th Amendment. Women were granted the right to vote by the 19th Amendment, and African Americans by the 15th Amendment.

Trust in government has declined over the years, although there have also been some years of improvement. For example, more people believe that government wastes money than it did in former years. Trust in government represents an attitudinal index based on several public opinion questions. The most often cited trust index is derived from the regular survey done by the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan.

Riders are in order in the Senate but not in the House. They add a provision to a bill that has nothing to do with the bill. A rider may be added to gain the president's signature, save time to get provisions passed, or bypass a particular committee.

The 25th Amendment said a new vice president could be appointed by the president and approved by a majority of the Congress to serve out the term. Prior to the 25th Amendment, the office remained vacant.

The Supreme Court had ruled against many New Deal programs. He recommended adding members to the court for every member who was over 70.

Income distribution has become more unequal. This was a focus of a recent American Political Science Association Task Force. Inequality can be shown on a Lorenz curve, which now bows further out, representing greater inequality. The area under the curve is measured by the Gini coefficient, which is an index of income inequality ranging between 0 (perfect equality) and 1 (absolutely inequality).

The literacy test, among other means, was used by a number of states to keep blacks from voting. It tended to be implemented in an inequitable way. Whites were given simple tests, while blacks were given tests that required knowing provisions of their state constitutions. The 1965 Voting Rights Act suspended the test in many states, and this was extended in the 1970 Voting Rights Act.

A number of states, especially in the South, created districts where African Americans (the minority) were a majority in the district. Some of these districts have strange shapes, including one that ran virtually the full length of North Carolina. The Supreme Court, in several decisions, especially Shaw v. Reno, allowed these districts but said that it must be shown that, although race could be taken into account, it could not be the predominant factor in drawing the district.

This case was the major ruling that defendants had a right to counsel and if they could not afford one, one would be appointed at government expense. Many courts then used appointed counsel from members of the bar for indigent defendants. Public defenders offices were created in many states to provide this representation at the public's expense.

The Federalist Papers were written by Jay, Hamilton, and Madison. It was a series of newspapers pieces to encourage the ratification of the new constitution.

The Council of Economic Advisers advises the President of the United States on monetary and fiscal policy. This advisory body provides economic analysis and recommendations to the President, helping to shape and inform economic policy decisions. The Council's role is to provide expert advice and analysis on economic issues, ensuring that the President has access to the best possible economic information and guidance when making policy decisions.

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) has been the U.S. defense policy. It worked to keep the Soviet Union from acquiring a first-strike capability, which meant that if the Soviet Union struck first, the United States would be able to knock out an effective retaliation. The MAD doctrine said that if a nation struck first, the other side would be able to retaliate and inflict unacceptable damage. Based upon this policy, the international system was said to be in balance.

Medicare's Part B, which goes for physicians and other outpatient services, includes tax dollars. Three-fourths of the cost comes from general taxes. Part A, which pays for hospital care, comes only from money in the trust fund, which people pay into while they are working. Custodial nursing home care is not covered by Medicare, nor are experimental procedures.

The writ of certiorari is the main way that cases go to the Supreme Court. The writ asks for Supreme Court review. Only a small percent of writs received by the Court are granted.

The Supreme Court in Buckley v. Valeo limited the regulations of money in campaigns, arguing that to control spending would be tantamount to controlling speech, which is protected by the 1st Amendment.

The Constitution in Article III does not specify the number of justices to be appointed. The Congress through its legislative power determines the number. Currently it is nine but historically, different numbers existed.

Safe Harbor Rules are issued by regulatory agencies and commissions that say that if you follow them you are considered as abiding by the agency's rules and the applicable statutes. It has nothing to do with the military or maritime law.

Progressive taxes are taxes that take a greater precent income from the rich than the poor. They are advocated based upon the principle of the "ability to pay." Of the taxes listed, the income tax with its graduated tax brackets is typically progressive. All the other taxes are regressive. Few sales taxes are progressive -- only those that exempt many necessities and also tax services such as attorney's fees that wealthy people use more tend to be.

The spoils system is based on the idea that jobs are given to supporters of the winning candidate. "To the victor belongs the spoils" is not dead, but such patronage has been reduced on the national level by civil service reforms, beginning with the Pendleton Act in 1883 that followed the assassination of President Garfield by a disappointed office seeker. State and local governments have civil service systems that vary in the completeness of their coverage.

527 groups, named for the section of the Internal Revenue Code under which they fall, are less regulated than either candidate or party committees. These groups played a significant role in the 2004 presidential election. Conduits are groups that bundle campaign contributions from donors as a method to get around the limitations on Political Action Committee (PAC) donations.

Single-member districts are required. In some state legislatures there may be more than one representative from a district. This is called a multimember system.

Medicare's Part B, which goes for physicians and other outpatient services, includes tax dollars. Three-fourths of the cost comes from general taxes. Part A, which pays for hospital care, comes only from money in the trust fund, which people pay into while they are working. Custodial nursing home care is not covered by Medicare, nor are experimental procedures.

Political socialization is the learning of beliefs and information about the political system. The early agents of socialization are family, school, and peer groups.

Judiciary review allows the courts to overturn a statute on the basis that it is not constitutional. Marbury v Madison is the famous case in a decision by John Marshall that overturned a portion of the Judiciary Act of 1789 on the basis of its constitutionality, establishing the judicial review precedent for the Court.

Realigning elections have been extensively discussed in the party literature. Clearly, 1932 was a realigning election. Speculation is that the election of George W. Bush could represent another, but we have not seen massive change that occurred in previous realigning periods and it is uncertain whether the realignment will be long term. Some political scientists are considering this a realignment, while others are not sure.

The court has ruled in all of these areas. The only one protected are the Amish, who do not have to send their children to school after the 8th grade (Wisconsin v. Yoder).

Supreme Court cases recognized the exclusionary rule, excluding evidence that has been improperly obtained. The exclusion is based upon the 4th Amendment. However, in recent years, some exceptions to the rule have been granted where the illegal search was inadvertent. The exceptions are known as good-faith exceptions. The rule was first articulated in Weeks v. United States (1914). Good-faith exceptions can be found in two 1984 rulings: United States v. Leon and Massachusetts v. Sheppard.

A separate Director of Intelligence was created to coordinate the 15 agencies in the intelligence community. Prior to this time, the Director of the CIA was also the Director of Intelligence. However, it was argued that it was difficult to be director of one agency in the intelligence community while also coordinating all agencies, because in doing the latter role, the individual had little power. In establishing the new office, there was conflict over whether to give the new director personnel and budget authority. The final bill establishes limited budget authority.

Incumbency has been a powerful force in congressional elections. Deviation from party go overwhelmingly to the incumbent. The incumbent typically has more money to spend, has the experience of past campaigns, has performed constituent service, and is better known than the challenger.

The marble cake theory of federalism was described by Morton Grodzins. It is frequently used to describe the sharing of functions between the federal government and the states.

Stare decisis, meaning "let the decision stand," are decisions that act as precedent for future decisions. Cases are cited by attorneys as precedents that the decision in their case should follow.

The Constitution does not include any requirements for a Supreme Court justice. There are also no requirements in the judiciary statutes.

States are required to give full, faith, and credit to papers and legal decisions made in other states. Marriage has generally been considered part of the full, faith, and credit provisions. Historically some states had refused to accept mixed racial marriages if their own state did not allow it. Today, states may not accept same-sex marriage. The federal law known as the Defense of Marriage Act explicitly excludes same-sex marriage from the full, faith, and credit provisions. However, it still remains to be seen whether the courts will accept this act as constitutional, because it provides an exception to the full, faith, and credit constitutional provision.

The District of Columbia secured the right to vote for president by the 23rd Amendment in 1961. The number of votes is specified as equal to that of the smallest state.