Food And Nutrition 3rd Edition - Chapter 32 Testbank

Saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids can increase LDL-cholesterol levels. Saturated fatty acids are found in animal products and some plant oils, and they can raise LDL-cholesterol levels. Trans fatty acids are formed during the process of hydrogenation, which converts liquid oils into solid fats. Trans fats are found in many processed and fried foods and can also increase LDL-cholesterol levels. Omega 6 fatty acids, on the other hand, do not directly increase LDL-cholesterol levels.

Individuals with an inherited lipid disorder and elevated LDL-cholesterol levels are at the highest risk of premature coronary heart disease. This is because high LDL-cholesterol levels contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to the narrowing and hardening of the arteries. This increases the risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular complications. Inherited lipid disorders, such as familial hypercholesterolemia, further increase the risk by causing abnormally high cholesterol levels from a young age. Therefore, individuals with this combination of factors are at the highest risk of premature coronary heart disease.

Marginally low levels of Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, and folic acid are thought to lead to elevated levels of the potential vascular toxin homocysteine.

Increasing consumption of legumes is a useful recommendation for someone trying to improve their blood lipid levels because legumes, such as beans, lentils, and chickpeas, are rich in soluble fiber and plant proteins. Soluble fiber helps to lower cholesterol levels by reducing the absorption of cholesterol in the intestines. Additionally, legumes are low in saturated fat and contain no cholesterol, making them a heart-healthy food choice. By increasing the consumption of legumes, individuals can improve their blood lipid levels and promote overall cardiovascular health.

The development of atherosclerosis is thought to involve an interruption of the endothelial lining caused by hyperlidemia, thickening of the arterial wall, and a tendency to platelet-plug formation. Platelets are small cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting. When there is an interruption in the endothelial lining, platelets can adhere to the damaged area and form a plug to prevent bleeding. However, in the case of atherosclerosis, this tendency to platelet-plug formation can lead to the formation of blood clots that can block the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow and potentially causing a heart attack or stroke.

The correct answer is "Coronary heart disease, renal artery stenosis." Cardiovascular diseases refer to conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. Coronary heart disease is a condition that occurs when the blood vessels supplying the heart become narrowed or blocked, leading to chest pain and heart attacks. Renal artery stenosis is a condition that occurs when the arteries supplying blood to the kidneys become narrowed, potentially leading to high blood pressure and kidney damage. Both of these conditions are examples of cardiovascular diseases.

Dietary factors that are believed to have an antithrombotic effect include n-3 fatty acids from fish, n-6 monounsaturated fats, and olive oil. These substances have been found to help prevent the formation of blood clots, which can lead to thrombosis. N-3 fatty acids, found in fish like salmon and tuna, have been shown to reduce the risk of blood clotting. N-6 monounsaturated fats, found in foods like nuts and seeds, can also have antithrombotic effects. Olive oil, a staple of the Mediterranean diet, has been associated with a lower risk of blood clot formation as well. Therefore, the correct answer is a, b, and c.

Nitric oxide is produced by intact endothelial cells and acts as a vasodilator, meaning it relaxes and widens blood vessels. This prevents spasm of the blood vessels and arterial thrombosis.

Plant sterols are non-nutrient components found in certain foods that have been shown to have a favorable impact on plasma lipoprotein status and other factors related to coronary heart disease. These compounds have a similar structure to cholesterol and compete with it for absorption in the intestines. As a result, plant sterols can help lower LDL cholesterol levels, which is beneficial for cardiovascular health. Therefore, including plant sterols in the diet can be an effective strategy for managing cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of coronary heart disease.

Coffee is the only option among the given foods that does not potentially favorably affect cardiovascular disease risk factors. While black tea, dark chocolate, tomatoes, and soy have been shown to have positive effects on cardiovascular health, coffee consumption has been associated with increased blood pressure and cholesterol levels, which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, coffee is the correct answer as it does not have the same potential benefits as the other foods listed.

Obesity and alcohol intake are the two dietary factors thought to be most important in reducing blood pressure. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, and losing weight can help lower blood pressure. Alcohol consumption, on the other hand, can have both positive and negative effects on blood pressure. Moderate alcohol intake may have a protective effect on the cardiovascular system, while excessive alcohol consumption can lead to hypertension. Therefore, managing obesity and alcohol intake are crucial for maintaining healthy blood pressure levels.