Fluid, Electrolyte And Acid-base Balance Part 1
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Is the pressure exerted by a fluid within a closed system on the walls of a container in which it is contained.
Explanation
Hydrostatic pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a fluid within a closed system on the walls of the container in which it is contained. This pressure is caused by the weight of the fluid above it and is dependent on the density of the fluid and the depth at which it is located. The deeper the fluid is, the higher the hydrostatic pressure will be. Therefore, the correct answer is hydrostatic pressure.Rate this question:
- 2.
The principle involved in this method of fluid movement is that fluids move from the area of greater pressure to the area of lesser pressure.
Explanation
Fluids move from areas of greater pressure to areas of lesser pressure. This principle is known as hydrostatic pressure. It explains the movement of fluids in various systems, such as water flowing through pipes or blood circulating in the body. Hydrostatic pressure is responsible for the flow of fluids and can be utilized in various applications, such as hydraulic systems. It is important to understand this principle when studying fluid dynamics and designing systems that involve fluid movement.Rate this question:
- 3.
This is the difference between the hydrostatic pressure and the osmotic pressure.
Explanation
The filtration process involves the separation of substances based on their particle size. It typically occurs when a pressure gradient is applied across a semipermeable membrane, allowing the passage of solvent and small solute molecules while blocking larger particles. The difference between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure is crucial in filtration. Hydrostatic pressure is the force exerted by a fluid against a wall, while osmotic pressure is the pressure needed to prevent the flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane due to differences in solute concentration. Understanding this distinction is essential in controlling and optimizing the filtration process.Rate this question:
- 4.
When the hyrdrostatic pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure, the fluid filters out of the blood vessels.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
When the hydrostatic pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure, it means that there is a higher pressure pushing the fluid out of the blood vessels than the pressure pulling it back in. This creates a net force that causes the fluid to filter out of the blood vessels. Therefore, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Is the movement of pure solvent across cell membranes from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution
Correct Answer
OsmosisExplanation
Osmosis is the movement of pure solvent across cell membranes from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution. This process occurs in order to equalize the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane. Water molecules move through the semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, resulting in the dilution of the more concentrated solution and the concentration of the less concentrated solution.Rate this question:
- 6.
Are substances dissolved in liquids.
Correct Answer
SolutesExplanation
Solutes are substances that are dissolved in liquids. They can be solid, liquid, or gas, and when added to a solvent, they form a homogeneous mixture called a solution. The solute particles disperse evenly throughout the solvent, resulting in a uniform distribution. Examples of solutes include salt dissolved in water, sugar dissolved in tea, or carbon dioxide dissolved in soda. Solutes play a crucial role in various chemical and biological processes, such as digestion, osmosis, and transportation of nutrients in the body.Rate this question:
- 7.
What are the two types of solutes?
- 8.
Substances or salts that readily dissolve in true solutions.
Correct Answer
CrystalloidsExplanation
Crystalloids are substances or salts that readily dissolve in true solutions. This means that when crystalloids are added to a solvent, such as water, they dissolve completely and form a homogeneous mixture. This is in contrast to colloids or suspensions, where the particles do not dissolve but instead remain suspended in the solvent. Crystalloids are commonly used in medical settings, such as intravenous fluids, to provide hydration and restore electrolyte balance in the body.Rate this question:
- 9.
Substances that does not readily dissolve into true solutions.
Correct Answer
ColloidExplanation
Colloids are substances that do not readily dissolve into true solutions. Unlike true solutions where the solute particles are uniformly dispersed and cannot be seen with the naked eye, colloids have larger particles that are dispersed throughout a medium, such as a liquid or a gas, and can be seen under a microscope. These particles do not settle down easily and tend to remain suspended in the medium. Examples of colloids include milk, gelatin, and fog.Rate this question:
- 10.
Is the component of a solution that can dissolve a solute.
Correct Answer
SolventExplanation
A solvent is the component of a solution that has the ability to dissolve a solute. This means that the solvent has the capability to break down the solute particles and disperse them evenly throughout the solution. The solute particles become surrounded by the solvent molecules, forming a homogenous mixture. The solvent plays a crucial role in the dissolution process and determines the physical properties of the solution.Rate this question:
- 11.
The concentration of a solution is expressed as?
Correct Answer
OsmolalityExplanation
The concentration of a solution is expressed as osmolality. Osmolality is a measure of the concentration of solute particles in a solution per unit of solvent. It is usually expressed in milliosmoles per kilogram of solvent (mOsm/kg). Osmolality takes into account all solute particles, regardless of their size or charge, and provides a more accurate representation of the concentration of a solution compared to other measures such as molarity or molality.Rate this question:
- 12.
It is the standard of unit of osmotic pressure.
Correct Answer
OsmolExplanation
Osmol is the standard unit of osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is the pressure exerted by a solvent to prevent the flow of solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane. The osmol unit is used to measure the concentration of solute particles in a solution, taking into account the number of particles rather than their size or weight. It helps in understanding the osmotic properties and behavior of different solutions, making it a standard unit for osmotic pressure measurement.Rate this question:
- 13.
Is the drawing power of solvent such as water
Correct Answer
Osmotic pressureExplanation
Osmotic pressure is the correct answer because it is directly related to the drawing power of solvents such as water. Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to prevent the flow of solvent into a solution through a semipermeable membrane. This pressure is a result of the solvent molecules being drawn towards the higher concentration of solute molecules, causing the movement of solvent from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. Therefore, osmotic pressure is a measure of the drawing power of solvents, specifically water in this case.Rate this question:
- 14.
Give an example of an active transport system.
Correct Answer
sodium-potassium pumpExplanation
The sodium-potassium pump is an example of an active transport system. This pump is found in the cell membrane of all animal cells and helps maintain the concentration gradients of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane. It actively transports three sodium ions out of the cell while bringing two potassium ions into the cell, against their concentration gradients. This process requires energy in the form of ATP and is crucial for various cellular functions such as nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.Rate this question:
- 15.
Sodium are in higher concentration in the ECF and potassium concentrations are higher in ICF
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because sodium ions are primarily found in higher concentrations in the extracellular fluid (ECF), which includes the fluid surrounding cells and in the blood. On the other hand, potassium ions are predominantly found in higher concentrations in the intracellular fluid (ICF), which is the fluid inside the cells. This concentration gradient is essential for various cellular processes, such as maintaining cell membrane potential and regulating fluid balance.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which body mechanism is the primary regulator of fluid intake in the body?
Correct Answer
Thirst mechanismExplanation
The primary regulator of fluid intake in the body is the thirst mechanism. When the body is in need of fluids, such as when it is dehydrated, the thirst mechanism is activated. This mechanism is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain, which detects changes in the body's fluid levels and triggers the sensation of thirst. Thirst serves as a signal for the individual to drink fluids, helping to maintain proper hydration levels in the body.Rate this question:
- 17.
Cite 3 stimuli that triggers the thirst center in the brain?
- 18.
This enzyme is a potent vasoconstrictor.
Correct Answer
Angiotensin IIExplanation
Angiotensin II is a hormone that acts as a potent vasoconstrictor, meaning it causes the blood vessels to narrow. This narrowing of the blood vessels increases blood pressure and helps regulate blood flow. Angiotensin II is produced by the action of an enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) on angiotensin I. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance in the body.Rate this question:
- 19.
How long does it take for drank fluid to be absorbed and distributed throughout the body?
Correct Answer
30 min to 1 hrExplanation
When fluid is consumed, it takes approximately 30 minutes to 1 hour for it to be absorbed and distributed throughout the body. During this time, the fluid is absorbed through the walls of the stomach and intestines and enters the bloodstream. From there, it is transported to various organs and tissues, providing hydration and necessary nutrients. This process ensures that the body receives the benefits of the consumed fluid in a timely manner.Rate this question:
- 20.
Name the four routes of fluid output.
- 21.
What is the normal urine output in 24 hrs?
Correct Answer
1400 to 1500 mL per 24 hrs or 30 to 50 mL per hour.Explanation
The normal urine output in 24 hours is 1400 to 1500 mL or 30 to 50 mL per hour. This range indicates a healthy functioning of the kidneys and proper hydration levels in the body. Urine output is an important indicator of kidney function and overall fluid balance in the body.Rate this question:
- 22.
What are the 8 factors that affects fluid and electrolyte imbalance?
- 23.
Serum albumin draws fluid from the interstitial into the blood through osmosis.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Serum albumin is a protein found in the blood that helps maintain the balance of fluids between the blood and the tissues. It has a high concentration in the blood, which creates an osmotic pressure that draws fluid from the interstitial space (the space between cells) into the blood vessels. This process, known as osmosis, helps to regulate the fluid balance in the body and ensure that the tissues are properly hydrated. Therefore, the statement that serum albumin draws fluid from the interstitial into the blood through osmosis is true.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Stress increases blood glucose concentration.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Stress triggers the release of stress hormones such as cortisol, which can increase blood glucose levels. This is part of the body's natural fight-or-flight response, where it prepares for increased energy needs. The release of stress hormones can cause the liver to produce more glucose, while at the same time, insulin production may be reduced, leading to higher blood glucose concentration. Therefore, it is true that stress can increase blood glucose concentration.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Stress increases ADH production.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Stress can trigger the release of the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone) from the pituitary gland. ADH helps regulate water balance in the body by reducing the amount of water excreted in urine. Therefore, when stress levels increase, ADH production also increases to conserve water and maintain fluid balance. Hence, the statement "Stress increases ADH production" is true.Rate this question:
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- 26.
The response of the body to stress is increase in blood volume.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
During a stressful situation, the body activates the "fight or flight" response, which triggers the release of stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones cause an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, leading to an increase in blood volume. This is a natural response designed to prepare the body for physical action and ensure that enough oxygen and nutrients reach the muscles and organs to deal with the stressor effectively. Therefore, the statement that the response of the body to stress is an increase in blood volume is true.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Cite medical treatments that may alter the fluid balance in the body.
- 28.
What are the two basic types of fluid imbalances?
- 29.
Fluid imbalance that occur when water and electrolyte are lost or gained in equal proportions.
Correct Answer
Isotonic imbalanceExplanation
Isotonic imbalance refers to a fluid imbalance where there is an equal loss or gain of both water and electrolytes. This means that the concentration of electrolytes in the body remains the same, but the overall fluid balance is disrupted. This can occur due to various reasons such as excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive intake of fluids without enough electrolytes. Isotonic imbalance can lead to symptoms such as dehydration, muscle cramps, fatigue, and dizziness. Treatment usually involves rehydration with fluids that contain the appropriate balance of water and electrolytes.Rate this question:
- 30.
Fluid imbalance that involves the loss or gain of water only so that the osmolality of the serum is altered.
Correct Answer
Osmolar imbalanceExplanation
Osmolar imbalance refers to a fluid imbalance that specifically affects the osmolality of the serum. This means that there is a disturbance in the concentration of solutes in the blood, which can occur due to either a loss or gain of water alone. When the osmolality of the serum is altered, it disrupts the normal balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body, leading to potential health issues.Rate this question:
- 31.
This imbalance occurs when the body loses both water and electrolytes from the ECF in similar proportions
Correct Answer
Fluid volume deficitExplanation
Fluid volume deficit occurs when there is an imbalance in the body where both water and electrolytes are lost from the extracellular fluid (ECF) in similar proportions. This can happen due to various reasons such as excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, or inadequate fluid intake. The loss of water and electrolytes leads to a decrease in the overall volume of fluid in the body, which can result in symptoms like thirst, dry mouth, decreased urine output, and dizziness. Treatment typically involves rehydration with fluids and electrolyte replacement to restore the balance.Rate this question:
- 32.
When do FVD occur?
- 33.
4 Examples of body spaces where third spacing occurs.
- 34.
Another name for dehydration.
Correct Answer
Hyperosmolar imbalanceExplanation
Hyperosmolar imbalance refers to a condition where there is an imbalance in the concentration of solutes in the body fluids, leading to an increased osmolarity. Dehydration is a common cause of hyperosmolar imbalance, as it results in a decrease in the amount of water in the body, causing the concentration of solutes to become more concentrated. Therefore, hyperosmolar imbalance can be considered as another name for dehydration.Rate this question:
- 35.
Is the result from water loss without the proportionate loss of electrolytes, particularly sodium.
Correct Answer
DehydrationExplanation
Dehydration refers to the condition where there is a loss of water from the body without a proportionate loss of electrolytes, especially sodium. This can occur due to various reasons such as excessive sweating, inadequate fluid intake, or certain medical conditions. When the body lacks sufficient water, it can lead to symptoms like dry mouth, thirst, fatigue, dizziness, and dark-colored urine. Therefore, the given answer accurately describes the concept of dehydration.Rate this question:
- 36.
Elderly clients who have a higher proportion fo body fat have more limited reserves when there is a water deficit.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Elderly clients with a higher proportion of body fat have more limited reserves when there is a water deficit because body fat does not contain water. Therefore, individuals with higher body fat percentages have less water available to them during times of water scarcity, making their reserves more limited compared to those with lower body fat percentages.Rate this question:
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- 37.
People at risk for dehydration include the elder and infirm clients with decreased thirst response and kidney ability.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because elderly and infirm clients often have a decreased thirst response, which means they may not feel as thirsty as they should when they are dehydrated. Additionally, their kidney function may be impaired, making it harder for them to retain water and stay hydrated. Therefore, these individuals are at a higher risk for dehydration.Rate this question:
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- 38.
This occurs when the body retains both water and electrolyte in the ECF in similar proportions.
Correct Answer
Fluid volume excessExplanation
Fluid volume excess occurs when the body retains both water and electrolytes in the extracellular fluid (ECF) in similar proportions. This can happen due to various reasons such as excessive fluid intake, impaired kidney function, heart failure, or certain medications. When there is an excess of fluid in the body, it can lead to symptoms like edema, weight gain, high blood pressure, and shortness of breath. Treatment for fluid volume excess may include diuretics to promote fluid excretion, restriction of fluid and sodium intake, and addressing the underlying cause of the condition.Rate this question:
- 39.
Other common name for FVE.
Correct Answer
HypervolemiaExplanation
Hypervolemia is the correct answer because it is another common name for FVE, which stands for fluid volume excess. Hypervolemia refers to an abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma in the body, leading to an excess of fluid in the circulatory system. This condition can occur due to various factors such as kidney dysfunction, heart failure, or excessive fluid intake. Therefore, hypervolemia accurately describes the condition of fluid volume excess.Rate this question:
- 40.
In hypervolemia serum sodium concentration remains essentially normal.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Hypervolemia refers to a condition where there is an excessive increase in the volume of blood plasma in the body. In this condition, the concentration of sodium remains essentially normal because the excess fluid is primarily water, which does not affect the sodium levels. Therefore, the statement that serum sodium concentration remains essentially normal in hypervolemia is true.Rate this question:
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- 41.
4 Causes of FVE
- 42.
Cite 4 disease conditions that may result to FVE?
- 43.
Dependent edema is found in the lowest body parts such as in the feet and legs
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Dependent edema refers to the accumulation of fluid in the lowest parts of the body, typically the feet and legs. This occurs due to gravity, which causes fluid to pool in these areas. Therefore, the statement that dependent edema is found in the lowest body parts, such as the feet and legs, is true.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Types of edema:
- 45.
3 causes of edema formation.
- 46.
Edema that leaves a small depression or pit after finger pressure is applied to the swollen area.
Correct Answer
Pitting edemaExplanation
Pitting edema refers to the swelling of a body part, usually due to fluid retention, that leaves a small depression or pit when pressure is applied. This occurs because the excess fluid is displaced and causes the indentation. Pitting edema is commonly seen in conditions such as heart failure, kidney disease, or liver disease, where there is an imbalance in fluid regulation. Treatment for pitting edema involves addressing the underlying cause and may include medication, lifestyle changes, or medical procedures to reduce fluid retention.Rate this question:
- 47.
Edema related to sodium retention.
Correct Answer
Pitting edemaExplanation
Pitting edema refers to the swelling of body tissues that leaves an indentation (or pit) when pressure is applied. This condition is commonly caused by the retention of sodium in the body, leading to an imbalance of fluid levels. Sodium retention can occur due to various reasons such as heart failure, kidney disease, or liver disease. When excess sodium is present, it causes an increase in fluid volume, resulting in the characteristic pitting edema.Rate this question:
- 48.
Edema related to on ly to water retention.
Correct Answer
Nonpitting edemaExplanation
Nonpitting edema refers to swelling that does not leave an indentation when pressure is applied to the affected area. This type of edema is typically caused by factors other than water retention, such as inflammation, lymphatic obstruction, or certain medical conditions like lymphedema or lipedema. Unlike pitting edema, which is characterized by an indentation that remains after pressure is released, nonpitting edema does not leave a visible mark. Therefore, the correct answer is nonpitting edema because it is specifically related to factors other than water retention.Rate this question:
- 49.
Another name for overhydration.
Correct Answer
Hypo-osmolar imbalanceExplanation
Hypo-osmolar imbalance refers to a condition where there is an imbalance in the osmolarity of body fluids, typically caused by excessive water intake. Overhydration is a term used to describe the state of having too much water in the body, which can lead to hypo-osmolar imbalance. Therefore, hypo-osmolar imbalance can be considered another name for overhydration.Rate this question:
- 50.
This results from water gain without the proportionate gain of electrolytes, particularly sodium.
Correct Answer
OverhydrationExplanation
Overhydration refers to a condition where there is an excessive intake of water without a corresponding increase in electrolytes, especially sodium. This can lead to an imbalance in the body's fluid levels, causing various symptoms such as swelling, nausea, headache, and in severe cases, even seizures or coma. It is important to maintain a balance between water and electrolyte intake to prevent overhydration and maintain proper bodily functions.Rate this question:
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