Fire Inspection & Code Enforcement Chapts. 4&5

When fully tempered glass is broken, it breaks into small granules. This is because fully tempered glass undergoes a special heating and cooling process that creates tension on the surface of the glass. When broken, this tension causes the glass to shatter into small, relatively harmless pieces instead of large, sharp shards. This is a safety feature of tempered glass, as the small granules are less likely to cause serious injury compared to larger pieces or shards.

Using low-level cubicles in large open areas instead of individual offices creates a life-safety disadvantage because fire and smoke can easily spread throughout these spaces without any barriers. This increases the risk of injuries and makes it more difficult for people to evacuate safely.

The primary use of the surface coating fire-retardant treatment is to reduce the surface burning of wood. This treatment is applied to wood surfaces to slow down the spread of fire and provide a protective barrier against flames. It helps to prevent the wood from igniting easily and reduces the rate at which it burns. This is especially important in areas where fire safety is a concern, such as marine applications or temporary applications on wood.

Steel must be shielded with a protective material in order to use it in fire-resistive designs. This is because steel is not inherently resistant to fire and can weaken or melt when exposed to high temperatures. By adding a protective material, such as fire-resistant coatings or insulation, the steel can be better protected from the heat and maintain its structural integrity during a fire.

Protected steel refers to steel beams that are either covered with spray-on fireproofing or fully encased in a designed system. This is done to enhance the fire resistance of the steel structure. The fireproofing material acts as a barrier, preventing the steel beams from reaching high temperatures during a fire, thus maintaining the structural integrity of the building. This is an important safety measure in construction to ensure the stability and safety of the building in the event of a fire.

Plastics can release toxic gases when they burn, which can be extremely harmful to human health. These toxic gases can cause respiratory problems, asphyxiation, and even death. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of plastics that contribute to the release of toxic gases during combustion is crucial for a fire inspector. By knowing which types of plastics are more likely to produce toxic gases, the fire inspector can take appropriate measures to mitigate the risks and ensure the safety of individuals during a fire incident.

The occupancy classification of a building is based on the use of the building. This means that the classification is determined by the purpose or function for which the building is intended to be used. Different types of buildings have different occupancy classifications, such as residential, commercial, industrial, or institutional. The use of the building helps to determine the specific requirements and regulations that need to be followed for safety and compliance purposes. The construction of the building and the interior design may also play a role in certain aspects of the occupancy classification, but the primary factor is the use of the building.

When conducting an inspection of an occupancy that includes office space, manufacturing space, and storage space, it is important to inspect each area separately based on its primary use. This means that each area should be inspected according to the applicable section of the inspection requirements that is relevant to its specific purpose. This approach ensures that the inspection is thorough and takes into account the unique safety and compliance considerations for each area of the facility.

A commonly used hollow block measuring 8 inches x 8 inches x 16 inches in construction is the concrete block. Concrete blocks are widely used in wall construction due to their strength, durability, and affordability. They provide excellent thermal insulation and are easy to handle and install. Additionally, concrete blocks can be reinforced with steel bars to enhance their structural integrity.

Rebar, short for reinforcing bar, is used in concrete to help overcome its inherent tension weakness. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension, and the addition of rebar provides the necessary tensile strength to resist cracking and structural failure. By reinforcing the concrete with steel bars, the combination of materials works together to create a stronger and more durable structure.

Changes in ownership, processes, renovations, and economics can result in buildings being used in ways that were not originally intended. This means that even if a building is initially classified for a specific occupancy, it may be modified or repurposed over time. Inspectors should be aware of this condition because it can affect the safety and compliance of the building. They need to consider the current use and potential hazards associated with any changes that have been made since the original classification was awarded.

If any structure or compartment is used for the gathering of 50 or more persons, it is classified as an assembly occupancy. This means that if a space is designed to accommodate 50 or more people, it is considered an assembly occupancy. This classification is important for building codes and regulations to ensure that such spaces are designed and maintained in a way that ensures the safety and well-being of the occupants.

A fire cut on a wood joist or beam is made to allow the beam to fall away freely in case of a collapse. This is important in fire safety because if a structure is compromised during a fire, it is crucial for the beams and joists to be able to collapse without causing further damage or endangering lives. By creating a fire cut, the beam is weakened at a specific point, allowing it to break away easily and prevent potential hazards.

The code adopted by the authority having jurisdiction establishes the construction types and occupancy classifications for a given city or community. This code is a set of regulations and standards that dictate the requirements for buildings and structures, including their construction materials, design, and use. The authority having jurisdiction refers to the organization or agency responsible for enforcing these codes and ensuring the safety and compliance of buildings within their jurisdiction. By adopting and enforcing the code, the authority establishes the guidelines for construction types and occupancy classifications in the city or community.

Type IV construction is commonly referred to as "heavy timber" construction because it is characterized by the use of large, solid wood members for structural elements such as columns, beams, and floors. This type of construction provides a high level of fire resistance due to the thickness and density of the timber used. Heavy timber construction is often used in buildings where fire safety is a priority, such as churches, schools, and historic structures.

The correct answer is occupancy type, building size, and the presence or lack of automatic fire-suppression systems. When selecting a building's construction type, it is important to consider the type of occupancy it will have, as different occupancies have different requirements and regulations. The size of the building is also a crucial factor as it affects the structural design and fire protection measures needed. Additionally, the presence or absence of automatic fire-suppression systems is important as it can significantly impact the safety of the building and its occupants.

Type I construction is the highest level of fire-resistance rating for buildings. It requires all structural members to be made of noncombustible materials that have a high fire-resistance rating. This means that the materials used in Type I construction are able to withstand fire for a significant amount of time without losing their structural integrity. This is important for ensuring the safety of the building and its occupants in the event of a fire.

Buildings that provide a working place for large numbers of occupants in an office environment are classified as business occupancies. This classification is based on the nature of the activities carried out in these buildings, which primarily involve conducting business operations, such as administrative tasks, meetings, and professional services. Unlike assembly occupancies, which are designed for gatherings and events, and mercantile occupancies, which are intended for retail and commercial activities, business occupancies are specifically tailored to accommodate office work and the needs of employees in a corporate setting.

The correct answer is "deterioration of strength at elevated temperatures." This is because steel, although a strong material, loses its strength when exposed to high temperatures. This is a critical characteristic for members of the fire service to consider as it affects the integrity and stability of steel structures during a fire. Understanding this deterioration helps firefighters assess the safety of a building and make informed decisions during firefighting operations.

A residential board and care occupancy according to the NFPA is a location where lodging, boarding, and personal care are provided to four or more residents who are unrelated to the owner. This means that the facility offers not only lodging and boarding but also personal care services. It is important to note that the number of residents must be four or more and they must be unrelated to the owner of the facility.

Bar joists are typically supported by steel-framing beams when used to support floor decks in multistory buildings. Steel-framing beams provide the necessary structural support and stability to distribute the weight of the floor decks and any additional loads. Masonry walls and wood framed walls are not typically used to support bar joists in this context, as they may not have the required strength and load-bearing capacity. Therefore, steel-framing beams are the most suitable and commonly used method for supporting bar joists in multistory buildings.

Type IV structures are extremely stable and more resistant to collapse under fire conditions. This is because Type IV structures are constructed with non-combustible materials such as concrete or masonry. These materials have high fire resistance and do not contribute to the spread of fire. Therefore, Type IV structures are less likely to experience structural failure or collapse in the event of a fire compared to other types of structures.

Glass block alone cannot be substituted for a fire-rated wall because it does not have the necessary fire resistance properties to contain and prevent the spread of fire. Fire-rated walls are specifically designed and constructed to meet certain fire safety standards and regulations, which include the use of fire-resistant materials and construction methods. While glass block may have some fire-resistant properties, it is not sufficient to meet the requirements of a fire-rated wall. Therefore, it cannot be used as a substitute for a fire-rated wall in construction.

Decorative elements commonly used in Type III construction can create a falling hazard, so attachment mechanisms need close inspection. Type III structures are notorious for early collapse during fires and special care should be given to inspecting roof support systems. However, the reason for caution as an inspector conducts an inspection on a Type III structure is that voids exist inside the wooden channels created by roof and truss systems that will allow fire spread unless proper fire stopping is applied.

Adding a masonry veneer to a wood frame building provides little additional fire protection. This means that the masonry veneer does not significantly enhance the building's ability to resist fire. It is important to note that the code is still applied as if the building is Type IV construction, which typically refers to heavy timber construction. Therefore, the masonry veneer does not change the building's classification and does not qualify it as Type III construction, which generally has higher fire resistance requirements.

The primary risk associated with educational occupancies during a fire is the high occupancy load. This means that there are a large number of people present in the building, including students, teachers, and staff. In the event of a fire, it can be challenging to evacuate everyone safely and quickly, increasing the risk of injuries or fatalities. The high occupancy load also puts a strain on emergency response systems, making it more difficult for firefighters to control the fire and rescue individuals.

Type V construction is commonly known as wood frame or frame construction. This type of construction utilizes wood as the primary structural material, with walls, floors, and roofs made of wood framing. Type V construction is often found in residential buildings and small commercial structures. It is the least fire-resistant type of construction, as it has limited fire protection measures compared to other construction types.

The question that must be answered is whether the purpose or construction materials of the building have changed since the last inspection. This is important because any changes to the purpose or construction materials could impact the building's compliance with the code and may require additional permits or inspections. It is crucial for the inspector to assess these changes to ensure the safety and integrity of the structure.

When concrete is exposed to freezing or fire conditions, the presence of excess moisture in the concrete causes it to spall. As the moisture inside the concrete freezes or evaporates due to high temperatures, it creates pressure within the concrete. This pressure leads to the formation of cracks and the eventual spalling of the concrete surface. The excess moisture weakens the concrete's structure and compromises its integrity, resulting in spalling.

Steel arches are used in building construction to support roofs where large unobstructed floors are needed. This is because steel arches have a high strength-to-weight ratio, allowing them to span large distances without the need for additional support columns or walls. By using steel arches, builders can create open and spacious interior spaces without the need for excessive materials or structural elements, making them ideal for buildings such as warehouses, factories, and sports arenas.

Cast iron fails during fire conditions by fracturing. Cast iron is a brittle material, and when exposed to high temperatures, it becomes more susceptible to cracking and breaking. The heat causes the cast iron to expand, which leads to internal stresses and ultimately results in fractures. This is why cast iron is not recommended for use in structures that are prone to fire hazards, as its failure can compromise the integrity of the entire structure.

The correct answer defines an educational occupancy as any building or portion of a building that is used for the purpose of education of six or more persons from preschool through 12th grade. This means that it includes not only traditional classroom settings, but also any other building or portion of a building that is used for educational purposes. It specifies the number of persons as six or more, indicating that it encompasses larger educational facilities rather than individual tutoring sessions.

The primary disadvantage of wired glass is that it detracts from the visual appearance. This means that the presence of wired glass can have a negative impact on the overall aesthetic appeal of a space. Wired glass contains embedded wire mesh, which is necessary to make it more resistant to breakage and prevent shattering. However, this wire mesh can obstruct the view and create a less visually appealing appearance compared to clear glass.

The correct answer is "They are not inherently rigid and may need to be laterally tied together." This means that the simplest precast designed buildings are not naturally resistant to lateral forces and may require additional measures, such as tying them together, to ensure their stability.

Corbels are short ledges that extend from a column to provide support for a precast beam. They are commonly used in construction to add decorative elements and provide structural support. Corbels are designed to transfer the weight of the beam to the column, ensuring stability and strength in the overall structure. They are often made of stone, wood, or concrete and can be found in various architectural styles.

Reinforced concrete, precast concrete, and protected steel frame construction are commonly found in Type I construction. Type I construction is known as fire-resistive construction, which is designed to withstand extreme fire conditions. It provides the highest level of fire resistance and is typically used for high-rise buildings, hospitals, and other structures where fire safety is crucial. The materials used in Type I construction, such as reinforced concrete and protected steel frames, offer superior strength and durability, making them suitable for withstanding the intense heat and structural demands of fire incidents.

Noncombustible refers to materials that do not easily catch fire or burn. However, the term "noncombustible" does not always accurately reflect the true nature of the entire structure. While the materials used in the construction may be noncombustible, other components such as furnishings, insulation, or finishes may still be combustible. Therefore, it is important to consider the overall fire safety measures and not solely rely on the noncombustible classification when assessing the fire risk of a structure.

A parapet is a low protective wall or railing that is typically built along the edge of a roof, balcony, or terrace. In the context of separating combustible roofs between closely spaced buildings, a parapet can act as a fire barrier. It helps prevent the spread of fire from one building to another by creating a physical barrier between the roofs. The parapet can contain fire and smoke, allowing occupants to safely evacuate the building and giving firefighters more time to control the blaze. Therefore, a parapet is a type of structural feature that may be required to separate combustible roofs between closely spaced buildings.

A storage occupancy is the correct answer because it encompasses the broad range of uses mentioned in the question, such as storing goods, merchandise, products, vehicles, or animals. It is a general term that can be used to describe any space or facility dedicated to storing these items. A garage typically refers to a space specifically designed for parking vehicles, while a warehouse occupancy typically refers to a larger-scale facility used for storing goods in bulk. Therefore, storage occupancy is the most appropriate and inclusive term for the given description.

A building constructed of concrete block with unprotected open-web steel joists and a metal deck roof is classified as Type II construction. Type II construction refers to buildings that have non-combustible materials for their structural components, such as concrete, steel, or masonry. In this case, the concrete block and steel joists make the building non-combustible, providing a higher level of fire resistance compared to other types of construction.

The correct answer is "use of all or a portion of a building or structure." This answer accurately describes occupancy classification as the utilization of a building or structure, either in its entirety or a specific area within it. It refers to the intended purpose or function of the space, regardless of the building's construction type or the architect's designation.

NFPA 1 and 101 define a health care occupancy as an occupancy that provides health or medical services to four or more individuals who cannot evacuate themselves during an emergency without assistance. This means that in a health care occupancy, there are at least four individuals who are incapable of evacuating without help during an emergency. The number of patients or whether they may or may not be able to evacuate without assistance is not a determining factor in this definition.

Mortar is the correct answer because it is the material that is commonly used to bind masonry units together into a solid mass. It is a mixture of cement, sand, and water that hardens over time, providing strength and stability to the masonry structure. Rebar is a reinforcing material used to add strength to concrete structures, while adhesives are typically used for bonding materials other than masonry units.

Inspectors have concerns about the flammability of foam insulations because foam is highly combustible and can contribute to the spread of fire. This is a significant concern as it poses a safety risk and can lead to the rapid spread of fire within a building. Inspectors need to ensure that proper fire safety measures are in place to mitigate the risk of fire when foam insulation is used.

The primary benefit of grading lumber is that it allows higher grades to be used only when needed for specific applications. This means that lower grades can be used for less demanding projects, reducing costs and waste. Additionally, using higher grades only when necessary ensures that the lumber is being utilized efficiently and effectively, maximizing its potential.

Type III construction requires exterior walls to be constructed of noncombustible materials, such as concrete or masonry, to provide fire resistance. However, it allows interior elements like floors, roofs, and interior nonbearing framing to be constructed of small-dimension wood or metal stud systems. This type of construction is commonly used in residential buildings, where the exterior walls need to be fire-resistant but the interior elements can be made of lighter materials for cost-effectiveness and ease of construction.

The correct answer is that the NBC specifies specific requirements and limitations on materials used for each type of construction. This means that the code provides clear guidelines on what materials can be used and how they should be used in different types of construction projects. This helps code users understand the definitions and application of the code by providing them with specific information on materials that are allowed and those that are not, ensuring that construction projects are safe and compliant with the code.

Barns, livestock shelter, carports, towers, and sheds are all structures that serve various utility purposes and do not fall under any specific occupancy classification such as residential or commercial. They are not primarily used for storage, as storage occupancy would typically refer to dedicated storage facilities. Therefore, the most appropriate classification for these structures would be utility/miscellaneous occupancy, as they serve a range of utility purposes.

Wood is a natural material that is prone to changes in shape and size due to weather conditions. It expands and contracts with fluctuations in temperature and humidity, which can lead to warping, twisting, or cracking. This can affect the structural integrity of wood as a building material and may require additional maintenance and repairs over time. Therefore, the disadvantage of wood as a building material is that it is susceptible to weather-induced changes in shape and size.

Slab-and-beam is an example of a cast-in-place concrete construction system. This means that the concrete elements, such as slabs and beams, are formed and poured on-site. The construction process involves creating formwork, placing reinforcement, and pouring concrete directly into the formwork. Once the concrete has cured, the formwork is removed, resulting in a solid and durable structure. Cast-in-place construction offers flexibility in design and allows for customization on-site, making it a popular choice for various types of buildings and structures.