Financial Management Mc Chapters 1-9

Brown and Son Partnership is not obliged to publish financial statements because it is a partnership. Partnerships are not required to publish their financial statements as they are not considered separate legal entities from their owners. In contrast, Johnston Ltd., Harvey PLC., and Eastman LLC. are all limited liability companies or corporations, which are required by law to publish their financial statements for transparency and accountability purposes.

A university hospital is not a business because it is primarily an educational institution rather than a profit-driven organization. While it may generate revenue through medical services, its main focus is on providing healthcare and training for medical professionals, rather than maximizing profits. In contrast, a record store, shipping company, and tax consultancy firm are all examples of businesses that operate with the primary goal of generating profits.

Cartelization refers to the formation of a cartel, which is an agreement between competing firms to restrict competition and maximize their joint profits. This practice is more likely to occur in an oligopoly, where there are only a few dominant firms in the market. In a monopoly, there is only one firm, so there is no need for collusion. In a competitive market, there are many small firms, making it difficult to coordinate and maintain a cartel. Therefore, the correct answer is oligopoly.

The four Ps refer to the marketing mix, which includes Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Planning is not considered one of the four Ps because it is a process that encompasses all aspects of marketing, including the four Ps. Planning involves setting objectives, identifying target markets, and developing strategies to achieve marketing goals. It is a fundamental step in the marketing process, but it is not specifically categorized as one of the four Ps.

Modifying a product to tailor it to customers' wishes is not concerned with efficiency because it focuses on customization and meeting individual customer needs rather than optimizing processes or resources to achieve maximum output with minimum input. This activity is more about meeting customer preferences and satisfaction rather than improving efficiency or reducing costs.

The correct answer is franchising. Franchising is a business model where the owner of a business (franchisor) grants the rights to another person (franchisee) to operate a similar business under the same brand name and system. In this case, the owner of the do-it-yourself shop affiliates with a chain, allowing him to call his shop hobby plus. The owner pays a fee based on his turnover, which is a common practice in franchising agreements. This arrangement allows the owner to benefit from the established brand, support, and resources provided by the franchisor.

A mission statement typically focuses on the purpose, values, and goals of a business. It outlines the organization's core principles and objectives, guiding its actions and decision-making processes. The expected profit for next year is a financial projection and does not align with the broader purpose and values expressed in a mission statement. Instead, financial goals and projections are usually included in a company's strategic or financial plans.

The manufacturing of a car in a saloon and a cabriolet versions is called mass production because it involves producing a large number of identical cars using standardized processes and assembly lines. Mass production allows for efficient production, lower costs, and faster delivery times compared to other production methods like batch production or job production, which are more suitable for smaller quantities or customized products.

In a partnership, general partners have unlimited liability, which means they are personally responsible for the debts and obligations of the partnership. In this case, Partner A is a general partner who has invested €100,000 in the partnership. Since the partnership has a total debt of €1 Million, Partner A is liable for the entire debt amount, which is €1 Million.

The payback period is the length of time it takes for an investment to generate enough cash flows to recover the initial investment. In this case, the initial investment is €5 million, and the cash flows from the end of the first year to the fifth year total €8 million (€2.5 million + €2.5 million + €1.5 million + €1.5 million + €0.5 million). By the end of the fourth year, the cumulative cash flows will be €7.5 million, which is still €0.5 million short of the initial investment. It is only by the end of the fifth year that the cumulative cash flows will exceed the initial investment, making the payback period four years.

An industry comprises competing businesses. This means that within a particular industry, there are multiple businesses that are vying for the same customers and market share. These businesses may offer similar products or services and compete against each other to attract customers and generate revenue. Competition is a fundamental aspect of any industry as it drives innovation, efficiency, and ultimately benefits consumers by providing them with more choices and better products.

The statement "D = E" refers to the equality of debt (D) and equity (E) in a company's capital structure. This means that the total amount of debt the company has is equal to the total amount of equity. Financial leverage occurs when a company uses debt to finance its operations, which can amplify the returns for shareholders but also increase the risk. Therefore, the correct answer implies that financial leverage occurs when the amount of debt is equal to the amount of equity in a company.

The controller is responsible for designing a budgeting system because they are in charge of financial planning and analysis in an organization. They have the expertise and knowledge to create a system that aligns with the company's goals and objectives. The controller also ensures that the budgeting system is accurate, efficient, and provides relevant information for decision-making. This role requires a deep understanding of financial management and the ability to coordinate with different departments to gather necessary data for budgeting purposes.

The average book rate of return is calculated by dividing the average annual profit by the average investment. In this case, the average annual profit is (40 + 40 + 40 + 40) / 4 = 40, and the average investment is (-120 + 40 + 40 + 40 + 40) / 4 = -20. Dividing the average annual profit by the average investment gives us 40 / -20 = -2. Multiplying this by 100 gives us -200%. However, since the question asks for a positive percentage, we take the absolute value, resulting in 200%. Dividing this by the number of years, which is 4, gives us the average book rate of return of 50%. However, since the cash flows are received at the end of the year, we need to discount them using the WACC of 7.5%. Applying the discounting factor to each cash flow and calculating the average annual profit and average investment again, we get an average book rate of return of 16.67%.

A subscription right is a voucher that gives a shareholder the privilege to apply for shares. This means that the shareholder has the option to purchase additional shares in the company at a predetermined price. It is a way for existing shareholders to maintain or increase their ownership stake in the company by subscribing to new shares.

A long days sales outstanding indicates that the company's customers take a longer time to pay their bills. This means that the company is waiting for a longer period to receive payment for its products or services, which can negatively impact its cash flow. It suggests that the company may have difficulties in collecting its accounts receivable in a timely manner, which can lead to financial strain and liquidity issues.

The Dutch wholesale trader purchases 1,000 radios at a unit price of 20 euros, which amounts to a total purchase cost of 20,000 euros. Since the VAT is excluded, the trader does not pay any VAT on the purchase. The trader then sells 700 radios to Dutch retailers at a selling price of 40 euros each, resulting in a total sales revenue of 28,000 euros. The VAT on the sales is calculated by multiplying the sales revenue by the VAT rate of 19%, which amounts to 5,320 euros. The trader then subtracts the VAT paid on the purchase (0 euros) from the VAT collected on the sales (5,320 euros) to determine the amount payable to the tax authorities, which is 5,320 euros. However, since the question asks for the amount excluding VAT, the correct answer is 190 euros, which is the difference between the sales revenue (28,000 euros) and the VAT payable (5,320 euros).

A creditor who, in case of bankruptcy, does not get paid until after the other creditors are paid in full, has provided a subordinated loan. This means that the loan is ranked lower in priority compared to other loans and debts. In the event of bankruptcy, the subordinated loan will be paid off only after the higher-ranked creditors have been fully paid. This arrangement helps to mitigate the risk for the borrower and provides a higher level of security for other creditors.

The correct answer is "In financial accounting a company's management may resort to creative accounting." This statement is correct because creative accounting refers to the practice of manipulating financial statements to present a more favorable picture of a company's financial position. While this practice is unethical and may be illegal, it is unfortunately a reality in the world of financial accounting. Companies may engage in creative accounting to inflate profits, hide losses, or manipulate financial ratios to meet certain targets or objectives.

Project A will be chosen based on the payback period because it has a shorter payback period compared to Project B. The payback period is the time it takes for a project to recover its initial investment. In this case, Project A has a payback period of 2 years (the required payback period), while Project B has a payback period of 3 years. Therefore, Project A meets the company's required payback period and is considered more attractive in terms of recovering the initial investment in a shorter time.

A mortgage bond is the least risky option because it is secured by a specific property or asset, such as real estate. In the event of default, the bondholder has a claim on the property and can recover their investment through foreclosure or sale of the asset. This provides a higher level of security compared to other bonds, such as junk bonds, which have a higher risk of default and lower credit ratings. Convertible bonds and subordinated bonds also carry higher risks as they are dependent on the performance of the issuing company and may have lower priority in case of bankruptcy.

When a buyer receives credit from his supplier, it is known as trade credit. Trade credit refers to the practice of allowing buyers to purchase goods or services on credit, with payment typically due within a specified period. This arrangement is commonly used in business-to-business transactions, allowing buyers to obtain necessary supplies or inventory without immediate payment. By providing trade credit, suppliers can build customer loyalty and maintain ongoing relationships with buyers.

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The payment of the 2011 interest on a loan generates no costs in 2010 because it is a future expense that will be incurred in the following year. The other events mentioned, such as payment of wages, payment of fourth quarter 2010 rent, and making a provision for a lawsuit filed in 2010, all involve expenses that are incurred and paid in 2010.

Service businesses tend to have relatively high labor costs. This is because the main value that service businesses provide is through the expertise, skills, and time of their employees. Unlike manufacturing businesses that may have high costs associated with raw materials and production equipment, service businesses rely heavily on the knowledge and effort of their employees, which often results in higher labor costs.

The cash requirements deduced from the cash flow forecast are generated by the transactional motive. This means that the cash needed is based on the day-to-day operations of the business, such as paying suppliers, employees, and other expenses. The transactional motive focuses on ensuring that there is enough cash available to meet these regular, expected cash outflows. The precautionary motive, on the other hand, refers to holding cash as a precautionary measure for unexpected events, while the speculative motive involves holding cash for investment or speculative purposes.

The statement "Most new business are manufacturing business" is incorrect because not all new businesses are manufacturing businesses. There are various types of businesses that can be started, such as service-based businesses, retail businesses, technology startups, and more. The statement assumes that the majority of new businesses fall under the manufacturing sector, which is not true.

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Offering discounts for cash payment is not a credit management activity because it does not involve managing or monitoring the credit extended to customers. Instead, it is a sales strategy aimed at incentivizing customers to make immediate cash payments, which can help improve cash flow and reduce the risk of bad debts. Credit management activities typically involve setting credit standards, determining credit limits, and monitoring and collecting payments from customers.

Torville and Dean are in a partnership where Torville has a 40% share and Dean has a 60% share. Since the partnership has failed to repay a bank loan of €100,000, the bank is entitled to demand the full amount from Torville. This is because Torville's share in the partnership is not sufficient to cover the entire loan, and therefore, Torville is responsible for paying the full amount.

The correct answer is "A sole proprietorship is subject to corporate tax." This statement is incorrect because a sole proprietorship is not subject to corporate tax. In a sole proprietorship, the business owner is personally responsible for paying taxes on the business's income, rather than the business itself being taxed separately.

Financial leverage refers to the use of debt to finance investments or operations in order to increase the return on equity. By borrowing money, a company can amplify its returns and potentially generate higher profits for shareholders. This is achieved by using borrowed funds to invest in assets or projects that have the potential to generate a higher rate of return than the cost of borrowing. However, it is important to note that while financial leverage can enhance returns, it also increases the risk and potential for financial distress if the investments do not generate the expected returns.

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The depreciation method that allows depreciation in later years to be higher than depreciation in early years is the declining balance method. This method provides for a higher depreciation expense in the earlier years of an asset's life and gradually decreases the depreciation expense over time. It is based on the assumption that an asset is more productive and efficient in its early years and becomes less so as it ages. Therefore, higher depreciation is allocated in the earlier years to reflect the asset's higher usage and productivity.

The correct answer is "Giving tax advice is one of the services provided by accountancy firms." This statement is correct because accountancy firms often offer a range of services to their clients, including tax advice. While it may not be the only service provided by accountancy firms, it is a common service that they offer to individuals and businesses.

If the market rate is 8% and the business records an annual profit of €64,000, the book value of the business will be greater than its intrinsic value. This is because the market rate of 8% is used to discount the future cash flows of the business to determine its intrinsic value. If the business is able to generate a profit of €64,000, it means that the actual cash flows are higher than what is discounted at 8%, resulting in a higher book value relative to the intrinsic value.

When a large profit is made and retained in the company, an LLC offers a tax advantage over a sole proprietorship. This is because in an LLC, the profits are not subject to self-employment taxes. Instead, the profits are taxed at the individual owner's personal tax rate, which may be lower than the self-employment tax rate. By retaining the profits in the company, the owner can defer paying taxes on those profits until they are distributed as dividends or salary. This can result in potential tax savings for the owner.

Profit-based businesses are generally easier to measure in terms of effectiveness compared to non-profit institutions. This is because profit-based businesses have clear financial metrics such as revenue, profit margins, return on investment, and market share that can be used to evaluate their performance. On the other hand, non-profit institutions often have complex missions and goals that are not solely focused on financial outcomes. Their effectiveness is often measured through qualitative measures such as social impact, community engagement, and achievement of their mission. Therefore, the statement that it is more difficult to measure the effectiveness of profit-based businesses than non-profit institutions is incorrect.

Investment decisions involve analyzing and determining where to allocate funds in order to generate the highest return on investment. This process requires understanding financial markets, evaluating risk and return, and making informed decisions based on financial data. Finance is the discipline that focuses on managing money, investments, and financial activities, making it the correct answer for this question. Management accounting, financial accounting, and bookkeeping are related fields but do not specifically deal with investment decisions.

When a company's total equity exceeds its total liabilities, it means that the company has more assets than debts. This indicates that the company is in a financially stable position and has a strong financial foundation. The business risk refers to the uncertainty and potential losses associated with the company's operations, while the financial risk refers to the risk of not being able to meet financial obligations. Since the company has more assets than debts, it suggests that the business risk, which is related to operations, is greater than the financial risk, which is related to debt repayment.

The straight-line depreciation method allocates an equal amount of depreciation expense over the useful life of an asset. In this case, the computer system has an estimated lifespan of four years, so the annual depreciation expense would be €10,000 divided by 4, which is €2,500 per year.

On the other hand, the sum-of-the-years'-digits method allocates more depreciation expense in the earlier years and less in the later years. The sum of the digits for a four-year lifespan is 1+2+3+4=10. In the first year, the depreciation expense would be €10,000 multiplied by 4/10, which is €4,000. In the second year, it would be €10,000 multiplied by 3/10, which is €3,000. In the third year, it would be €10,000 multiplied by 2/10, which is €2,000.

Therefore, the depreciation on the basis of straight-line depreciation is €500 higher in the third year than the depreciation on the basis of sum-of-the-years'-digits.

Cost calculations are indeed part of the discipline of management accounting. Management accounting involves analyzing and providing financial information to assist in decision-making, planning, and control within an organization. Cost calculations, such as determining the cost of producing goods or services, are essential for effective management accounting. Therefore, the correct answer is not accurate.

The 2010 profit is €1,750,000. This can be calculated by taking the difference between the owner's equity at the beginning and end of the year, and then adjusting for any dividends paid and new equity raised. In this case, the owner's equity increased by €2.5 million (from €1.5 million to €4 million), and €250,000 was paid as dividends. Therefore, the net increase in owner's equity due to profit is €2.5 million minus €250,000, which equals €2.25 million.

When a corporation pays out a 4% stock dividend, it means that the company is distributing additional shares of stock to its shareholders. This results in an increase in the nominal issued share capital by 4%. The nominal issued share capital represents the total value of shares issued by the company. It does not affect the authorized share capital, which is the maximum amount of shares that a company can issue. The equity of the corporation does not necessarily increase by 4% as it depends on the market value of the shares. The market value of the shares may or may not decrease by 4% as it is influenced by various factors such as demand and supply in the market.

The statement "A new business will often be a public limited company" is incorrect because a new business can take various legal forms, such as a sole proprietorship, partnership, or private limited company. A public limited company is a specific legal structure that requires certain criteria and procedures to be met. Therefore, it is not accurate to say that a new business will often be a public limited company.

The economic order quantity is a formula used to determine the optimal order size for a company. It aims to minimize the total costs associated with inventory management, including carrying costs and set-up costs. By calculating the economic order quantity, a company can find the order size that minimizes the sum of these costs, resulting in efficient inventory management and cost savings. Therefore, the correct answer is that the economic order quantity results in the minimal sum of carrying costs and set-up costs.

Pre-paid amounts are not considered a short-term liability because they represent payments made in advance for goods or services that will be received in the future. They are recorded as an asset on the balance sheet until the goods or services are received, at which point they are recognized as an expense. Short-term liabilities, on the other hand, are obligations that are expected to be settled within one year, such as dividends to be paid, buyer's credit received, and commercial paper.

Discount bonds are characterized by a higher redemption value compared to ordinary bonds. This means that when the bond reaches its maturity date, the investor will receive a higher amount of money back than the initial investment. This is because discount bonds are sold at a price lower than their face value, and the difference between the purchase price and the face value is the redemption value. Therefore, the higher redemption value is a key characteristic of discount bonds.

The return on average total assets can be calculated by dividing the net profit by the average total assets. To calculate the average total assets, we need to subtract the average liabilities from the average shareholder's equity. In this case, the average total assets would be €5 million - €3 million = €2 million. Therefore, the return on average total assets would be €480,000 / €2 million = 0.24 or 24%. However, since the corporate tax rate is 40%, we need to multiply the return on average total assets by (1 - tax rate) to get the after-tax return. In this case, the after-tax return would be 0.24 * (1 - 0.40) = 0.144 or 14.4%. Therefore, the correct answer is 14%, which is not one of the given options.

The provision of trade credit on the sale of goods is the only situation among the options where investment is caused automatically by the production process. When a company offers trade credit to its customers, it allows them to delay payment for the goods purchased. This means that the company has invested in the production of those goods without receiving immediate payment, effectively financing the customer's purchase. This investment is an automatic result of the production process, as it is a common practice in business to offer trade credit as a way to facilitate sales and maintain customer relationships.