Nervous System

Sensory neurons carry information from sensory receptors towards the central nervous system for processing. Motor neurons carry information from the central nervous system to muscles and glands to produce responses. Efferent neurons refer to motor neurons. Interneurons are found entirely within the central nervous system and are involved with processing information.

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, breathing, and blood pressure, while the somatic nervous system, sensory nervous system, and motor nervous system are all part of the voluntary nervous system.

The nervous system does not play a role in storing calcium, but rather senses changes, analyzes changes, and responses to changes in the body.

In an action potential, repolarization refers to the stage where the cell membrane returns to its resting membrane potential after depolarization.

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another. In this case, they are released at the axon terminal, which is the end of the neuron's axon where neurotransmitters are stored and released.

Axons are responsible for conducting impulses away from the cell body, towards other neurons or target cells. This allows for signal transmission throughout the nervous system.

Motor or efferent neurons are responsible for carrying impulses away from the CNS to the effector or muscle, while sensory or afferent neurons carry impulses towards the CNS. Interneurons are found within the CNS and help to relay messages between sensory and motor neurons. Peripheral neurons refer to neurons outside of the CNS that are involved in transmitting signals to and from the CNS.

The synapse is specifically the junction between two neurons where electrical or chemical signals are transmitted.

A spinal reflex arc typically involves two or three neurons in the pathway - a sensory neuron, an interneuron (sometimes optional), and a motor neuron. This simple pathway allows for rapid response to stimuli without involving the brain.

Axons are long fibers that extend away from the cell body and transmit electrical impulses to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons, synapses are junctions where communication between neurons occurs, and myelin sheaths are insulating layers that surround axons.

Schwann cells are responsible for producing myelin sheaths around axons in the peripheral nervous system, while oligodendrocytes perform a similar function in the central nervous system. Microglia are responsible for immune defense in the brain, and astrocytes provide structural support and metabolic assistance in the nervous system.

The resting membrane potential refers to the difference in charge across the neuronal membrane when the neuron is not actively sending a signal. It is essential for the neuron's ability to generate and transmit electrical impulses.

A synapse refers to the junction between two nerve cells where signals are transmitted.

In a reflex arc, the effector is the part of the body that responds to the stimulus provided by the sensory neuron. In this case, the muscle or gland carries out the action in response to the sensory input.

The correct answer includes the Central Nervous System (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), which includes all the nerves outside the CNS. The incorrect answers do not accurately reflect the components of the nervous system.

The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating muscle movements and maintaining posture and balance. It does not control digestion, breathing, or memory.

The meninges are comprised of three layers: the Dura Mater (outermost layer), Arachnoid Mater (middle layer), and Pia Mater (innermost layer). In this case, the correct answer is Pia Mater.

The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions that are essential for survival, such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. These functions are not under conscious control.

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for rest and digest functions in the body, including conserving energy, promoting relaxation, and aiding in digestion.

Dendrites receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body, where the cell body integrates these signals.

The myelin sheath insulates the axon, allowing for faster transmission of nerve impulses. Without it, diseases such as multiple sclerosis can occur where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath causing communication issues between the brain and the rest of the body.