Aircraft Maneuvering and Effects of Ground Effect & Wake Turbulence Quiz

1. When are wingtip vortices created by an aircraft?

Developing lift.

Taxiing on the runway

Descending for landing

Hovering in place

Wingtip vortices are formed when the aircraft is generating lift, causing a pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the wings. This lift creation results in the swirling vortex of air at the wingtips.

Explanation

Wingtip vortices are formed when the aircraft is generating lift, causing a pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the wings. This lift creation results in the swirling vortex of air at the wingtips.

2. What conditions result in the greatest vortex strength behind an aircraft?

Heavy, clean, and slow.

Heavy, clean, and fast

Medium, dirty, and slow

Light, dirty, and fast

The greatest vortex strength occurs when the generating aircraft is heavy, clean, and slow, resulting in more distinct and powerful vortices behind it.

Explanation

The greatest vortex strength occurs when the generating aircraft is heavy, clean, and slow, resulting in more distinct and powerful vortices behind it.

3. What are the four fundamental maneuvers involved in maneuvering an aircraft?

Ascending, descending, banking, hovering

Takeoff, landing, taxiing, cruising

Rolling, yawing, pitching, hovering

Straight forward and level flight, turns, climbs, and descents.

The correct answer includes the basic maneuvers of flying an aircraft which involve maintaining straight and level flight, making turns, climbing, and descending. The incorrect answers either mix up different phases of flight or involve incorrect actions related to aircraft control.

Explanation

The correct answer includes the basic maneuvers of flying an aircraft which involve maintaining straight and level flight, making turns, climbing, and descending. The incorrect answers either mix up different phases of flight or involve incorrect actions related to aircraft control.

4. What problem is most likely to result from ground effect?

Reduced visibility due to foggy conditions.

Increased engine power consumption.

Loss of cabin pressure.

Becoming airborne before reaching recommended takeoff speed.

Ground effect is a phenomenon in which an aircraft that is close to the ground experiences an increase in lift and a reduction in induced drag. This can cause the aircraft to become airborne prematurely, potentially leading to issues if it hasn't reached the recommended takeoff speed.

Explanation

Ground effect is a phenomenon in which an aircraft that is close to the ground experiences an increase in lift and a reduction in induced drag. This can cause the aircraft to become airborne prematurely, potentially leading to issues if it hasn't reached the recommended takeoff speed.

5. What must a pilot be aware of as a result of ground effect?

Ground effect increases turbulence, making it harder to control the aircraft.

Induced drag decreases; therefore, any excess speed at the point of a flare may cause considerable floating.

Ground effect has no impact on aircraft performance during landing.

Ground effect causes a decrease in lift, leading to the need for a higher approach speed.

Ground effect is a phenomenon where the lift-to-drag ratio of an aircraft is increased when it is flying close to the ground. This effect decreases induced drag, leading to potential floating during landing if excess speed is present at the point of flare.

Explanation

Ground effect is a phenomenon where the lift-to-drag ratio of an aircraft is increased when it is flying close to the ground. This effect decreases induced drag, leading to potential floating during landing if excess speed is present at the point of flare.

6. While landing behind a large aircraft, which procedure should be followed for vortex avoidance?

Stay above its final approach flight path all the way to touchdown.

Fly directly below the large aircraft to minimize vortex effects.

Descend below its final approach flight path to avoid vortexes.

Maintain the same altitude as the large aircraft to reduce vortex impact.

When landing behind a large aircraft, it is crucial to stay above its final approach flight path to avoid flying through its wake turbulence or vortices. Flying below, directly below, or at the same altitude as the large aircraft increases the risk of encountering dangerous vortices.

Explanation

When landing behind a large aircraft, it is crucial to stay above its final approach flight path to avoid flying through its wake turbulence or vortices. Flying below, directly below, or at the same altitude as the large aircraft increases the risk of encountering dangerous vortices.

7. How does the wake turbulence vortex circulate around each wingtip?

Inward and downward into the center of the aircraft.

In a straight line parallel to the aircraft's body.

In a zig-zag pattern across both wings.

Outward, upward, and around each tip.

The correct answer describes the circulation of wake turbulence vortex around each wingtip. It flows outward and upward around each tip, creating a potential hazard for following aircraft.

Explanation

The correct answer describes the circulation of wake turbulence vortex around each wingtip. It flows outward and upward around each tip, creating a potential hazard for following aircraft.

8. What is the typical behavior of wingtip vortices created by large aircraft?

Float above the aircraft dispersing smoothly.

Sink below the aircraft generating turbulence.

Disappear instantly without any effect.

Merge with the aircraft causing stability.

Wingtip vortices created by large aircraft tend to sink below the aircraft as they are heavier than surrounding air, generating turbulence in their wake.

Explanation

Wingtip vortices created by large aircraft tend to sink below the aircraft as they are heavier than surrounding air, generating turbulence in their wake.

9. What wind condition requires maximum caution when avoiding wake turbulence on landing?

Crosswind from the left

Direct tailwind

Strong headwind

Light, quartering wind.

When landing, a light, quartering wind can cause the wake turbulence from the preceding aircraft to be shifted across the landing path, requiring maximum caution to avoid encountering it.

Explanation

When landing, a light, quartering wind can cause the wake turbulence from the preceding aircraft to be shifted across the landing path, requiring maximum caution to avoid encountering it.

10. While practicing S-turns, a consistently smaller half circle is made on one side of the road than on the other, and this is not completed before crossing the road or reference line. This would most likely occur in turn...

10-11-12 - because the pilot neglects to compensate for increasing induced drag.

7-8-9 - because the pilot does not maintain coordinated flight during the maneuver.

4-5-6- because the bank is increased too rapidly during the early part of the turn.

1-2-3 - because the pilot overcontrols and tries to correct with opposite aileron too late.

When performing S-turns, it is important to maintain a consistent bank angle and properly coordinate the controls to ensure even turns on both sides of the road. In the case of a consistently smaller half circle being made on one side, it is most likely due to an increase in bank angle too rapidly during the early part of the turn, causing the aircraft to overshoot the turn on that side.

Explanation

When performing S-turns, it is important to maintain a consistent bank angle and properly coordinate the controls to ensure even turns on both sides of the road. In the case of a consistently smaller half circle being made on one side, it is most likely due to an increase in bank angle too rapidly during the early part of the turn, causing the aircraft to overshoot the turn on that side.

11. In flying the rectangular course, when would an aircraft be turned less than 90 degrees?

Corners 1 and 4.

Corners 3 and 4

Corners 2 and 3

Only at Corner 2

In a rectangular course, an aircraft would be turned less than 90 degrees at Corners 1 and 4 to change direction without completing a full 90-degree turn.

Explanation

In a rectangular course, an aircraft would be turned less than 90 degrees at Corners 1 and 4 to change direction without completing a full 90-degree turn.

12. What is ground effect?

The result of the interference of the surface f the Earth with the airflow patterns about an airplane.

A phenomenon where airplanes touch the ground while flying.

An emergency procedure taken by pilots during a crash landing.

A navigation system that helps planes land on the runway.

Ground effect is the result of the interference of the Earth's surface with the airflow patterns around an airplane, causing changes in lift and drag. It is not related to touching the ground while flying, emergency procedures, or navigation systems.

Explanation

Ground effect is the result of the interference of the Earth's surface with the airflow patterns around an airplane, causing changes in lift and drag. It is not related to touching the ground while flying, emergency procedures, or navigation systems.

13. When taking off or landing at an airport where heavy aircraft are operating, one should be particularly alert to the hazards of wingtip vortices because turbulence tends to...

Push the aircraft higher into the sky, increasing altitude beyond safety limits.

Sink into the flightpath of aircraft operating below the aircraft generating the turbulence.

Pull the aircraft towards the side of the runway, increasing the risk of veering off course.

Disperse quickly without affecting other aircraft in the vicinity.

Wingtip vortices generated by heavy aircraft can have significant effects on nearby aircraft, especially those below. The turbulence created tends to sink into the flightpath of aircraft operating below, potentially causing hazardous conditions.

Explanation

Wingtip vortices generated by heavy aircraft can have significant effects on nearby aircraft, especially those below. The turbulence created tends to sink into the flightpath of aircraft operating below, potentially causing hazardous conditions.

14. When departing behind a heavy aircraft, the pilot should avoid wake turbulence by maneuvering the aircraft...

Bove and upwind from the heavy aircraft.

Below and upwind from the heavy aircraft.

Below and downwind from the heavy aircraft.

Above and downwind from the heavy aircraft.

When departing behind a heavy aircraft, it is important for the pilot to maneuver the aircraft above and upwind from the heavy aircraft in order to avoid encountering its wake turbulence. This positioning helps to minimize the risk of encountering turbulent air that could adversely affect the following aircraft.

Explanation

When departing behind a heavy aircraft, it is important for the pilot to maneuver the aircraft above and upwind from the heavy aircraft in order to avoid encountering its wake turbulence. This positioning helps to minimize the risk of encountering turbulent air that could adversely affect the following aircraft.

15. What is a result of the phenomenon of ground effect?

The angle of attack generating lift is decreased.

The airspeed required for takeoff is increased.

The angle of attack generating lift is increased.

The weight of the aircraft is reduced.

Ground effect occurs when an aircraft is close to the ground, resulting in the reduction of induced drag and increase in lift. This allows the airplane to become more efficient and requires a lower angle of attack to generate lift.

Explanation

Ground effect occurs when an aircraft is close to the ground, resulting in the reduction of induced drag and increase in lift. This allows the airplane to become more efficient and requires a lower angle of attack to generate lift.

16. What is the airspeed range to avoid while flying in ground effect?

40 MPH and above.

Less than 20 MPH

50-60 MPH

25-30 MPH

Flying in ground effect refers to the phenomenon where the aircraft experiences an increase in lift and a reduction in induced drag when flying close to the ground. The airspeed range to avoid while in ground effect is crucial to maintaining control and stability during takeoff and landing.

Explanation

Flying in ground effect refers to the phenomenon where the aircraft experiences an increase in lift and a reduction in induced drag when flying close to the ground. The airspeed range to avoid while in ground effect is crucial to maintaining control and stability during takeoff and landing.