Hist 122: Spanish Conquest(16th C.), European Colonization (17th C.), African Slavery (18th C.)

Technological advances such as shipbuilding techniques and navigation skills were crucial for maritime exploration, allowing explorers to travel greater distances and discover new lands.

Traditional navigation techniques such as Volta do mar, trade winds, and monsoon winds have been relied upon by sailors for centuries to navigate the seas. These techniques involve understanding wind patterns and ocean currents to guide the direction of their travel.

A compass uses magnetism and its iron core to align with the Earth's magnetic field, providing a consistent sense of direction. The North Star, also known as Polaris, is a dependable celestial reference point for determining north. Using the moon's position, wind direction, or landmarks may not always provide a reliable sense of direction when navigating outdoors.

The tools and methods mentioned in the correct answer are commonly used in maritime navigation to accurately determine a ship's location at sea. These include instruments like the sextant and methods like dead reckoning, which were crucial for sailors to navigate the vast oceans effectively.

The Han Dynasty Compass was actually invented in the 1st century AD and used in China, not in earlier civilizations like Rome, Japan, or India. It was later introduced to Europe in the 13th century AD.

The correct answer includes Christopher Columbus, who interacted with the Tianos in 1492, Hernan Cortes, who faced the Aztecs from 1519-1521, and Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Incas in 1532-1533.

The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican civilization that existed in present-day Mexico. While 'Mexicans' can be used to refer to the people of Mexico, the other options are different indigenous civilizations that existed in the region.

During the Age of Discovery, European explorers were primarily motivated by the desire for wealth (Gold), spreading Christianity (God), and gaining personal fame and recognition (Glory).

Tianos focused on converting others to the Catholic faith rather than engaging in warfare, trade, or conquest.

Washington, D.C. was not named after George Washington, Abraham Lincoln or Thomas Jefferson. The correct answer is Christopher Columbus who is credited with discovering the Americas.

Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer who worked for Spain, was known for his attempts to find a new route to Asia in order to bring spices back to Europe. He was not a prominent European figure at the time.

Isabella of Castile, also known as Isabella the Catholic, was a devout Catholic and played a significant role in the Spanish Inquisition. She is often referred to as the most Catholic person from Spain.

Hatuey, as described by Bartolome de las Casas, was a local Tiano chief who refused to convert to Christianity and was consequently burned at the stake, despite being offered clemency if he accepted the conversion.

Hispaniola is the second-largest island in the Caribbean and is the location of both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica are all separate islands in the Caribbean region.

The Spanish Conquest in the Caribbean had significant and lasting impacts, including the introduction of various forms of forced labor systems like Repartimiento [encomienda], the writings and actions of Bartolome de las Casas in defense of indigenous rights, the spread of the Columbian Exchange, and the propagation of the 'Black Legend' which portrayed the Spanish conquests in a negative light.

The 'New Laws of the Indies' were implemented approximately 50 years after Columbus' arrival in the Americas. These laws aimed to protect the indigenous people from exploitation and abuse by the Spanish colonizers.

The term Black Legend refers to the vision of Spain being terrible, which is inaccurate as it was not due to deliberate extermination, but rather the unintentional spread of diseases like smallpox.

Columbus' adventure did not result in establishing successful trade routes to the East, discovering a new continent, or failing to find any valuable resources. Instead, some of the outcomes included the failure of finding spices, discovering gold which sank with his ship, and the introduction of agriculture and crops like rum and sugarcane.

Spanish trading rules during the Age of Exploration were primarily characterized by mercantilism, the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) which divided the newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal, the establishment of the Treasure Fleet (flota) to transport goods, and the use of Galleons as the main ships for trading purposes.

Mercantilism was an economic policy followed by European colonial powers in the 16th to 18th centuries that focused on creating a closed trading system where colonies could only trade with the mother country, setting up colonies to secure resources, and implementing protectionist measures to prevent other countries from trading with colonies.

The Treaty of Tordesillas was a way for Spain and Portugal to divide up newly discovered lands and establish spheres of influence without resorting to war. It did not directly establish trade routes, resolve conflicts between other countries, or grant colonial territories.

Galleons are known for being larger and heavier than caravels, featuring high super-structures resembling castles on the front and back. They are also characterized by being high above water and top-heavy, as seen in examples such as the Spanish Cacafueas and Swedish Vasa.

Ships of the Line were powerful warships designed to engage enemy vessels in battle during the age of sail. The British HMS Victory, Superbe, and U.S. Constitution were notable examples of Ships of the Line with multiple lines of guns for maximum firepower.

Privateers were privately-owned ships authorized by a government during wartime to attack and capture enemy vessels. Unlike pirates, privateers operated legally under a letter of marque and reprisal.

Boucaniers were known for their activities of hunting animals with guns, cooking the meat, and eventually turning into privateers due to their attacks on ships.

The term 'boucan-' is commonly associated with BBQ and open pit cooking methods.

Sir Francis Drake was a British explorer and naval officer known for his exploits against the Spanish. He started his career as a slave trader and later became a prominent figure in the British Navy. He traveled past Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America, captured silver from Spanish ships, and played a key role in defeating the Spanish Armada, saving England from invasion.

The correct answer is Drake Passage, which is a body of water between South America's Cape Horn and the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. Sir Francis Drake was an English sea captain and explorer who sailed through this passage in the 16th century.