Chemistry 1405 Test 3

Actual yield of a chemical reaction refers to the amount of product that is obtained after the reaction has taken place, not the initial reactants, reaction rate, or reaction temperature.

An atmosphere can refer to various things, but in this context, it is a unit of measurement related to pressure.

Atomic size generally increases down a group on the periodic table due to the addition of more electron shells, and decreases across a period from left to right due to increasing nuclear charge pulling the electrons closer to the nucleus.

Avogadro's law is a gas law that helps to explain the behavior of gases in relation to volume, temperature, and pressure.

A balanced chemical equation is one where the number of each type of atom is the same on both sides of the equation, indicating that mass is conserved in the reaction.

A barometer specifically measures air pressure, not temperature, wind speed, or humidity.

A trigonal planar and tetrahedral structures are examples of bent structures that have unshared pairs of electrons, leading to their unique shapes.

A bonding pair refers to a pair of electrons that are shared between two atoms in order to form a chemical bond.

Bonding theory specifically focuses on the interaction between atoms to form molecules, not on thermodynamics, gas behavior, or magnetic fields.

Boyle's Law states that for a gas at constant temperature and moles, the pressure and volume are inversely proportional. This means that as the pressure of a gas increases, the volume decreases, and vice versa.

Charles' Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, provided the pressure and the amount of gas remain constant. The correct formula is V1 = V2 * T1 / T2, where V1 and T1 are the initial volume and temperature, and V2 and T2 are the final volume and temperature.

A chemical bond involves the sharing or transfer of electrons to achieve stability in the electron configuration of the atoms involved.

A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas. It shows the reactants (starting materials) and products (resulting substances) of a reaction, along with the stoichiometry of the reaction.

The combined gas law states that the ratio of the pressure, volume, and temperature for a given amount of gas is constant.

Core electrons refer to electrons that are not in the outermost principal shell of an atom. They are typically found closer to the nucleus and do not participate in chemical reactions.

A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share electrons. This type of bond is different from an ionic bond, where electrons are transferred between atoms.

d orbitals are found in the middle section of the periodic chart, particularly among transition metals like chromium and copper. They are part of the fourth energy level, with configurations such as 4s2, 3d10, 4p6 up to the element Kr.

Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the sum of the partial pressures of each component in a gas mixture equals the total pressure. This means that the individual partial pressures contribute to the overall pressure exerted by the gas mixture.

A dipole moment occurs when there is an unequal sharing of electrons in a chemical bond, leading to a separation of charge. This results in a molecule having a positive and negative end, creating a polarity.

Dipole-dipole forces are electrostatic forces of attraction between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule. These forces are not present in nonpolar molecules, do not involve positive charges attracting each other, and are distinct from covalent bonding.

Helium, with a full outer shell of electrons, is stable with 2 paired electrons. Oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon do not have the same electron configuration as helium.

The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, from radio waves (low energy) to gamma rays (high energy). It is not restricted to visible light, nor is it specific to radiation emitted solely by the sun. The spectrum includes a wide range of wavelengths beyond just x-rays and ultraviolet light.

The electron configuration for an oxygen atom is 1s2, 2s2, 2p4. Each number and letter in the configuration represents different orbitals and the number of electrons present in each orbital. In this case, it shows that oxygen has 8 electrons with 2 in the first orbital (1s2), 2 in the second orbital (2s2), and 4 in the third orbital (2p4).

The concept of an electron group is based on the idea that lone pairs, single bonds, or multiple bonds repel each other in certain geometries such as linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral arrangements.

Electronegativity specifically refers to the ability of an element to attract electrons within a covalent bond, influencing the bond's polarity and overall chemical behavior.

The electron geometry of NH3 is tetrahedral due to the lone pair, while the molecular geometry is trigonal pyramidal. This distinction arises from the presence of the lone pair affecting the overall shape.

An emission spectrum specifically refers to the frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted by atoms, not natural light from objects or vision aids. The dispersion of light through a prism would result in a continuous spectrum, not an emission spectrum.