Physical And Chemical Examination Of Urine Quiz

Diet and medication can indeed affect urine odor and color. Certain foods, such as asparagus and garlic, can cause urine to have a stronger odor. Additionally, some medications can change the color of urine, such as certain antibiotics that may turn urine a darker shade. Therefore, it is true that diet and medication can impact urine odor and color.

The statement suggests that when there are positive or abnormal results in a laboratory test, it is important to confirm them according to the laboratory's policy. This implies that the laboratory has specific guidelines and protocols in place to ensure accuracy and reliability of test results. Confirming such results helps to minimize errors, false positives, or false negatives, ensuring that patients receive appropriate diagnosis and treatment based on reliable test results. Therefore, the statement is true.

The statement is true because different brands of reagent strips may have different color and timing guides for interpreting results. Each manufacturer provides specific instructions for their own brand of strip, so it is important to follow the guidelines provided by the manufacturer to accurately interpret the results.

Early detection of microalbuminuria allows kidney damage to be recognized in time to intervene with treatment and slow or prevent further renal damage. This means that if microalbuminuria is detected early, appropriate measures can be taken to manage and treat the condition, potentially preventing or slowing down the progression of kidney damage. Therefore, the statement is true.

Before running a chemical examination of urine, it is important to check the expiration date of the reagent. This is because reagents have a limited shelf life and can become less effective or even produce inaccurate results after the expiration date. Using an expired reagent can lead to unreliable test results and potentially compromising patient care. Therefore, checking the expiration date ensures the accuracy and reliability of the chemical examination.

Amorphous phosphates and amorphous urates are substances that can be found in urine. When present in large amounts, they can cause the urine to appear cloudy. Therefore, it is true that amorphous phosphates and amorphous urates can cause cloudy urine.

The two types of serum proteins are albumin and globulin. Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood and is responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure and transporting various substances such as hormones, drugs, and fatty acids. Globulin is a group of proteins that play a role in immune function, blood clotting, and transport of lipids and metal ions. HDL, which stands for high-density lipoprotein, is not a type of serum protein but rather a type of lipoprotein that helps remove cholesterol from the bloodstream.

A positive nitrite or leukocyte esterase result in a urine test indicates the presence of bacteria or white blood cells in the urine, which can be indicative of a urinary tract infection. To confirm this result, a microscopic examination of the urine sediment is necessary. This examination allows for a more detailed analysis of the urine sample, including the identification of specific types of bacteria or white blood cells, which can help in diagnosing the underlying cause of the infection. Therefore, the statement that a positive nitrite or leukocyte esterase should be confirmed by microscopic examination of urine sediment is true.

During menstruation, there is a presence of blood in the vaginal discharge. This blood can potentially interfere with the results of certain tests, leading to a false positive result. Therefore, in the context of the given question, menstruation can cause a false positive blood test.

The correct answer is "AFTER IT COMES TO ROOM TEMPERATURE". This is because testing a refrigerated urine specimen immediately after taking it out of the refrigerator may lead to inaccurate results. It is important to allow the specimen to reach room temperature before testing to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Urine should be well mixed before chemical examination by a reagent strip because it ensures that the sample is homogeneous and any abnormalities or substances present in the urine are evenly distributed. This allows for accurate and consistent results when using the reagent strip to test for various chemical components in the urine, such as pH, protein, glucose, and ketones. Mixing the urine sample helps to avoid any potential bias or variability in the results that could occur if the sample is not thoroughly mixed.

Reagent strip testing on a recently voided urine should be performed within 1-2 hours because the urine sample starts to degrade and break down over time, which can affect the accuracy of the test results. Waiting for longer than 1-2 hours may lead to inaccurate results as the chemical composition of the urine changes. Therefore, it is important to perform the test as soon as possible after voiding to ensure the most reliable and accurate results.

The pH range for blood is 7.35-7.45. This range is slightly alkaline, indicating that blood is slightly basic. It is important for the pH of blood to remain within this narrow range as even small deviations can have significant health implications. The body tightly regulates blood pH through various mechanisms to ensure proper functioning of cells and enzymes.

The pH range for blood is 7.35-7.45. This range is slightly alkaline, which is necessary for the proper functioning of the body. Maintaining a stable pH level is crucial for various physiological processes, including enzyme activity, oxygen transport, and cell function. Any significant deviation from this range can lead to health issues, such as acidosis or alkalosis. Therefore, it is important for the body to regulate the pH of the blood within this narrow range to ensure optimal functioning.

Ketostix or Ketodiastix are indeed used to confirm the presence of ketones in urine. These strips work by detecting the levels of ketones in the urine sample. If the strip changes color, it indicates the presence of ketones, confirming that the body is in a state of ketosis. This is commonly used in individuals following a ketogenic diet or for individuals with certain medical conditions such as diabetes. Therefore, the statement "STRIPS SUCH AS KETOSTIX OR KETODIASTIX ARE ALSO USED TO CONFIRM THE PRESENCE OF KETONES IN URINE" is true.

After removing the reagent strip from the urine, excess urine should be quickly blotted on absorbent paper. This is because allowing excess urine to carry reagent from one reagent pad to the next can lead to inaccurate results. Blotting the excess urine helps to remove any excess liquid that could interfere with the reaction between the reagent and the urine sample, ensuring more accurate and reliable test results.

The preferred specimen for routine chemical examination of urine is the first morning midstream specimen. This is because it is the most concentrated and representative of the overall composition of urine. It is collected after a period of overnight urine accumulation, which allows for the detection of abnormalities such as urinary tract infections or kidney diseases. Additionally, the midstream collection method reduces the risk of contamination from the external genitalia, ensuring accurate test results.

Technicians must pass a color blindness test before being allowed to report manual urine reagent strip results. This is because color blindness can affect their ability to accurately interpret the color changes on the strip, which are indicative of different substances present in the urine. By ensuring that technicians are not color blind, the chances of misinterpreting the results and making errors in diagnosis or treatment are minimized. Therefore, it is important for technicians to pass a color blindness test before reporting manual urine reagent strip results.

Specific gravity is a measure of the concentration of solutes in urine compared to the concentration of solutes in distilled water. It is commonly used as an indicator of renal tubular function because it reflects the kidneys' ability to reabsorb essential chemicals and water from the glomerular filtrate. A higher specific gravity indicates decreased renal tubular function, as the kidneys are not effectively reabsorbing these substances. Therefore, the statement that specific gravity is an indicator of renal tubular function is true.

The reagent strip test mentioned in the question is used to estimate whether a patient's blood glucose exceeds the renal threshold. The presence of glucose on the reagent strip indicates that the patient's blood glucose level is high enough to exceed the renal threshold. This can be an indication of diabetes or other conditions affecting glucose metabolism. The other substances listed (bilirubin, urobilinogen, and pH) are not directly related to estimating blood glucose levels.

The correct answer is 1.010 - 1.025. The specific gravity of urine refers to the concentration of solutes in the urine compared to pure water. A specific gravity of 1.010 - 1.025 is considered normal for urine, indicating a healthy level of hydration. A lower specific gravity may suggest overhydration, while a higher specific gravity may indicate dehydration or other medical conditions.

Urobilinogen can be increased in patients with hepatic diseases (liver diseases) because the liver is responsible for the production and excretion of urobilinogen. In hepatic diseases, the liver's ability to process bilirubin and convert it into urobilinogen may be impaired, leading to an increase in its levels in the body. This can be detected through urine or blood tests and is often used as an indicator of liver dysfunction.

The correct answer is 5.0 - 8.0. The pH of urine is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. A pH value of 7 is considered neutral, values below 7 are acidic, and values above 7 are alkaline. The normal range for urine pH is 5.0 - 8.0, indicating that urine can be slightly acidic to slightly alkaline. This range is important for maintaining the balance of acids and bases in the body and can be influenced by factors such as diet, hydration, and certain medical conditions.

If some bacteria do not have the ability to convert nitrates to nitrites, it means that the presence of nitrates will not be converted to nitrites by these bacteria. Leukocyte esterase is a test that detects the presence of white blood cells in urine, indicating an infection. The presence of nitrates in urine can also indicate an infection. Since the bacteria in question cannot convert nitrates to nitrites, the leukocyte esterase test will still be positive even if nitrates are present. Therefore, the correct answer is true.

The Clinitest test can be used to detect galactosuria. Galactosuria is a condition characterized by the presence of galactose in the urine. The Clinitest test is a diagnostic tool that measures the presence of reducing substances, including galactose, in the urine. Therefore, it is true that the Clinitest test can be used for the detection of galactosuria.

Microalbumin strips with pads for creatinine test can be used to test for protein to creatinine ratio. This allows for testing that was previously only possible with 24-hour tests to be done more conveniently and quickly. Therefore, the statement is true.

Removing excess urine from the reagent strip by touching the edge of the strip to the edge of the urine container as the strip is withdrawn is important because it helps to ensure accurate test results. If excess urine is not removed, it can interfere with the reaction between the reagents on the strip and the components in the urine, leading to inaccurate results. By removing excess urine, the reagent strip is able to properly react with the urine sample, providing reliable and accurate test results.

Urine should not be centrifuged before testing the reagent strip. Centrifugation is a process used to separate solid particles from a liquid by spinning it at high speed. However, in the case of testing reagent strips, centrifugation can interfere with the accuracy of the results. The reagent strip is designed to react with the components in the urine sample, and centrifuging the urine can cause the separation of these components, leading to inaccurate results. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

Bilirubin is a pigment produced by the breakdown of red blood cells. Direct light can cause the decomposition of bilirubin, which means that it can break down and become ineffective. Therefore, to ensure accurate testing results, the specimen should be protected from light until the testing is complete.

Newborn babies will usually not have a specific gravity value as high as an adult because their bodies contain a higher percentage of water. Specific gravity is a measure of the density of a substance compared to the density of water. Since newborns have a higher water content in their bodies, their specific gravity will be lower than that of an adult who has a lower water content and a higher density. Therefore, the statement is true.

If the results of a urine control test fall outside of the manufacturer's stated ranges, it implies that the test may not be accurate or reliable. In such cases, it would not be appropriate to report the patient's test results as they may be misleading or incorrect. Therefore, the answer is NO.

The correct answer is "AS SOON AS THE STRIP IS WITHDRAWN FROM URINE". This is because the timing of the reactions on a dip stick should start immediately after the strip is taken out of the urine. Waiting for 5 or 10 seconds may lead to inaccurate results as the reactions may already be underway. Therefore, it is important to start the timing as soon as the strip is withdrawn to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Bilirubin is a pigment produced by the liver when it breaks down red blood cells. Elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood can indicate liver dysfunction or disease. Therefore, the presence of bilirubin on the reagent strip test suggests a disease state of the liver.

A urine reagent strip is used to test various components present in urine. The given answer includes all the components that can be tested using a urine reagent strip. pH, glucose, bilirubin, urobilinogen, ketones, blood, protein, specific gravity, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase are all commonly tested parameters in a urine analysis. However, milk is not a component that is typically tested using a urine reagent strip.

The reliability of reagent strips and confirmatory test reagents must be confirmed by urine controls. This means that before using these reagents for testing, it is necessary to verify their accuracy and effectiveness by using control samples of urine. These control samples should have known concentrations of the substances being tested for, allowing for a comparison to ensure that the reagents are producing reliable results. By using urine controls, healthcare professionals can ensure the accuracy and validity of the test results.

It is not necessary to allow sediments to settle before testing the reagent strip. Sediments can interfere with the accuracy of the test results, so it is important to ensure that the sample is properly mixed before testing. Waiting for sediments to settle may cause delays in obtaining the test results and is not a recommended practice. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

The correct answer is "NEGATIVE". This means that the reference range for urine nitrates is expected to be negative, indicating the absence of nitrates in the urine sample.

The manufacturer's instructions should be consulted for proper use, storage, timing of reactions, and interpretation of results. This means that it is important to refer to the instructions provided by the manufacturer to ensure that the product is used correctly, stored properly, and that the timing of reactions and interpretation of results are done accurately. By following the manufacturer's instructions, one can ensure the best possible outcomes and avoid any potential mistakes or errors.

The correct answer is ACETONE, ACETOACETIC ACID, BETAHYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID because these are all examples of ketones. Ketones are organic compounds that have a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. Acetone, acetoacetic acid, and betahydroxybutyric acid all have this structure, making them ketones. Boric acid, on the other hand, is not a ketone. It is a weak acid that contains boron, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms but does not have a carbonyl group.

The correct answer is NEGATIVE. This is because the reference range for urine ketones is negative, meaning that there should be no presence of ketones in the urine. Ketones in the urine can be a sign of uncontrolled diabetes or other metabolic disorders. Therefore, a negative result is considered normal and healthy.

The reference range for urine blood is negative. This means that there should be no presence of blood in the urine. If blood is detected in the urine, it may indicate an underlying medical condition such as a urinary tract infection, kidney stones, or bladder cancer. Monitoring the presence of blood in the urine can help in diagnosing and managing these conditions.

A good comprehensive quality assessment (monitoring) program in urinalysis should include specimen collection, quality control and testing, and reporting. Specimen collection is important to ensure that the sample obtained is representative of the patient's urine and is free from contamination. Quality control and testing involve following standardized procedures, using proper equipment, and ensuring accuracy and precision in the analysis of the urine sample. Reporting involves documenting and communicating the results accurately and in a timely manner to healthcare providers for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

The correct answer is "PROTEIN PRECIPITATION TEST". This test is used to confirm the presence of protein in urine. It involves the use of dilute sulfosalicylic acid or acetic acid, which causes any protein present in the urine (such as albumin and globulin) to precipitate. This precipitation can then be observed and confirmed as a positive result for protein in the urine. The other options listed are not specific tests for protein in urine.

The correct answer is "NEGATIVE" because the reference range for urine leukocyte esterase is negative. This means that if the test result shows a negative value for leukocyte esterase, it indicates the absence of white blood cells in the urine, which is considered normal.

Microalbumin is a protein that is normally found in the blood at very low levels. However, when the kidneys are not functioning properly, small amounts of albumin can leak into the urine. This is known as microalbuminuria and it is an early indicator of renal disease. Monitoring microalbumin levels can help detect kidney damage in its early stages, allowing for timely intervention and treatment to prevent further complications. Glucose and bilirubin are not specific indicators of renal disease and are not commonly used to assess kidney function.

The chemical analysis of urine can provide information for carbohydrate metabolism, kidney function, liver function, and pH balance. The presence of certain substances in urine can indicate abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism, such as the presence of glucose in cases of diabetes. The levels of certain chemicals and waste products in urine can also indicate how well the kidneys are functioning, as they are responsible for filtering waste from the blood. Similarly, the liver plays a role in detoxification and metabolism, and abnormalities in liver function can be detected through urine analysis. pH balance refers to the acidity or alkalinity of urine, which can be indicative of certain health conditions.

The correct answer is "NEGATIVE". This is because the reference range for urine bilirubin is negative, meaning that there should be no presence of bilirubin in the urine. Bilirubin is a pigment that is produced when red blood cells are broken down, and its presence in the urine can indicate liver or gallbladder dysfunction. Therefore, a negative result is considered within the normal range.

The correct answer is "CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF URINE BY REAGENT STRIP METHOD" because this test is considered CLIA waived. CLIA waived tests are simple laboratory examinations and procedures that have been cleared by the FDA for home use and are considered to be simple and accurate enough to be performed without the need for extensive laboratory training or supervision. The other two options, quantitative urine beta HGC test and microscopic evaluation of urine, are not considered CLIA waived tests.