Ch 7 Biology Test

Robert Hooke was a prominent scientist in the 17th century who made significant contributions to the field of biology by discovering cells. His work laid the foundation for the field of cytology and revolutionized our understanding of the building blocks of life.

The Cell Theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells, that cells are the basic unit of structure and organization, and that cells arise only from previously existing cells through the passing of genetic material.

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by the presence of a nucleus and various organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells, bacterial cells, and archaeal cells lack a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

The cell wall is a rigid structure found in plant and prokaryotic cells that provides support and protection to the cell. The cell membrane is a flexible barrier, the cytoplasm is the fluid within the cell, and mitochondria are organelles responsible for energy production.

A double-membrane organelle with thylakoids containing chlorophyll where photosynthesis occurs is known as a chloroplast, and it is typically found in plant cells. An incorrect answer is a nucleus in animal cells, as the nucleus is responsible for genetic material storage and not photosynthesis. Another incorrect answer is mitochondrion in fungal cells, as mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and not photosynthesis. Finally, endoplasmic reticulum in bacterial cells is also incorrect, as the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism, not photosynthesis.

The Golgi body is responsible for modifying proteins and packaging them for distribution outside the cell, unlike mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosome which have different functions within the cell.

The correct answer is the nucleus because it is the organelle in eukaryotic cells that houses the cell's genetic material and controls gene expression.

The plasma membrane is a thin, flexible boundary that surrounds a cell and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell wall are other components of a cell but do not serve the same function as the plasma membrane in terms of controlling substance movement.

Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles that play a role in storage and waste disposal within eukaryotic cells. Unlike vacuoles, ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, and nucleoids are regions in prokaryotic cells where the genetic material is found.

The correct answer is 'Plant Cell', as the question is asking to identify parts of a plant cell specifically. Incorrect answers include a Flagellum, which is typically found in prokaryotic cells or certain eukaryotic cells like sperm cells; Golgi Body, which is a part of the eukaryotic cell's endomembrane system but not a specific structure in a plant cell; and Nucleolus, which is located within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells but not an external part of the cell.

The question refers to the identification of parts in an animal cell specifically, not plant cell, bacterial cell, or protozoan cell.

Lipids consist of glycerol and fatty acid tails, with different types including unsaturated (at least 1 more hydrogen can be accommodated), polysaturated (more than 1 double bond), and saturated (single bonded carbon chains).

Proteins contain 20 amino acids and are essential for various cellular functions such as structural support, signaling, and enzymatic activity.

Nucleic acids are the correct answer as they contain nucleotides and are the basis for genetic information storage and transmission. Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are important biomolecules but do not specifically fulfill the role of storing and transmitting genetic information like nucleic acids do.

The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, is the correct answer as it regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. The cell wall, nucleus, and mitochondria perform different functions within the cell and do not primarily control the movement of substances.

The nucleus is the central organelle that houses the cell's genetic material in eukaryotic cells. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, chloroplasts are specific to plant cells and are responsible for photosynthesis, and mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, producing energy.

Organelles are specialized structures within a cell that have specific functions, such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria, which are also essential components of a cell but do not solely carry out specific functions like organelles.

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by the absence of a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Plant and animal cells are examples of eukaryotic cells.

Centrioles are cylindrical structures found in pairs near the nucleus of animal cells, playing a crucial role in organizing the spindle fibers during cell division.

Cilia are hair-like structures found on the surface of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. They are involved in various cellular functions such as locomotion, feeding, and moving substances along surfaces.

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that provides structure and support for cells, helping to maintain cell shape and facilitate cell movement. The endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus are cellular organelles with different functions unrelated to serving as a framework within the cytoplasm.

The endoplasmic reticulum is the highly folded membrane within eukaryotic cells where protein synthesis occurs. While the Golgi apparatus is involved in processing and packaging proteins, mitochondria are responsible for energy production, and lysosomes contain digestive enzymes.

Flagella are long, whip-like projections found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells that aid in movement. Cilia are similar to flagella but shorter and more numerous. Pseudopods are temporary bulges of the cell membrane used for movement. Microvilli are tiny, non-motile projections found in cells for absorption purposes.

Lysosomes are the organelles responsible for the digestion and waste removal process in animal and plant cells.

Mitochondrion is the correct answer as it is the powerhouse of the cell responsible for generating ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Lysosome is involved in digestion and waste removal, chloroplast conducts photosynthesis in plant cells, and ribosome is responsible for protein synthesis.

Ribosomes are the organelles responsible for protein synthesis in a cell. Mitochondria are responsible for energy production, endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein folding and transportation, and lysosomes are responsible for digestion and waste removal.

The four main macromolecules essential for life are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these macromolecules serves different important functions in cells and organisms.

Carbohydrates serve as an important energy source in the body due to their sugar content and also provide structural support in various biological processes. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately describe the role of carbohydrates in the body.

Phospholipids play a crucial role in the structure and function of the cell membrane by forming a lipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outwards and hydrophobic tails facing inwards, creating a barrier that controls the passage of molecules in and out of the cell. They do not function in energy production, act as enzymes, or provide color.

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids, lipids are molecules like fats and oils, and carbohydrates are compounds consisting of sugar molecules.