Biology As Cells Exchange And Transport Module 2 Exchange And Transport

1. Define Exchange Surface.

A basic surface with no adaptations for facilitating molecule movement.

An exchange surface is a specialised area that is adapted to make it easier for molecules to cross from one side of the surface to the other.

An area that blocks molecules from crossing from one side to the other.

A surface that remains static and does not allow any movement of molecules.

An exchange surface is specifically designed to facilitate the movement of molecules across it, as opposed to blocking or restricting their movement. It is not a static or basic surface, but rather one that is adapted to make molecular exchange more efficient.

Explanation

An exchange surface is specifically designed to facilitate the movement of molecules across it, as opposed to blocking or restricting their movement. It is not a static or basic surface, but rather one that is adapted to make molecular exchange more efficient.

2. What substances are essential for living cells? (6)

Sodium for energy production

- oxygen for aerobic respiration
- glucose as a source of energy- proteins for growth and repair
- fats to make membranes and to be a store of energy
- water
- minerals to maintain their water potential and to help enzyme action and other aspects of metabolism

Carbon dioxide for respiration

Vitamin C for cell communication

Living cells require a specific set of substances to function properly, and these substances include oxygen, glucose, proteins, fats, water, and minerals. The incorrect answers do not accurately reflect the essential needs of living cells.

Explanation

Living cells require a specific set of substances to function properly, and these substances include oxygen, glucose, proteins, fats, water, and minerals. The incorrect answers do not accurately reflect the essential needs of living cells.

3. What characteristics do effective exchange surfaces share?

- large surface area to provide more space for molecules to pass through
- thin barrier to reduce diffusion distance
- fresh supply of molecules on one side to keep the concentration high
- removal of required molecules on the other side to keep the concentration low

- lack of fresh supply of molecules which decreases concentration levels

- small surface area which limits the space for molecules to pass through

- thick barrier which increases diffusion distance

Effective exchange surfaces typically require a large surface area, thin barrier, fresh supply of molecules, and removal of required molecules to ensure efficient diffusion.

Explanation

Effective exchange surfaces typically require a large surface area, thin barrier, fresh supply of molecules, and removal of required molecules to ensure efficient diffusion.

4. List 4 exchange surfaces in living organisms.

C) gills in fish (where oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released)

B) skin (where waste products are excreted)

A) lungs (where gases are exchanged)

1) small intestine (where nutrients are absorbed)
2) liver (where levels of sugars in the blood are adjusted)
3) root hairs of plants (where water and minerals are absorbed)
4) hyphae of fungi (where nutrients are absorbed)

Exchange surfaces in living organisms refer to areas where important substances are either absorbed or released. The correct answer includes examples from different organisms showcasing this exchange process.

Explanation

Exchange surfaces in living organisms refer to areas where important substances are either absorbed or released. The correct answer includes examples from different organisms showcasing this exchange process.

5. Define Gaseous exchange.

Gaseous exchange is the process of converting solid waste into gaseous form for excretion.

Gaseous exchange is the intake of water by an organism to maintain hydration.

Gaseous exchange is the movement of gases by diffusion between an organism and its environment across a barrier such as the alveolus wall.

Gaseous exchange is the transfer of heat energy between an organism and its surroundings.

Gaseous exchange specifically refers to the movement of gases through diffusion, not the intake of water, conversion of waste, or transfer of heat energy.

Explanation

Gaseous exchange specifically refers to the movement of gases through diffusion, not the intake of water, conversion of waste, or transfer of heat energy.

6. How does gaseous exchange occur in the lungs?

Gaseous exchange occurs in the diaphragm through muscle contractions.

Gases are exchanged directly between the trachea and the bronchi.

Oxygen is released into the lungs, and carbon dioxide is absorbed by the blood vessels.

Gases pass both ways through the thin walls of the alveoli. Oxygen passes from the air in the alveoli to the blood in the capillaries. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the air in the alveoli.

Gaseous exchange in the lungs specifically takes place in the alveoli where oxygen passes into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is released back into the air sacs.

Explanation

Gaseous exchange in the lungs specifically takes place in the alveoli where oxygen passes into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is released back into the air sacs.

7. Why do the lungs have a large surface area?

To store excess air for future use.

To protect the heart from external damage.

The large surface area provides more space for molecules to pass through.

To maintain a steady temperature within the body.

The correct answer explains the reason behind the large surface area of lungs, which is to allow more space for molecules to pass through for efficient gas exchange.

Explanation

The correct answer explains the reason behind the large surface area of lungs, which is to allow more space for molecules to pass through for efficient gas exchange.

8. Why do the lungs have a barrier permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide?

The barrier is only permeable to oxygen but not carbon dioxide.

The plasma membranes that surround the thin cytoplasm of the cells form the barrier to exchange. These readily allow the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The lungs do not have a barrier permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The barrier is impermeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide to protect the lungs.

The lungs have a barrier that is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide to facilitate the exchange of gases during respiration. The plasma membranes allow for the diffusion of these gases to occur efficiently.

Explanation

The lungs have a barrier that is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide to facilitate the exchange of gases during respiration. The plasma membranes allow for the diffusion of these gases to occur efficiently.

9. Why do the lungs have a thin barrier to reduce diffusion distance?

- to increase the diffusion distance for better oxygen exchange

- to decrease the surface area for gas exchange

- to provide mechanical support for the lungs

- the alveolus wall is one cell thick
- the capillary wall is one cell thick
- both walls consist of squamous cells
- the capillaries are in close contact with the alveolus walls
- the capillaries are so narrow that the red blood cells are squeezed against the capillary wall, making them closer to the air in the alveoli and reducing the rate at which they flow past in the blood
- the total barrier to diffusion is only two flattened cells thick

The thin barrier in the lungs is important for efficient gas exchange as it allows for a shorter diffusion distance between the alveoli and capillaries, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Explanation

The thin barrier in the lungs is important for efficient gas exchange as it allows for a shorter diffusion distance between the alveoli and capillaries, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

10. Why must the lungs produce surfacant?

To regulate the body's temperature by cooling the air inhaled.

To provide oxygen to the bloodstream.

To reduce the cohesive forces between the water molecules. Without the surfacant, the alveolus would collapse due to the cohesive forces between the water molecules lining the air sac.

To increase the cohesive forces between the water molecules.

The production of surfactant in the lungs is crucial to prevent the collapse of alveoli by reducing the cohesive forces between water molecules, allowing for proper gas exchange.

Explanation

The production of surfactant in the lungs is crucial to prevent the collapse of alveoli by reducing the cohesive forces between water molecules, allowing for proper gas exchange.

11. Why is a steep diffusion gradient needed in the lungs?

To make breathing easier.

To increase blood flow to the heart.

To prevent airway constriction.

For diffusion to be rapid.

A steep diffusion gradient is needed in the lungs to ensure that the exchange of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs quickly and efficiently. This rapid diffusion is essential for the respiratory process to function effectively.

Explanation

A steep diffusion gradient is needed in the lungs to ensure that the exchange of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs quickly and efficiently. This rapid diffusion is essential for the respiratory process to function effectively.

12. What is meant by a steep diffusion gradient?

It signifies that diffusion is not occurring due to the lack of proper environmental conditions.

A steep diffusion gradient implies there are equal concentrations on both sides of the exchange surface.

This refers to a situation where diffusion occurs rapidly without any concentration difference.

This means having a high concentration of molecules on the supply side of the exchange surface and a low concentration on the demand side.

A steep diffusion gradient specifically refers to the concentration difference between the supply and demand sides of an exchange surface, essential for efficient diffusion.

Explanation

A steep diffusion gradient specifically refers to the concentration difference between the supply and demand sides of an exchange surface, essential for efficient diffusion.

13. How is a steep diffusion gradient maintained?

By increasing the temperature to speed up diffusion

By evenly distributing molecules on both sides of the gradient

A fresh supply of molecules on one side is needed to keep the concentation there high, and a way of removing the molecules from the other side is needed to keep the concentration there low.

By allowing molecules to freely move between high and low concentration areas

Maintaining a steep diffusion gradient requires a constant flow of molecules to one side to prevent equalization and the removal of molecules from the other side to prevent a buildup. The incorrect answers do not address the necessity of maintaining concentration differences.

Explanation

Maintaining a steep diffusion gradient requires a constant flow of molecules to one side to prevent equalization and the removal of molecules from the other side to prevent a buildup. The incorrect answers do not address the necessity of maintaining concentration differences.

14. How is a diffusion gradient maintained in the lungs?

The diffusion gradient in the lungs is maintained solely by the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air of the alveoli.

The diffusion gradient in the lungs is maintained by the size of the alveoli increasing during inhalation.

The diffusion gradient in the lungs is maintained by the heart pumping oxygen rich blood into the lungs.

This is achieved by the action of the blood transport system and the ventilation movements. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. This ensures that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is higher than that in the air of the alveoli. It also carries oxygen away from the lungs, This ensures that the concentration of oxygen in the blood is kept lower than the concentration in the air inside the alveoli. The heart pumps the blood along the pulmonary artery to the lungs. In the lungs, the artery divides up to form finer and finer vessels. These eventually carry blood into tiny capillaries that are only just wide enough for a red blood cell to squeeze through. These capillaries lie over the surface of the alveoli. The breathing movements fo the lungs ventilate the lungs. They replace the air used with fresh air. This brings more oxygen into the lungs and ensures that the concentration of oxygen in the air of the alveolus remains higher than the concentration in the blood. Ventilation also removes air containing carbon dioxide from the alveoli. This ensures that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli remains lower than that in the blood.

The correct answer explains that the diffusion gradient in the lungs is maintained by both the action of the blood transport system and the ventilation movements. This involves the blood bringing carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs and carrying oxygen away, as well as the breathing movements of the lungs ventilating and replacing used air with fresh air.

Explanation

The correct answer explains that the diffusion gradient in the lungs is maintained by both the action of the blood transport system and the ventilation movements. This involves the blood bringing carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs and carrying oxygen away, as well as the breathing movements of the lungs ventilating and replacing used air with fresh air.

15. How does inspiration (inhaling) occur?

- Diaphragm contracts and pushes digestive organs up- External intercostal muscles relax- Volume of chest cavity decreases- Pressure in chest cavity rises above atmospheric pressure

- Diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards, pushing digestive organs up- Internal intercostal muscles contract to lower ribs- Volume of chest cavity decreases- Pressure in chest cavity rises above atmospheric pressure

- Diaphragm contracts but remains the same shape- External intercostal muscles contract to lower ribs- Volume of chest cavity decreases- Pressure in chest cavity drops below atmospheric pressure

- Diaphragm contacts to become flatter and pushes digestive organs down- External intercostal muscles contract to raise ribs
- Volume of chest cavity increases
- Pressure in chest cavity drops below atmospheric pressure- Air moves into lungs

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, the external intercostal muscles contract to raise the ribs, and the chest cavity volume increases, resulting in a drop in pressure below atmospheric pressure, causing air to move into the lungs.

Explanation

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, the external intercostal muscles contract to raise the ribs, and the chest cavity volume increases, resulting in a drop in pressure below atmospheric pressure, causing air to move into the lungs.

16. Outline expiration (exhaling).

- Diaphragm relaxes and is pushed up by displaced organs underneath
- External intercostal muscles relax and ribs fall
- Volume of chest cavity decreases
- Pressure in lungs increases and rises above atmospheric pressure
- Air moves out of lungs

Volume of chest cavity decreases- Pressure in lungs decreases and falls below atmospheric pressure- Air moves out of lungs.

External intercostal muscles contract and ribs rise- Volume of chest cavity increases- Pressure in lungs decreases- Air moves into lungs.

Diaphragm contracts and pushes down- Volume of chest cavity increases- Pressure in lungs decreases- Air moves out of lungs.

Expiration (exhaling) involves a specific process of the diaphragm relaxing, intercostal muscles relaxing, and pressure changes in the lungs for air to move out.

Explanation

Expiration (exhaling) involves a specific process of the diaphragm relaxing, intercostal muscles relaxing, and pressure changes in the lungs for air to move out.

17. What 5 requirements must the airways meet?

1) Larger airways must be small enough to restrict airflow

2) Airway division should lead to air leakage

1) larger airways must be large enough to allow sufficient air to flow without obstruciton
2) they must divide into smaller airways to deliver air to all the alveoli
3) the airways must be strong enough to prevent them collapsing when the air pressure inside is low
4) they must be flexible, to allow movement
5) they must be able to stretch and recoil

3) Weak airways are desirable to allow for collapse

4) Rigid airways are preferred for stability

The correct answers emphasize the importance of sufficient airflow, division into smaller airways, strength, flexibility, and ability to stretch and recoil for the proper functioning of the airways in the respiratory system.

Explanation

The correct answers emphasize the importance of sufficient airflow, division into smaller airways, strength, flexibility, and ability to stretch and recoil for the proper functioning of the airways in the respiratory system.

18. What is the difference between the trachea and bronchi?

The trachea is a type of bronchi.

The bronchi are longer than the trachea.

The bronchi are narrower

The trachea is narrower.

The trachea is the main airway that leads into the lungs, while the bronchi are the two branches that come off from the trachea and further divide into smaller bronchioles.

Explanation

The trachea is the main airway that leads into the lungs, while the bronchi are the two branches that come off from the trachea and further divide into smaller bronchioles.

19. What are the 4 features of the trachea and bronchi?

1) The entire wall is composed of smooth muscle 2) The cartilage is in the form of complete rings in both the trachea and bronchi 3) There is no inner lining or epithelium layer present 4) The inner lining is made up of only goblet cells

1) Much of the wall consists of cartilage
2) The cartilage is in the form of incomplete rings in the trachea, but is less regular in the bronchi
3) On the inside surface of the cartilage is a layer of glandular tissue, connective tissue, elastic fibres, smooth muscle and blood vessels.
4) The inner lining is an epithelium layer that has two types of cell. Most of the cells have cilia. This is called cilliated epithelium. Among the ciliated cells are goblet cells.

The correct answer outlines the key features of the trachea and bronchi including the composition of cartilage, inner lining structure, and presence of ciliated cells. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately describe the characteristics of these respiratory structures.

Explanation

The correct answer outlines the key features of the trachea and bronchi including the composition of cartilage, inner lining structure, and presence of ciliated cells. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately describe the characteristics of these respiratory structures.

20. What are the characteristics of bronchioles?

They are wider than the bronchi and have a thick layer of cartilage lining their walls.

Small bronchioles do not have any alveoli present at their ends.

Bronchioles are primarily made up of bone tissue rather than smooth muscle and elastic fibres.

They are much narrower than the bronchi.
Larger bronchioles may have some cartilage.
The wall is made mostly of smooth muscle and elastic fibres.
Very small bronchioles have clusters of alveoli at their ends.

Bronchioles are indeed narrower than bronchi, and may have cartilage. The walls are mainly smooth muscle and elastic fibres, with small bronchioles containing alveoli clusters. The incorrect answers provide contrasting information that does not align with the actual characteristics of bronchioles.

Explanation

Bronchioles are indeed narrower than bronchi, and may have cartilage. The walls are mainly smooth muscle and elastic fibres, with small bronchioles containing alveoli clusters. The incorrect answers provide contrasting information that does not align with the actual characteristics of bronchioles.

21. What is the role of cartilage?

C. Cartilage is responsible for producing red blood cells in the bone marrow.

B. Cartilage stores excess water in the body for hydration purposes.

A. Cartilage aids in digestion by producing enzymes.

D. Cartilage primarily acts as a cushion between bones and joints.

Cartilage plays a structural role. It supports the trachea and bronchi, holding them open.

Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that provides support and structure to various parts of the body. While it does not directly aid in digestion, store water, or produce red blood cells, its primary role is to support organs like the trachea and bronchi, as well as act as a cushion and shock absorber between bones and joints.

Explanation

Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that provides support and structure to various parts of the body. While it does not directly aid in digestion, store water, or produce red blood cells, its primary role is to support organs like the trachea and bronchi, as well as act as a cushion and shock absorber between bones and joints.

22. What is the role of elastic fibres?

A. Elastic fibres play no role in the airway function.

D. Elastic fibres have no impact on the smooth muscle's ability to reduce airway diameter.

B. Elastic fibres contract along with the smooth muscle to further constrict the airway.

When smooth muscle contacts, it reduces the diameter of the lumen of the airway. The smooth muscle cannot reverse this effect. When the airway constricts, it deforms the elastic fibres in the loose tissue. As the smooth muscle relaxes, the elastic fibres recoil to their original size and shape. This helps to dilate the airway.

C. Elastic fibres are responsible for airway constriction.

Elastic fibres play a crucial role in airway function by assisting in dilating the airway when the smooth muscle relaxes. Options A, B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the role of elastic fibres.

Explanation

Elastic fibres play a crucial role in airway function by assisting in dilating the airway when the smooth muscle relaxes. Options A, B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the role of elastic fibres.

23. What is the role of goblet cells and glandular tissue?

Goblet cells and glandular tissue produce hormones.

Goblet cells and glandular tissue secrete mucus. Mucus traps tiny particles from the air. These particles may include pollen and bacteria. Removing the bacteria will reduce the risk of infection.

Goblet cells and glandular tissue store oxygen.

Goblet cells and glandular tissue aid in muscle contractions.

Goblet cells and glandular tissue primarily function in secreting mucus to trap particles from the air, reducing the risk of infection. They do not produce hormones, aid in muscle contractions, or store oxygen.

Explanation

Goblet cells and glandular tissue primarily function in secreting mucus to trap particles from the air, reducing the risk of infection. They do not produce hormones, aid in muscle contractions, or store oxygen.

24. What is the role of ciliated epithelium?

To digest food in the gastrointestinal tract.

This consists of ciliated cells. The cilia on these cells (hair like projections) move in a synchronised pattern to waft mucus up the airway to the back of the throat. The mucus can then be swallowed and the acidity in the stomach will kill any bacteria.

To control the passage of urine in the urinary system.

To produce hormones for regulating body functions.

The role of ciliated epithelium is specifically related to the movement of mucus in the respiratory system.

Explanation

The role of ciliated epithelium is specifically related to the movement of mucus in the respiratory system.

25. What is tidal volume?

Tidal volume is the volume of air exchanged during one day of normal breathing.

Tidal volume is the volume of air that can be inhaled in a single deep breath.

Tidal volume is the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath when you are at rest. Normally 0.5dm3

Tidal volume is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after exhaling completely.

Tidal volume specifically refers to the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath during resting conditions, typically around 0.5dm3.

Explanation

Tidal volume specifically refers to the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath during resting conditions, typically around 0.5dm3.

26. What is vital capacity?

Vital capacity is the amount of oxygen in the blood stream.

Vital capacity i sthe largest volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs in any one breath. Normal 5dm3

Vital capacity is the amount of air left in the lungs after exhaling completely.

Vital capacity is the frequency of breaths taken per minute.

Vital capacity refers to the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle. It is an important measure of lung health and function.

Explanation

Vital capacity refers to the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle. It is an important measure of lung health and function.

27. What is residual volume?

Residual volume is the volume of air inhaled during a deep breath.

Residual volume is the volume of air that always remains in the lungs, even after the biggest possible exhalation. Normally 1.5dm3

Residual volume is the total volume of air in the lungs at full lung capacity.

Residual volume is the volume of air exhaled during normal breathing patterns.

Residual volume refers to the air that remains in the lungs post exhalation, separate from normal breathing and deep inhalation volumes.

Explanation

Residual volume refers to the air that remains in the lungs post exhalation, separate from normal breathing and deep inhalation volumes.

28. What is dead space?

Is a term used in astronomy to describe regions of space where there is little matter.

Is the part of the ocean where no marine life can survive.

Is the space between two organs in the body.

Is the air in the bronchioles, bronchi and trachea.

Dead space refers to the air that is inhaled into the respiratory system but does not participate in the gas exchange process. This air is located in the bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea, where it does not reach the alveoli for oxygenation.

Explanation

Dead space refers to the air that is inhaled into the respiratory system but does not participate in the gas exchange process. This air is located in the bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea, where it does not reach the alveoli for oxygenation.

29. What is inspiratory reserve volume?

C. The total lung capacity of an individual

A. The amount of air left in the lungs after forcefully exhaling

B. The amount of air breathed out during normal breathing

D. The maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation

Inspiratory reserve volume is how much more air can be breathed in over and above the normal tidal volume when you take in a big breath. You call on this reserve when exercising.

Inspiratory reserve volume refers to the extra air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation. It is used during activities like exercising that require more oxygen intake.

Explanation

Inspiratory reserve volume refers to the extra air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation. It is used during activities like exercising that require more oxygen intake.