Biology 111 (quiz #1 Ch. 1-2)

A solvent is a substance in which another substance is dissolved, typically the liquid component of a solution.

A solute is a substance that dissolves in a liquid to form a homogeneous solution. The other options do not accurately define a solute.

Reactants are the substances that are present at the start of a chemical reaction and are consumed to produce the products. They undergo a chemical reaction to form the products, which are different substances from the reactants.

Products in a chemical reaction are the substances that are formed as a result of the reaction. They are the end materials resulting from the reactants combining or breaking apart. It is important to distinguish products from reactants in a chemical reaction.

The correct composition of an H2O molecule is 2 Hydrogen atoms and one Oxygen atom. The formula H2O represents a single molecule of water, which consists of two Hydrogen atoms bonded to one Oxygen atom.

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms bond together through chemical interactions, creating a stable unit.

An atom is the smallest unit of a chemical element that retains the properties of that element.

Atoms are made up of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom, while electrons orbit around the nucleus.

The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons, while electrons orbit around the nucleus in electron shells.

In the context of molecules, 'polar' refers to the ability of a molecule to carry charge due to an uneven distribution of electrons.

A nonpolar molecule is one that does not have an uneven distribution of electrical charge. This means it does not carry a charge. Polar molecules, on the other hand, have an uneven distribution of charge.

A hydrogen bond is a type of weak chemical bond that occurs when a hydrogen atom is attracted to an electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen. This attraction is not as strong as a covalent or ionic bond, but it plays a crucial role in the structure and properties of many compounds, such as water.

Cohesion refers to the tendency of molecules of the same substance to stick together.

Hydrophilic refers to substances that have an affinity for water, meaning they are attracted to and can mix well with water.

The term 'hydrophobic' refers to substances that repel water and do not easily mix with or dissolve in water.

Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

Bases are substances that accept H+ ions, which are also known as protons. This property distinguishes bases from acids, which donate H+ ions.

Salt is produced by the reaction of an acid and a base, forming a neutralization reaction that results in the production of salt.

Elements are basic chemical substances that are made up of atoms and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by normal chemical reactions. This sets them apart from compounds or mixtures.

The atomic number of an element refers to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the element's identity on the periodic table. All atoms of the same element have the same atomic number, regardless of the number of neutrons or electrons present.

The mass number is specifically related to the nucleus of an atom, not the total number of electrons or the atomic number.

Carbon is indeed an element, the basis of life on earth, and can form bonds with up to 4 other elements. The incorrect options do not accurately describe the characteristics of Carbon.

The valence shell of an atom is the outermost energy shell where electrons are located. When this shell is full, the atom is stable and will not form bonds. However, if the valence shell is not full, the atom will tend to form bonds with other atoms in order to achieve stability.

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded together in various arrangements.

Ionic bonds are formed between two ions that have opposite charges, typically a cation (positive ion) and an anion (negative ion). These bonds are relatively weak and tend to break apart in water, making them soluble in aqueous solutions.

Covalent bonds are formed when two non-metal atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer electron shell, creating a strong bond. This differs from ionic bonds where electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

Carbohydrates are the body's main source of energy and also play a crucial role in providing structure to cells and tissues.

A monosaccharide is a simple sugar molecule consisting of a single ring structure. Glucose is one of the most common examples of a monosaccharide.