Bcia Neuroanatomy/neurophysiology Test 1

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| Questions: 19

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1. Where are postsynaptic potentials mainly integrated?

The synaptic cleft

The axon hillock is the primary site where postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) are summed to determine whether to initiate an action potential.

The myelin sheath

The dendrites

Postsynaptic potentials are mainly integrated at the axon hillock, where EPSPs and IPSPs are summed to determine the firing of an action potential. The synaptic cleft, dendrites, and myelin sheath do not play a direct role in this integration process.

Explanation

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About This Quiz

Bcia Neuroanatomy/Neurophysiology Test 1 - Quiz

Prepare for your BCIA certification with this focused Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology quiz. Assess your understanding of complex neural structures and their functions, essential for professionals in biofeedback and... see moreneurofeedback. see less

2. Which brain structure may help activate behavior and focus attention?

The occipital lobe

The amygdala

The cingulate gyrus may help activate behavior and focus attention. This structure appears to be overactive in OCD where a patient cannot disengage from an obsession or compulsion.

The cerebellum

The cingulate gyrus plays a role in activating behavior and focusing attention, especially in conditions like OCD. The other incorrect answers are not primarily responsible for these functions.

Explanation

The cingulate gyrus plays a role in activating behavior and focusing attention, especially in conditions like OCD. The other incorrect answers are not primarily responsible for these functions.

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3. Which brain structure is crucial to emotional intelligence because it sensitizes us to the social consequences of our actions and helps us understand the feelings of others?

The occipital lobe

The cerebellum

The orbitofrontal cortex appears to play a critical role in emotional intelligence. This frontal lobe region may sensitize us to the social consequences of our own actions and helps us understand the feelings of others.

The temporal lobe

Emotional intelligence is strongly linked to the orbitofrontal cortex, a region in the frontal lobe responsible for understanding social cues and emotions.

Explanation

Emotional intelligence is strongly linked to the orbitofrontal cortex, a region in the frontal lobe responsible for understanding social cues and emotions.

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4. The withdrawal of sensorimotor input to the thalamus increases ______ activity.

Withdrawal of sensorimotor input to the thalamus increases SMR activity.

Sensory activity

Thalamic activity

Motor activity

The correct answer is SMR activity because the withdrawal of sensorimotor input specifically leads to an increase in sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) activity in the thalamus.

Explanation

The correct answer is SMR activity because the withdrawal of sensorimotor input specifically leads to an increase in sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) activity in the thalamus.

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5. Which neurons in the brain stem generate thalamic alpha rhythms?

Hippocampal neurons generate thalamic alpha rhythms.

Frontal lobe neurons generate thalamic alpha rhythms.

Brain stem cholinergic neurons generate thalamic alpha rhythms.

Cerebellar neurons generate thalamic alpha rhythms.

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6. Sterman (1994) proposed that ___ systems mainly influence thalamic generation of field potentials recorded from the scalp.

Emotional regulation

Sterman proposed that vigilance, sensorimotor integration, and cognitive integration systems influence thalamic generation of field potentials

Digestive

Endocrine

The correct answer provided includes the specific systems proposed by Sterman in 1994 that influence thalamic generation of field potentials. The incorrect answers do not align with Sterman's proposal.

Explanation

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7. What process is believed to explain the persistence of neurofeedback training effects in ADHD?

Psychological conditioning that occurs during the neurofeedback training.

Placebo effect influencing the perceived benefits of neurofeedback training.

The phenomenon of long-term potentiation, where synaptic efficiency increases due to activation, has been proposed as an explanation for why neurofeedback training effects persist in ADHD patients.

Chemical imbalances in the brain that are corrected through neurofeedback sessions.

Neurofeedback training effects in ADHD are believed to persist due to the phenomenon of long-term potentiation, which enhances synaptic efficiency through activation.

Explanation

Neurofeedback training effects in ADHD are believed to persist due to the phenomenon of long-term potentiation, which enhances synaptic efficiency through activation.

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8. When we are vigilant, input from the __________ helps generate the beta rhythm.

During vigilance, input from the prefrontal cortex helps generate the beta rhythm.

During vigilance, input from the cerebellum helps generate the beta rhythm.

During vigilance, input from the reticular activating system helps generate the beta rhythm.

During vigilance, input from the amygdala helps generate the beta rhythm.

The reticular activating system plays a key role in regulating wakefulness and alertness, thus contributing to the generation of beta rhythm during vigilance.

Explanation

The reticular activating system plays a key role in regulating wakefulness and alertness, thus contributing to the generation of beta rhythm during vigilance.

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9. Which noradrenergic pathway is responsible for vigilance?

The noradrenergic medial habenula system modulates vigilance.

The noradrenergic locus coeruleus system is the part of the reticular formation that is specialized for vigilance.

The noradrenergic lateral tegmental system controls vigilance.

The noradrenergic dorsal raphe nucleus system regulates vigilance.

The correct answer is the noradrenergic locus coeruleus system as it is specialized for vigilance, while the other options do not specifically regulate vigilance.

Explanation

The correct answer is the noradrenergic locus coeruleus system as it is specialized for vigilance, while the other options do not specifically regulate vigilance.

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10. Most sensory input to the cerebral cortex is filtered and distributed by the _______.

Amygdala

The thalamus provides most of the cerebral cortex's sensory input. Olfaction is the major exception to this rule

Hypothalamus

Hippocampus

The thalamus is responsible for providing most of the cerebral cortex's sensory input, with olfaction being the major exception to this rule. The hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus are important brain structures but play different roles than the thalamus in terms of sensory processing and distribution.

Explanation

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11. How are neurotransmitters primarily inactivated?

Diffusion

Reuptake is the primary mechanism that inactivates neurotransmitters. Transporter molecules accomplish this by returning the neurotransmitter to the terminal button.

Exocytosis

Enzymatic degradation

Neurotransmitters are primarily inactivated by reuptake, where transporter molecules return the neurotransmitter to the terminal button. Enzymatic degradation breaks down neurotransmitters by enzymes, exocytosis releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, and diffusion causes neurotransmitters to passively move away from the synapse.

Explanation

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12. Which brain structure functions most like a thermostat?

The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis like a thermostat. The hypothalamus monitors both the internal and external environments, and orders life-preserving adjustments by the autonomic, endocrine, immune, and somatic systems.

The amygdala regulates emotions like a thermostat.

The cerebellum controls motor coordination like a thermostat.

The hippocampus is responsible for memory formation like a thermostat.

The correct answer is the hypothalamus as it is responsible for maintaining homeostasis and regulating various bodily functions, similar to how a thermostat regulates temperature.

Explanation

The correct answer is the hypothalamus as it is responsible for maintaining homeostasis and regulating various bodily functions, similar to how a thermostat regulates temperature.

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13. What is the function of a sodium-potassium transporter?

A sodium-potassium transporter releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

A sodium-potassium transporter returns a neuron to its resting voltage following an action potential. Sodium-potassium transporters exchange 2 potassium ions for every 3 sodium ions expelled from a neuron. This allows a neuron to initiate future action potentials.

A sodium-potassium transporter generates action potentials in neurons.

A sodium-potassium transporter regulates blood sugar levels.

Sodium-potassium transporters are crucial for maintaining the resting membrane potential in neurons by exchanging potassium and sodium ions. This process is essential for the neuron to be able to initiate and propagate action potentials.

Explanation

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14. An axon hillock must typically become how many millivolts more positive than at rest to trigger an action potential?

An axon hillock must typically become 30 mV more positive than at rest to trigger an action potential.

An axon hillock must typically become 15 mV more positive than at rest to trigger an action potential.

An axon hillock must typically become 5 mV more positive than at rest to trigger an action potential.

An axon hillock must typically become 20 mV more positive than at rest to reach the threshold of excitation and trigger an action potential

The axon hillock must undergo a change of 20 mV to reach the threshold of excitation and trigger an action potential. This specific threshold is essential for the propagation of nerve impulses along the axon.

Explanation

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15. Which term best describes the EEG beta rhythm?

The EEG beta rhythm is a synchronous waveform characterized by high signal amplitude.

The EEG beta rhythm is a type of slow-wave activity typically seen during deep sleep stages.

The EEG beta rhythm is a form of theta activity associated with meditative states.

The EEG beta rhythm is a desynchronous waveform. Since large populations of neurons do not fire in step during beta activity, signal amplitude is low.

The EEG beta rhythm is characterized by desynchronous activity and low signal amplitude due to large populations of neurons not firing in step during beta activity.

Explanation

The EEG beta rhythm is characterized by desynchronous activity and low signal amplitude due to large populations of neurons not firing in step during beta activity.

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16. The fight-or-flight response is organized by the _______.

The cerebellum controls the fight-or-flight response in stressful situations.

The medulla oblongata initiates the fight-or-flight response when danger is perceived.

The hypothalamus organizes a fight-or-flight response after the amygdala decides that we are being threatened.

The frontal lobe is responsible for orchestrating the fight-or-flight response during stressful events.

The correct answer highlights the role of the hypothalamus and amygdala in the fight-or-flight response, explaining their specific functions in the process.

Explanation

The correct answer highlights the role of the hypothalamus and amygdala in the fight-or-flight response, explaining their specific functions in the process.

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17. What triggers the movement of synaptic vesicles to the release zone of an axon terminal button?

When an action potential hyperpolarizes an axon's terminal button, this closes voltage-gated calcium ion channels.

Release of neurotransmitters from postsynaptic membrane triggers the movement of synaptic vesicles.

When an axon terminal button is at rest, synaptic vesicles automatically move to the release zone.

When an action potential depolarizes an axon's terminal button, this opens voltage-gated calcium ion channels. Calcium entry into the terminal button causes vesicle movement toward the release zone. There the vesicle fuses with the presynaptic membrane and expels its contents.

The correct answer explains that it is the entry of calcium ions due to depolarization that triggers the movement of synaptic vesicles to the release zone of an axon terminal button.

Explanation

The correct answer explains that it is the entry of calcium ions due to depolarization that triggers the movement of synaptic vesicles to the release zone of an axon terminal button.

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18. According to the 'central timing hypothesis,' alpha frequency determines _______

Decision making

Memory capacity

Attention span

The "central timing hypothesis" proposes that stimuli are processed at discrete intervals and that alpha frequency determines the processing speed. Faster alpha frequencies allow more rapid information processing and prevent processing slowdown as our neural networks enlarge with maturation.

The 'central timing hypothesis' proposes that stimuli are processed at discrete intervals and that alpha frequency determines the processing speed. Faster alpha frequencies allow more rapid information processing and prevent processing slowdown as our neural networks enlarge with maturation.

Explanation

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19. When neurons depolarize, what happens? This makes the neurons more _____ inside.

Neurons depolarize by opening sodium ion channels. The entry of positive sodium ions makes the membrane potential more positive than at rest.

Neurons depolarize by closing chloride ion channels. The exit of positive chloride ions makes the membrane potential more negative than at rest.

Neurons depolarize by opening potassium ion channels. The entry of positive potassium ions makes the membrane potential more negative than at rest.

Neurons depolarize by opening calcium ion channels. The entry of positive calcium ions makes the membrane potential more positive than at rest.

When neurons depolarize, they open specific ion channels which lead to changes in membrane potential. Understanding the role of different ions is crucial in grasping the concept of depolarization.

Explanation

When neurons depolarize, they open specific ion channels which lead to changes in membrane potential. Understanding the role of different ions is crucial in grasping the concept of depolarization.

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