Exam 2 (Ch. 7-12)

The Treaty of 1818 with Britain fixed the northern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase. This means that it established a clear and defined line between the United States and British territory in the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase. This boundary settlement helped to avoid any potential conflicts or disputes between the two nations regarding their territorial claims in this region.

The Compact Theory of government was a belief that the power of the combined states was greater than the power of the federal government. This theory emphasized the sovereignty and autonomy of individual states, arguing that they had the right to nullify or reject federal laws that they deemed unconstitutional. It was based on the idea that the states had voluntarily entered into a compact or agreement to form the federal government, and therefore, they retained ultimate authority. This theory was often associated with the concept of states' rights and was a prominent belief among some political leaders during the early years of the United States.

Britain's strategy for ending the war in 1777 was to capture the vital Hudson River Valley with the main invading force led by John Burgoyne. By gaining control of this strategic location, Britain hoped to cut off New England from the rest of the colonies and weaken the American forces. This would have been a significant blow to the American cause and potentially hastened the end of the war in Britain's favor.

The War of 1812 had both diplomatic and economic significance. It resulted in a heightened sense of nationalism and unity among Americans, as they fought against the British once again. This sense of one-ness helped solidify the identity of the young nation and fostered a stronger sense of patriotism. The war also had economic implications, as it led to an increased focus on domestic manufacturing and trade, as well as the development of infrastructure such as roads and canals. Overall, the War of 1812 played a crucial role in shaping the diplomatic relations and economic development of the United States.

The Missouri Compromise, enacted in 1820, aimed to maintain a balance of power between free and slave states in the United States. It stated that slavery would be prohibited in any new states formed from the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the 36°30' parallel, with the exception of Missouri. This compromise temporarily eased tensions between the North and the South, but it did not abolish slavery entirely. It allowed the expansion of slavery to continue in some areas, while restricting it in others.

The Battle of Saratoga was important because it made possible the urgently needed foreign aid from France, which in turn helped ensure American independence. The victory at Saratoga demonstrated to the French that the American colonists had a real chance of winning the war against the British. This led to France officially entering the war on the American side, providing crucial military and financial support. Without this aid, the American forces would have faced significant challenges in defeating the British and achieving independence.

Shays' Rebellion affected the organization of the American government by prompting the Founding fathers to take action in order to control the excessive democracy that was prevalent in different states. This uprising, led by Daniel Shays, exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and highlighted the need for a stronger central government. As a result, the Constitutional Convention was convened, leading to the creation of the United States Constitution and the establishment of a more balanced system of government with checks and balances to prevent the concentration of power.

In his Farewell Address, Washington warned against the formation of permanent alliances. He believed that such alliances could lead to entanglements in foreign conflicts, compromising the nation's independence and potentially dragging it into unnecessary wars. Instead, Washington advocated for a policy of neutrality and non-interference in the affairs of other nations, focusing on the preservation of American interests and the avoidance of foreign entanglements. This approach to foreign policy has since become a cornerstone of American diplomacy.

Marbury v. Madison was significant because it established the concept of judicial review. This means that the Supreme Court has the authority to review and interpret the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. This landmark case affirmed the Court's power to declare laws unconstitutional, thus establishing a system of checks and balances within the government. Judicial review is a fundamental principle of American constitutional law and has had a profound impact on the interpretation and application of the Constitution.

The most important single action of the Second Continental Congress was selecting George Washington to lead the army besieging Boston. This decision was crucial as it established a strong and capable leader for the American forces during the Revolutionary War. Washington's leadership skills and military experience played a significant role in the success of the American army and ultimately contributed to the eventual victory in the war.

Britain was eager to entice one of their enemies from their alliance with France/Spain/America because they wanted to weaken the alliance and prevent any further conflicts. By offering a generous peace settlement, they hoped to create divisions among their enemies and potentially gain a new ally or at least disrupt the existing alliance. This strategy was aimed at protecting British interests and maintaining their power in the region.

Jefferson's reservations about the Louisiana Purchase stemmed from his belief that the purchase was not constitutional. He questioned whether the President had the authority to acquire new territory through treaty, as it was not explicitly stated in the Constitution. Jefferson, who was a strict constructionist, believed in limiting the powers of the federal government to those explicitly granted by the Constitution. Therefore, he had concerns about the constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase and whether it exceeded the President's powers.

The radical Whigs believed that monarchy posed a threat to liberty due to its arbitrary power. They feared that a monarch could abuse their authority and infringe upon the rights and freedoms of the people. Therefore, they opposed monarchy and advocated for a more democratic system of government. They believed that a society would be better off without the arbitrary power of a monarch and that individual liberties would be better protected in a system where power was more evenly distributed.

During the American Revolution, France helped the Americans for revenge against Britain. France had previously lost the Seven Years' War against Britain and wanted to weaken their rival. By supporting the American colonists in their fight for independence, France saw an opportunity to retaliate against Britain and potentially regain some of their lost territories. This alliance also provided France with a chance to challenge British dominance and establish themselves as a significant power on the world stage.

The correct answer is that the American peace negotiators were instructed to make no separate peace and to consult with their French allies at all stages of the negotiations. This means that Congress wanted the negotiators to ensure that any peace agreements made with the British were done jointly with the French and that they should not agree to any separate deals without consulting their allies. This shows the importance of maintaining a strong alliance with France during the negotiations and not making any decisions without their input.

During the Constitutional Convention, the issue of slavery was addressed by counting slaves as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of determining representation in the House of Representatives. This compromise, known as the Three-Fifths Compromise, was reached to balance the interests of states with large slave populations and those without. It allowed slaveholding states to have greater representation in Congress while also acknowledging the humanity and partial citizenship of enslaved individuals. This compromise was a significant step towards the formation of the United States Constitution, but it also perpetuated the institution of slavery and the dehumanization of enslaved people.

The correct answer is the political theory that a class of persons is represented in a lawmaking body without direct vote. This theory suggests that certain groups or classes of people are represented in the government or legislative body even though they do not have the ability to directly vote for their representatives. This can occur through various means such as appointed representatives or designated seats for specific groups.

The Constitutional Convention was called to address the issue of control of commerce. The Articles of Confederation, which served as the governing document at the time, had given limited power to the federal government to regulate trade and commerce among the states. This lack of control led to economic problems and disputes between states. The delegates at the Convention were tasked with creating a new constitution that would provide a stronger central government with the authority to regulate commerce effectively and prevent trade conflicts between the states.

The key principle under which the Constitution was based is the virtue of the people, not the authority of the state. This means that the Constitution was designed to prioritize the moral character and integrity of the citizens, rather than giving excessive power and control to the government. It emphasizes the importance of individual virtues and ethical behavior in order to maintain a just and successful society.

Macon's Bill No. 2 refers to a legislation passed by Congress that dismantled the embargo and reopened trade with all countries. This means that Congress wanted to remove the restrictions on trade and allow commerce to resume with every country.

The correct answer is "He claimed that the era of colonization had ended." The doctrine of noncolonization in the Monroe Doctrine was a statement made by President James Monroe in 1823, asserting that the United States would not interfere with existing European colonies in the Americas but also warning against any future colonization efforts. This declaration marked a shift in US foreign policy, signaling that the era of colonization was over and that the Americas should be free from further European intervention.

During the Era of Good Feeling, President Monroe took a tour into Federalist country in 1817 and was accepted. This suggests that the Era of Good Feeling was a time of political unity and harmony in the United States, where even opposing parties could come together and support the president. This era is often associated with a period of economic growth and nationalism following the War of 1812, as well as a decline in political divisions between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties.

The central economic concern of Mercantilists was that all parts of an economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state. This means that the Mercantilists believed in the importance of economic policies that would promote the overall wealth and power of the nation. They believed in accumulating wealth through trade, promoting exports over imports, and implementing policies such as tariffs and subsidies to protect domestic industries. The goal was to ensure a favorable balance of trade and to increase the nation's wealth and power.

Before 1763, the Navigation Acts were loosely enforced and imposed no intolerable burden. This means that the enforcement of these acts was not strict and did not impose any unbearable hardships on the colonists. The Navigation Acts were a series of laws implemented by the British government to regulate colonial trade and ensure that most goods were transported on British ships. However, due to various reasons such as limited resources and distance, the enforcement of these acts was not stringent, and the colonists did not face excessive difficulties or restrictions in their trade activities.

The correct answer is the Sugar Act of 1764. This act was passed by Parliament and aimed to raise revenue from the American colonies by placing taxes on sugar and other goods imported into the colonies. It was one of the first major acts imposed by the British government to generate revenue from the colonies and was met with significant resistance, setting the stage for future conflicts between the American colonies and Britain.

The regions of the country that supported the War of 1812 were the south, the west, and the populous middle states such as Virginia and Pennsylvania. These regions were in favor of the war and provided support and resources for the conflict.

The most successful battle for the Americans in the War of 1812 was the Constitution vs. the Guerriere. This battle took place on August 19, 1812, off the coast of Nova Scotia. The USS Constitution, an American frigate, engaged and defeated the HMS Guerriere, a British frigate. The victory was significant as it demonstrated the strength and capabilities of the American navy, boosting morale and proving that the United States was a formidable force to be reckoned with.

James Madison was the most influential delegate to the Constitutional Convention because he played a significant role in shaping the United States Constitution. Madison was the primary author of the Virginia Plan, which formed the basis for the Constitution. He also played a crucial role in drafting the Bill of Rights. Madison's extensive knowledge of political theory and his ability to compromise and negotiate made him a key figure in the development and ratification of the Constitution. His contributions and advocacy for a strong central government have had a lasting impact on the American political system.

The House of Representatives was elected directly under the original Constitution. This is because the House of Representatives is one of the two houses of the United States Congress, which is responsible for making and passing laws. The members of the House of Representatives are elected directly by the people through a voting process. The other options, such as Governors and the Supreme Court, are not elected directly under the original Constitution.

Jefferson based his view of "strict construction" on the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which outline specific rights and limitations on the government's power. Jefferson believed in interpreting the Constitution narrowly and strictly, only granting the government powers explicitly stated in the document. This view was in contrast to "loose construction," which allowed for a broader interpretation of the Constitution and more expansive government powers. Jefferson's strict constructionist approach aimed to protect individual rights and limit government intrusion.

The Tea Tax was retained to keep alive the principle of parliamentary taxation. This means that the tax was kept in place to maintain the idea that the government has the authority to impose taxes on its citizens. By retaining the Tea Tax, the government was asserting its power to tax the people and maintain control over their finances. This decision helped to establish and reinforce the concept of parliamentary taxation, which was a fundamental principle of governance at the time.

The French involvement in the American Revolution forced Britain to change their strategy in America. The entry of the French into the war on the side of the American colonists significantly altered the balance of power. The French provided military support, supplies, and naval assistance, which put pressure on the British forces. This forced Britain to reassess their approach and adjust their tactics in order to counter the combined forces of the Americans and the French.

Hamilton expected to pay off the national debt through tariff revenues from international trade. Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, and Hamilton believed that by levying tariffs on foreign goods, the government could generate revenue to repay the debt. This approach would not only provide a source of income but also protect domestic industries by making imported goods more expensive. Hamilton's plan aimed to strengthen the economy and establish financial stability for the newly formed United States.

The major cause of the Panic of 1819 was over speculation in frontier lands. This refers to the excessive buying and selling of land in the western territories, often done with borrowed money. As the demand for land increased, the prices skyrocketed, leading to a speculative bubble. However, when the bubble burst, land prices plummeted, causing widespread financial distress and economic downturn. This led to bank failures, bankruptcies, and a severe depression that lasted for several years.

During late 1776 and early 1777, George Washington attempted to boost morale in the Continental Army by enlisting the help of Prussian drillmaster Baron von Steuben. Von Steuben was known for his expertise in military training and discipline, and he played a crucial role in transforming the undisciplined and inexperienced army into a more efficient fighting force. Under von Steuben's guidance, the soldiers were trained in proper military tactics, maneuvers, and discipline, which greatly improved their confidence and morale. This ultimately contributed to the success of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War.

The main concern that Antifederalists had about the Constitution was that it was missing the Bill of Rights. They believed that without a clear statement of individual rights and protections, the government could potentially abuse its power and infringe upon the liberties of the people. The Antifederalists argued that the inclusion of a Bill of Rights was necessary to safeguard individual freedoms and limit the authority of the federal government.

The main purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts was to silence or weaken their federalist opponents. These acts were a series of laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress in 1798, during a time of political tension between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. The acts targeted immigrants by making it harder for them to become citizens and allowing the government to deport those deemed dangerous. The Sedition Act also made it a crime to criticize the government, which was used to suppress opposition and criticism of the Federalist party.

Richard Henry Lee introduced the key resolution of independence in the Second Continental Congress. He proposed the resolution on June 7, 1776, which stated that the colonies should be free and independent states. This resolution eventually led to the drafting and adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. Lee's resolution played a crucial role in shaping the path towards American independence from British rule.

The correct answer is that the undeclared war between the United States and France was caused by their infuriation with Jay's treaty. This treaty, signed in 1794, resolved some issues between the United States and Britain but angered the French. France saw the treaty as a betrayal by the United States, as it was seen as siding with Britain, their long-time enemy. This led to France seizing American ships and escalating tensions between the two countries, eventually resulting in an undeclared war known as the Quasi-War.

The Kentucky Resolution advocated for the belief that the final interpretation of the constitution was the right of the states. This resolution, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1798, argued that states had the power to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional. It asserted that states were the ultimate authority in determining the constitutionality of federal actions, and that they had the right to protect their citizens from unconstitutional laws. This view was in opposition to the belief that the final interpretation of the constitution rested with the federal government or Congress.

The Bank of England was the constitutional basis for the Bank of the United States. The Bank of England served as a model for the establishment of the Bank of the United States, which was created in 1791. The founders of the Bank of the United States looked to the Bank of England as a successful example of a central bank that could provide stability to the nation's financial system. They sought to replicate its structure and functions in order to establish a similar institution in the United States.

During Jefferson's time, the region that supported him was the inward and beyond the Appalachians, specifically the dirt farmers. These farmers were located in the western part of the country and were in favor of Jefferson's agrarian ideals and policies. They believed in a decentralized government and an economy based on agriculture. This region saw Jefferson as a champion of their interests and supported him in his political endeavors.

The correct answer is "Law passed to regulate the mercantile system." The Navigation Act of 1650 was a law passed in England that aimed to regulate colonial trade and ensure that most colonial goods were shipped on English ships. It required that certain goods, such as tobacco and sugar, be shipped only to England or other English colonies. This law was part of a series of Navigation Acts passed by England to strengthen its control over colonial trade and increase its wealth and power.

When Parliament rejected the First Continental Congress' petitions, some of the Americans took matters into their own hands and resorted to rioting. However, the correct answer is that the Association tarred and feathered tax collectors. This refers to the actions of the Sons of Liberty, who were part of the Association, a group formed to protest against British taxation policies. They resorted to violent tactics such as tarring and feathering tax collectors as a form of protest and to intimidate those who supported British rule.

The Great Compromise refers to the agreement reached during the Constitutional Convention in 1787 in the United States. It resolved the issue of representation in the legislative branch by establishing a bicameral legislature. This compromise created the House of Representatives, where representation is based on the population of each state, and the Senate, where each state is represented equally. This compromise was crucial in uniting the interests of both large and small states and played a significant role in the formation of the U.S. Constitution.

Impressments refers to the practice of forcing men to enlist as sailors in the navy. This was a common practice during times of war or when there was a shortage of sailors. Men were often forcibly taken from their homes or from other occupations and forced to serve in the navy against their will. This practice was particularly prevalent in the 18th and 19th centuries, and it was seen as a way to ensure an adequate number of sailors for naval operations.

The Revolution of 1800 was significant because it marked the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in the United States. The tie in the electoral college between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr resulted in the House of Representatives having to decide the winner. Ultimately, the House chose Jefferson as the President, establishing the principle that power would be peacefully transferred through elections rather than through violence or revolution. This event solidified the democratic process and set a precedent for future transitions of power in the country.

Thomas Paine viewed popular consent as the basis for the authority of public officials. He argued that all those in positions of power should derive their authority from the consent of the public. This implies that he believed in the importance of the people's voice and their involvement in the decision-making process. Paine's view suggests a belief in democracy and the idea that the legitimacy of those in power comes from the consent of the governed.

The Federalists believed that the central government, which consisted of the three branches - the executive, legislative, and judicial branches - had the authority to determine if laws were constitutional. They argued for a strong central government that could interpret and enforce the Constitution, including the power to declare laws unconstitutional. This belief was in contrast to the Anti-Federalists, who favored more power being held by the states.

The correct answer is that there was no political impact. The Hartford Convention, which took place in 1814 during the War of 1812, was a meeting of Federalist Party members who were dissatisfied with the war and sought to address their grievances. However, the convention's demands were seen as unpatriotic and ultimately had no significant political impact. The Federalist Party itself began to decline after the convention, and the event is often seen as contributing to the party's demise.