First before anything else
After Direct Effect and Direct Applicability
Before Alternatives to Litigation
It doesn't really matter...
Directives have Horizontal Effect; Constitutionally more pleasing; and no need to satisfy the Van Gend en Loos criteria
Give free-standing rights to citizens; Works best where a clear conflict with national law; and works even where time limit is still running
No need for national law on the same area; constitutionally pleasing; and time limit on directive irrelevant
Faster as less need for Article 267 reference; Works best where there is a clear conflict in national law; and gives free-standing rights to citizens
Doesn't provide free-standing rights to citizens
Directives can only be enforced against Emanations of the State
The exceptions to the Time-Limit rule (in Wallonie and Werner-Mangold) do not apply
The courts would prefer to use Direct Effect
Cannot work where there is a clear conflict, or where there is no national law transposing the directive
King
Duke
Centrosteel
Pfeiffer
Marleasing
Duke
NUT
Pfeiffer
Marleasing
Griffin
Von Colson
Wagner-Miret
Centrosteel
Francovich II
Byrne
Pfeiffer
Duke
Webb I
Impact
Marleasing
Webb I
Litster
Byrne
Wagner-Miret
Webb I
Chessington World of Adventures
Impact
Litster
Byrne
Impact
Centrosteel
Litster
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