Essentials Of Sociology 8th Edition Henslin Chap. 1 - 7 Exam

Deviance refers to any behavior, interaction, or appearance that goes against the established social norms. It involves actions or characteristics that are considered abnormal or unacceptable by society. Deviant behavior can range from minor infractions like breaking a dress code to more serious offenses such as criminal acts. This term encompasses a wide range of actions that deviate from what is considered "normal" or socially acceptable in a particular culture or community.

Those are part of the material culture. Non-material culture are intangible things such as knowledge, customs, and beliefs.

Sociology is the scientific study of human society, focusing on the patterns of social relationships, institutions, and interactions. It examines how individuals and groups behave within a social context and how society is organized and structured. By studying social phenomena, sociologists aim to understand the dynamics and processes that shape society and its various aspects. This includes analyzing social institutions, cultural norms, social inequalities, and social change. Through systematic research and analysis, sociology provides insights into the complexities of human behavior and social interactions, contributing to a broader understanding of society.

Social structures refer to the patterns of relationships, roles, and institutions that exist within a society. These structures, such as family, education, and government, are established before we are born and shape our experiences and interactions throughout our lives. They provide a framework for social order and influence our behaviors, beliefs, and opportunities. Therefore, it is true that social structures are laid out before we are born.

An instrumental leader is someone who focuses on achieving goals and objectives. They prioritize tasks, delegate responsibilities, and ensure that the group stays on track towards a common goal. This type of leader is proactive, organized, and efficient in their approach. They provide direction, motivate team members, and ensure that everyone is working together towards the desired outcome. Therefore, the statement "An instrumental leader tries to keep a group moving forward toward a common goal" is true.

Sociolization refers to the process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, beliefs, and behaviors of their culture. It encompasses the socialization agents such as family, peers, schools, and media that play a crucial role in transmitting cultural knowledge. By engaging with these agents, individuals acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to function effectively within their society. Therefore, it is accurate to say that sociolization is indeed how we learn our culture.

Neocolonialism refers to the practice of developed nations relying on international markets for natural resources and cash crops in order to manipulate prices in less developed nations. This manipulation allows the more industrialized nations to maintain control over the lesser industrialized nations. Additionally, the more industrialized nations often sell goods to the lesser nations using a credit system. Therefore, the statement that neocolonialism involves the control of prices and the use of credit in international trade is true.

Auguste Comte was known for positivism, which involves using scientific study in the social world. Positivism emphasizes the use of empirical evidence and observation to understand and explain social phenomena. Comte believed that society could be studied and understood in the same way that natural sciences study the physical world. He advocated for the application of scientific methods and principles to analyze social behavior and develop theories about society. Through positivism, Comte aimed to establish sociology as a legitimate scientific discipline.

That defines Micro Sociological Analysis. Macro looks at things such as governments, religious sects, and etc.

Individual perspective is when socialization allows us to give ourselves a sense of who we are.

Societal perspective refers to how individuals perceive their own roles and the roles of others in order to effectively interact within a society. It involves understanding and recognizing the various societal roles and expectations, as well as the dynamics and interactions between different individuals and groups within a society. This perspective helps individuals navigate social interactions, understand social norms, and contribute to the overall functioning of society.

Qualitative research is a type of research that focuses on gathering non-numerical data to analyze and understand phenomena. This approach involves collecting information through methods such as interviews, observations, and open-ended surveys, allowing researchers to gain in-depth insights into people's experiences, attitudes, and behaviors. By analyzing qualitative data, researchers can identify patterns, themes, and relationships, providing a rich and detailed understanding of the research topic.

The statement suggests that the development of horticulture led to the establishment of permanent settlements that had access to reliable resources. This is because horticulture involves the cultivation of plants for food, which would have provided a stable and consistent food source for early human societies. With a dependable food supply, these societies would have been able to settle in one place instead of constantly moving in search of food, leading to the development of permanent settlements. Therefore, the statement is true.

Folkways are weak norms that may be violated without severe repercussions. These are informal rules of behavior that guide everyday interactions and are considered to be less serious than mores or laws. Violating folkways may result in minor social disapproval or mild consequences, but they do not carry significant punishments or penalties.

Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that one's own culture is superior to others. It involves perceiving and evaluating other cultures based on the standards and values of one's own culture. This perspective often leads to a biased and narrow-minded view of other cultures, disregarding their unique customs, beliefs, and practices. Ethnocentrism can result in prejudice, discrimination, and a lack of understanding or appreciation for cultural diversity.

Hunting and gathering societies have the fewest divisions of labor in sociocultural evolution. In these societies, individuals typically engage in a wide range of tasks necessary for survival, such as hunting, gathering food, and making tools. There is little specialization or differentiation of roles based on skills or expertise. This is in contrast to agricultural and pastoral/horticultural societies, where there is a greater division of labor, with individuals specializing in specific tasks such as farming or herding.

Achieved status refers to the social position or standing that an individual attains as a result of their own actions, efforts, or accomplishments. Unlike ascribed status, which is determined by factors such as birth, achieved status is earned through personal achievements, skills, education, or career advancements. It is a reflection of an individual's abilities, choices, and hard work, rather than being predetermined or inherited. This concept recognizes that individuals have the agency to shape their social position based on their actions and efforts.

Stratification refers to the division of groups of people into various layers within a society, based on factors such as power, prestige, and property. This division creates a hierarchical structure where individuals or groups are placed in different social positions based on their social status. It highlights the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among individuals or groups, resulting in social inequality.

A category refers to a group of things or people that share common characteristics or attributes. In this context, the statement suggests that people within a category share common attributes but do not interact with each other. As the statement aligns with the definition of a category, the answer is true.

The correct answer is "Collective Tunnel vision developed by groups where everyone thinks alike." Groupthink refers to a phenomenon where members of a group prioritize consensus and conformity over critical thinking and independent judgment. In such situations, individuals tend to suppress their own opinions and ideas in order to maintain harmony within the group. This can lead to a lack of diverse perspectives and potential problems being overlooked or ignored.

Students in a school are an example of a Secondary Group. A primary group would be a family, close friends, etc.

An overt study is an open research.

Functional Analysis believes all parts of society make up a whole.

An Expressive leader reduces conflict and helps to life group morale in order to increase harmony. Some are not always recognized as a leader.

White collar crimes are non violent crimes.

The Industrial Evolution began in 1765.

Max Weber did not believe that neutrality in a study would rule out human emotions. In fact, he argued that researchers should strive to be value-neutral and separate their personal biases and emotions from their study in order to achieve more accurate and objective results. Weber believed that by adopting a neutral stance, researchers could better understand and analyze social phenomena without letting their own emotions and biases cloud their judgment. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

The correct answer is "Researcher studies from outside the group." This means that the researcher conducts their study independently and does not become a part of the group they are studying. They observe and collect data from an external perspective, allowing for unbiased analysis and interpretation of the findings. This approach ensures objectivity and minimizes potential biases that could arise if the researcher becomes too involved or influenced by the group dynamics.

An aggregate refers to a group of 2 or more people who interact minimally. This means that they may come together for a specific purpose or task, but their interaction is limited and may not involve deep social connections or regular socializing. The term "aggregate" suggests a collection or gathering of individuals, but without a strong emphasis on social interaction or shared characteristics.

The correct answer is Discovery, Invention, Interpretation, Explanation. The scientific method begins with the phase of Discovery, where scientists observe and gather data about a phenomenon. This is followed by the phase of Invention, where scientists develop hypotheses and create experiments to test them. The next phase is Interpretation, where scientists analyze the data collected and draw conclusions based on the evidence. Finally, the phase of Explanation involves scientists communicating their findings and theories to the scientific community and the public.

The statement suggests that a theoretical sociologist wants to use research results to apply and change society for the better. However, this is not necessarily true. While some theoretical sociologists may have the intention to apply their research findings to bring about positive societal change, it is not a requirement or characteristic of all theoretical sociologists. Some theoretical sociologists may focus solely on theoretical frameworks and concepts without any intention of applying their research to practical solutions or societal change. Therefore, the statement is false.

The three factors that affect Deviance are time, location, and public consensus. Time refers to the specific period or era in which deviant behavior occurs, as societal norms and values may change over time. Location plays a crucial role as different places have varying social and cultural contexts, which can influence what is considered deviant behavior. Public consensus refers to the collective agreement or disagreement within a society regarding what is considered acceptable or unacceptable behavior, which can shape the labeling and response to deviance.

Multinational Corporations actually pay off the elite to abuse the lesser nations.

The three focuses of research are orientation, characteristics, and actions. Orientation refers to the direction or approach taken in the research, such as the theoretical framework or methodology used. Characteristics refer to the attributes or qualities of the research, such as the sample size, data collection methods, or variables studied. Actions refer to the steps taken or interventions implemented in the research, such as experimental manipulations or treatment conditions. These three focuses are important in conducting and evaluating research as they provide a comprehensive understanding of the study's design, execution, and outcomes.