Earth Science Exam #2 The Ocean
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Test on Ocean Sediments, Ocean Floor, El Nino and La Nina
- 1.The element found in some sediments which suggest that a meteorite or asteroid impact occurred nearby is:
- A.
A) uranium.
- B.
B) iridium.
- C.
C) manganese.
- D.
D) strontium. D) strontium.
- 2."Black smokers" are associated with ________.
- A.
A) oceanic ridges
- B.
B) hot water
- C.
C) mineral-rich waters
- D.
D) all of these
- 3.The oceans cover approximately ________ percent of Earth's surface.
- A.
A) 70
- B.
B) 60
- C.
C) 50
- D.
D) 40
- 4.Which one of the following concerning mid-ocean ridges is false?
- A.
A) are sites for submarine eruptions of basaltic lava A) are sites for submarine eruptions of basaltic lava
- B.
B) are where young lithosphere is added to the edges of spreading, oceanic plates
- C.
C) terrigenous sediment coverings are very thin or absent
- D.
D) sediments include thick siliceous ooze deposits and sandy turbidite beds
- 5.Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?
- A.
A) phosphorites
- B.
B) diatoms
- C.
C) radiolarians
- D.
D) glauconite
- E.
E) foraminiferans
- 6.The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:
- A.
A) abyssal plain far from a continent.
- B.
B) continental rise.
- C.
C) crest of a mid-ocean ridge.
- D.
D) continental shelf.
- E.
E) All of the above locations contain manganese nodules.
- 7.Minerals that crystallize directly from seawater are examples of ________.
- A.
A) hydrogenous sediment
- B.
B) biogenous sediment
- C.
C) terrigenous sediment
- D.
D) both terrigenous and biogenous sediment
- 8.Submarine canyons form the deepest parts of the ocean basins.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 9.Manganese nodules do not accumulate below 4500 meters depth because the manganese minerals are highly soluble in seawater below that depth.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 10.Compared to the Southern Hemisphere, a higher percentage of the Northern Hemisphere is water covered.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 11.The continental rise lies at the bottom of the continental slope.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 12.Sand, silt, and clays deposited on the ocean floor are described as terrigenous sediments
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 13.A pelagic clay contains lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are:
- A.
A) more than 30% biogenous material.
- B.
B) more than 30% hydrogenous material
- C.
C) more than 30% neritic material
- D.
D) less than 30% biogenous material.
- E.
E) less than 30% neritic material.
- 14.The crests of mid-oceanic ridges ________.
- A.
A) lie at depths exceeding 6 kilometers
- B.
B) are geologically old features
- C.
C) are heavily mantled with sediment
- D.
D) contain active rift zones
- 15.Which of the following is associated with ocean ridges?
- A.
A) rift zones
- B.
B) mountainous topography
- C.
C) volcanic structures
- D.
D) all of these
- 16.Which of the following is not an important control on oceanic sediment accumulation?
- A.
A) degree of preservation
- B.
B) rate of deposition
- C.
C) input from other sediment types
- D.
D) dilution
- E.
E) All of the above factors are important.
- 17.Concerning the distribution of land and water, which of the following statements is true?
- A.
A) the Southern Hemisphere has much more water surface than the Northern Hemisphere
- B.
B) the Northern Hemisphere has much more water surface than the Southern Hemisphere
- C.
C) the percentage of land and water is about the same in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres
- D.
D) none of the above are true
- 18.Which one of the following salts is most abundant in seawater?
- A.
A) sodium chloride
- B.
B) sodium bicarbonate
- C.
C) potassium bromide
- D.
D) magnesium chloride
- 19.Submarine canyons found on the continental slope and are believed to have been created ________.
- A.
A) by rivers during the ice age
- B.
B) because of a plate plunging into the mantle
- C.
C) by faulting
- D.
D) none of these
- 20.Submerged, flat-topped seamounts are known as guyots.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 21.Seafloor hot springs occur mainly in oceanic, abyssal plains.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 22.The Atlantic and Pacific basins have oceanic ridges; the Indian Ocean has no oceanic ridge
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 23.Turbidites and siliceous oozes are both biogenous sediments.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 24.The surface waters in regions where evaporation rates are high, such as the Red Sea, have higher than average salinities
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 25.The BEST definition of the outer edge of the continental shelf is that point where ________.
- A.
A) a rapid steepening of the gradient occurs
- B.
B) the water depth reaches 100 fathoms
- C.
C) it meets an oceanic ridge
- D.
D) the gradient becomes very gentle
- 26.Which one of the following would you NOT associate with turbidity currents?
- A.
A) excavation of submarine canyons
- B.
B) density current
- C.
C) formation of seamounts
- D.
D) deposits of graded beds
- 27.________ diatom ooze
- A.
A. biogenous
- B.
B. terrigenous
- C.
C. hydrogenous
- 28.________ quartz sand
- A.
A. biogenous
- B.
B. terrigenous
- C.
c. hydrogenous
- 29.________ calcareous ooze
- A.
A. biogenous
- B.
b. terrigenous
- C.
c. hydrogenous
- 30.________ abyssal plain clay
- A.
A. biogenous
- B.
b. terrigenous
- C.
C. hydrogenous
- 31.________ turbidite deposits
- A.
A. biogenous
- B.
B. terrigenous
- C.
C. hydrogenous
- 32.________ manganese nodule
- A.
a. biogenous
- B.
b. terrigenous
- C.
c. hydrogenous
- 33.Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics?
- A.
A) low carbon dioxide and warm temperatures
- B.
B) low pressure and cold temperatures
- C.
C) lots of carbon dioxide and cold temperatures
- D.
D) lots of carbon dioxide and warm temperatures
- E.
E) low pressure and warm temperatures
- 34.High energy environments are most likely to contain which one of the following?
- A.
A) silt-sized particles
- B.
B) large particles such as gravel
- C.
C) cosmogenous sediments
- D.
D) clay-sized particles
- E.
E) manganese nodules
- 35.A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via: .
- A.
A) carbonate dissolution.
- B.
B) fecal pellets
- C.
C) deposit feeders.
- D.
D) wind.
- E.
E) precipitation
- 36.The ________ Ocean is largest
- A.
A) Indian
- B.
B) Arctic
- C.
C) Atlantic
- D.
D) Pacific
- 37.The ________ marks the transition between the warm surface layer and the deep zone of cold water in the oceans.
- A.
A) pycnocline
- B.
B) halocline
- C.
C) thermocline
- D.
D) salinocline
- 38.The gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the deep ocean is termed the ________.
- A.
A) continental slope
- B.
B) submarine canyon
- C.
C) continental shelf
- D.
D) continental rise
- 39.The continental rise is located ________.
- A.
A) at the top of the continental slope
- B.
B) at the top of a mid-ocean ridge
- C.
C) at the seaward edge of a deep ocean trench
- D.
D) between an abyssal plain and continental slope
- 40.The ________ Ocean has more extensive abyssal plains than the Pacific Ocean because it has fewer trenches to trap sediments moving down the continental slope.
- A.
A) Arctic
- B.
B) Atlantic
- C.
C) Indian
- D.
D) none of these
- 41.An echo sounder operates by measuring the time required for a ________.
- A.
A) sound pulse travels from a ship to the seafloor and back
- B.
B) radar beam to travel from a harbor patrol boat to a fuzz-buster on a speeding yacht
- C.
C) light beam to travel from a satellite at a known altitude to the sea bottom and back
- D.
D) radar beam to travel from a ship to the seafloor and back
- 42.Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)?
- A.
A) foraminiferans
- B.
B) corals
- C.
C) coccolithophores
- D.
D) phosphorites
- E.
E) radiolarians
- 43.The major force bringing continental sediments to the open ocean is (are): .
- A.
A) neritic currents.
- B.
B) rivers.
- C.
C) turbidity currents.
- D.
D) glaciers.
- E.
E) wind
- 44.Which one of the following is NOT part of the continental margin?
- A.
A) continental slope
- B.
B) continental rise
- C.
C) continental trench
- D.
D) continental shelf
- 45.Sediments which are poorly sorted and made of a variety of minerals could have been deposited by: . .
- A.
A) a volcanic eruption
- B.
. B) a river delta.
- C.
C) a glacier.
- D.
D) turbidity currents
- E.
E) the wind
- 46.Which of the following is NOT true of deep ocean trenches?
- A.
A) they are long and narrow depressions
- B.
B) they are sites where plates plunge back into the mantle
- C.
C) they may act as sediment traps
- D.
D) they are geologically very stable
- 47.Seamounts ________.
- A.
A) are submarine canyons found near Australia
- B.
B) are volcanoes that form on the ocean floor
- C.
C) are a special type of oceanic trench
- D.
D) form only in the Pacific Ocean basin
- 48.How do calcareous oozes form?
- A.
A) the particles are precipitated in the water column below the and then sink to the bottom depth of sunlight penetration
- B.
B) the particles are precipitated in warm, surface waters and sink to the bottom
- C.
C) the particles are precipitated by bottom-dwelling organisms
- D.
D) the particles settle out from calcite-rich turbidity currents at depths greater than 15,000 feet
- 49.________ develop where oceanic lithosphere bends downward and sinks into the mantle.
- A.
A) Submarine canyons
- B.
B) Deep ocean trenches
- C.
C) Abyssal seamounts
- D.
D) Rift valleys on mid-ocean ridges
- 50.Which ocean has the greatest average depth?
- A.
A) Indian
- B.
B) Atlantic
- C.
C) Pacific
- D.
D) Arctic
- 51.It is thought that submarine canyons on the continental slope have been generated by ________
- A.
A) streams when sea-level was much lower than it is today
- B.
B) streams when sea-level was much higher than it is today
- C.
C) turbidity currents
- D.
D) a submarine glaciation
- 52.Sediments that are derived primarily from the weathering on continental material are indicated by the number(s):
- A.
A) 2 & 3
- B.
B) 2
- C.
C) 1& 5
- D.
D) 3 &4
- 53.Biogenous sediments are indicated by the number(s):
- A.
A) 2, 3, 4, & 5
- B.
B) 2, 3, & 4
- C.
C) 2 & 3
- D.
D) 2 & 4
- 54.Calcareous oozes are represented by the number(s);
- A.
1
- B.
3 & 4
- C.
2& 3
- D.
4
- 55.The sediments that are produced in areas of high primary productivity are indicated by the number(s):
- A.
A) 2 & 3
- B.
B) 3 & 4
- C.
C) 3
- D.
D) 2
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