Disorder and Therapies Review Quiz

A person who lacks self-confidence and allows others to control their life is said to have a dependent personality. This person relies heavily on others for decision-making and often seeks reassurance and approval from others. They may have difficulty making decisions or taking initiative on their own, and may fear being alone or abandoned.

The given scenario describes Sara's persistent high anxiety after returning from combat in the Gulf War. This is a common symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is an anxiety-related disorder that can occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. PTSD often involves intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, and avoidance behaviors related to the traumatic event. Therefore, the correct answer is post-traumatic stress.

Roger's prolonged anxiety without a clear explanation suggests that he may be experiencing a generalized anxiety disorder. This disorder is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life, often without a specific trigger. It can cause significant distress and impairment in daily functioning. The other options, sociopathy, psychosis, and a nervous breakdown, do not align with the given information and are not supported by the symptoms described.

The correct answer is found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). This manual is widely used in the field of psychology for the classification and diagnosis of mental disorders. It provides criteria and guidelines for identifying and categorizing different psychological conditions. The Freudian Psychoanalytic System (FPS) and the system designed by Emil Kraepelin and Eugen Bleuler are also important in the history of psychology, but the DSM-IV is currently the most widely used system for psychological classification.

An individual who is concerned with orderliness, perfectionism, and a rigid routine exhibits traits of an obsessive-compulsive personality. This type of personality is characterized by a need for control and organization, often to the point of excessive and rigid behavior. They may have a strong desire for perfection and may be preoccupied with details and rules. This personality type is often associated with traits such as being meticulous, organized, and focused on following routines.

Bipolar disorder is classified as a mood disorder because it is characterized by extreme shifts in mood, energy levels, and activity levels. People with bipolar disorder experience periods of mania, where they feel euphoric, have excessive energy, and engage in impulsive behavior, as well as periods of depression, where they feel sad, hopeless, and have low energy. These mood swings can significantly impact a person's daily functioning and quality of life.

DSM stands for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. It is a widely used classification system for mental disorders. The DSM provides criteria for diagnosing different mental disorders and is used by healthcare professionals to guide treatment and research. The other options do not accurately represent the acronym DSM.

The term "hallucination" refers to the perception of something that is not actually present. In this case, hearing voices that are not really there is an example of an auditory hallucination. A delusion, on the other hand, is a fixed false belief that is not based in reality. Auditory regression and depressive psychosis are not appropriate terms to describe hearing voices that are not really there.

A researcher seeking an organic basis for schizophrenia would be well-advised to investigate the role of dopamine and dopamine receptors. This is because there is evidence to suggest that abnormalities in dopamine neurotransmission are associated with the development of schizophrenia. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in various brain functions, including motivation, reward, and emotional regulation. Dysregulation of dopamine signaling, particularly in the mesolimbic pathway, has been implicated in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions. Therefore, studying the role of dopamine and its receptors could provide valuable insights into the biological mechanisms underlying schizophrenia.

Cognitive therapists focus on understanding and addressing the thoughts, beliefs, and feelings of individuals. They believe that these internal processes play a crucial role in shaping behavior and emotions. By identifying and challenging negative or irrational thoughts, cognitive therapists aim to help individuals develop healthier and more adaptive ways of thinking and responding to situations. Therefore, the correct answer is "what people think, believe, and feel."

Freud referred to his form of psychotherapy as psychoanalysis. This term refers to the method of therapy that Freud developed, which involves exploring the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior and psychological problems. Psychoanalysis aims to bring repressed thoughts and emotions to the conscious level, allowing individuals to gain insight into their unconscious conflicts and work through them. Therefore, psychoanalysis is the appropriate term to describe Freud's approach to therapy.

Persons who are excessively narcissistic, dependent, or antisocial are characterized as having personality disorders. Personality disorders are a type of mental disorder characterized by enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate from the expectations of the individual's culture. These disorders affect how individuals perceive themselves, how they relate to others, and how they function in various aspects of life. Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy. Dependent personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behavior. Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a disregard for the rights of others, lack of empathy, and a tendency towards manipulative and exploitative behavior.

A cognitive therapist focuses on helping clients change their thinking patterns. This is because cognitive therapy is based on the belief that our thoughts influence our emotions and behaviors. By identifying and challenging negative or irrational thoughts, clients can develop healthier and more positive thinking patterns, leading to improved mental well-being and behavior change.

Unconditional positive regard is a concept that was developed by Carl Rogers, who is known for his work in client-centered therapy. In client-centered therapy, the therapist provides a nonjudgmental and accepting environment for the client, showing them empathy and understanding. Unconditional positive regard means that the therapist accepts and supports the client without any conditions or judgment, allowing the client to freely explore their thoughts and feelings. This approach aims to help the client develop self-acceptance and self-growth. Therefore, the correct answer is client-centered therapy.

Mary's belief that she is the Queen of England is indicative of delusions of grandeur. Delusions of grandeur are characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and a belief in possessing extraordinary abilities or being in a position of great power or authority. In this case, Mary's belief that she is the Queen of England is a clear example of an inflated sense of self-worth and a delusion that goes beyond what is considered normal or rational.

Phobias are irrational and specific fears that persist even when there is no real danger to a person. Unlike anxieties, which are general worries or concerns, phobias are focused on specific objects, situations, or activities. Dissociation's refers to a mental state where a person disconnects from their thoughts, feelings, and memories. Obsessions are intrusive thoughts or urges that cause distress and are often accompanied by compulsions. Therefore, the correct answer is phobias.

Obsessive-compulsive behavior, panic, and phobias are all symptoms of anxiety disorders. These disorders are characterized by excessive and irrational fear, worry, and unease. Psychotic disorders involve a loss of touch with reality, while manic disorders are characterized by periods of elevated mood and energy. Mood disorders involve disturbances in a person's emotional state. Therefore, anxiety is the correct classification for these behaviors.

This answer is correct because mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder, can cause individuals to experience severe depression and have thoughts of suicide. These disorders can significantly impact a person's mood, emotions, and overall well-being, leading to feelings of hopelessness and despair. In severe cases, individuals may even contemplate or attempt suicide as a result of their depressive symptoms. Therefore, experiencing severe depression and threatening suicide is a characteristic of mood disorders.

Multiple personality disorder, also known as dissociative identity disorder, is a dissociative disorder. Dissociative disorders are characterized by disruptions in a person's memory, identity, consciousness, or perception of the environment. In multiple personality disorder, an individual experiences the presence of two or more distinct personality states, each with its own way of perceiving, relating to, and interacting with the world. This disorder is often a result of severe trauma or abuse in childhood.

Carl Rogers is responsible for client-centered therapy. This therapeutic approach focuses on the client's unique experiences and emphasizes the importance of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness in the therapeutic relationship. Rogers believed that individuals have the capacity for self-actualization and personal growth, and client-centered therapy aims to create a supportive and non-judgmental environment where clients can explore their feelings and develop their own solutions to their problems.

Freud's method of psychotherapy emphasized the use of free association, dream analysis, and transference. These techniques were used to uncover unconscious thoughts and emotions, allowing the therapist to gain insight into the patient's psychological issues. Free association involved the patient freely expressing their thoughts and feelings without censorship, while dream analysis focused on interpreting the hidden meanings behind dreams. Transference referred to the patient's projection of their feelings and emotions onto the therapist, providing further insight into their internal conflicts. These techniques aimed to bring about self-awareness and resolution of irrational and self-defeating thoughts and behaviors.

In aversion therapy, a person undergoes a process of learning to associate a strong aversion with an undesirable habit. This means that through the therapy, the individual acquires knowledge or understanding of the negative consequences or feelings associated with the habit, leading them to develop a strong aversion towards it.

The given scenario describes Julie's excessive preoccupation with germs and dirt, leading her to spend all day cleaning her house. This behavior is indicative of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is characterized by recurring, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety or preventing a feared outcome. Julie's constant thoughts about germs and her compulsive cleaning are consistent with the symptoms of OCD. Phobic disorder involves an irrational fear of a specific object or situation, paranoia involves unfounded suspicions and mistrust, and delusional disorder involves fixed false beliefs.

Psychoanalysis, desensitization, reality therapy, behavior therapy, and client-centered therapy are all different approaches used in the field of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy refers to the treatment of mental and emotional disorders through psychological techniques, such as talking therapy. These various forms of therapy aim to help individuals understand and address their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to improve their overall well-being. Therefore, the correct answer is psychotherapy.

The correct answer is in childhood as a result of unbearable experiences. Multiple personality or dissociative identity disorder typically develops in childhood as a coping mechanism in response to traumatic experiences that are too overwhelming for a child to handle. These experiences may include physical or sexual abuse, neglect, or other forms of severe emotional trauma. The disorder allows the individual to dissociate from their painful memories and create separate identities or personalities to deal with the trauma.

Dissociative identity disorder is a rare condition in which an individual has multiple distinct identities or personalities that control their behavior and thoughts. These different personalities may have their own memories, preferences, and behaviors. Split personality is a colloquial term that is often used to describe this condition, but the correct medical term is dissociative identity disorder. Schizophrenia is a different mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. Amnesia refers to a loss of memory.

Freud's theory proposed that neuroses, or psychological disorders, were caused by repressed memories, motives, and conflicts. According to Freud, these unconscious thoughts and emotions were pushed down into the unconscious mind, where they continued to exert influence on a person's behavior and mental health. This theory emphasized the importance of exploring and resolving these repressed memories and conflicts in order to alleviate symptoms of neuroses.

The correct answer is dopamine. Recent attempts to find biochemical explanations for schizophrenia have focused on the role of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in various brain functions, including reward, motivation, and movement. It is believed that an imbalance in dopamine levels or dysfunction in dopamine receptors may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. This has led to the development of antipsychotic medications that target dopamine receptors to help manage symptoms of the disorder.

A person with narcissistic personality disorder has an exaggerated sense of self-importance and a constant need for admiration. They have a grandiose view of themselves and believe they are superior to others. They often seek attention and praise from others and have a strong sense of entitlement. They may disregard the feelings and needs of others and have difficulty forming genuine relationships.

Abnormal behavior is characterized by being maladaptive, meaning that it hinders an individual's ability to function effectively in their daily life. It refers to behaviors that are not socially acceptable or appropriate, and may cause distress or harm to oneself or others. This distinguishes abnormal behavior from culturally absolute or learned behaviors, which can vary across different cultures and societies. Age dependency may also play a role in abnormal behavior, but it is not a defining characteristic of it.

Trepanning, a primitive practice, involved boring a hole into the skull. This procedure was believed to release "evil spirits" that were thought to be causing illness or mental disturbances. It was a common belief in ancient times that evil spirits could possess a person and cause harm, so trepanning was performed as a means to remove these spirits and restore health.

A person who is preoccupied with fears of having a serious disease suffers from hypochondriasis. Hypochondriasis is a psychological disorder characterized by excessive worry and fear about having a medical condition, despite having no or only mild symptoms. People with hypochondriasis often misinterpret normal bodily sensations as signs of a serious illness and may seek constant reassurance from medical professionals. This condition can significantly impact a person's daily life and cause distress and anxiety.

Paraphilias refer to a group of sexual disorders characterized by recurrent, intense sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving non-human objects, suffering or humiliation, or non-consenting individuals. These individuals have unconventional sexual interests that may cause distress or impairment in their daily lives. Therefore, the correct answer is sexual disorders.

The drugs used to control hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms are called antipsychotics. These medications are specifically designed to target and alleviate symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. Antipsychotics work by blocking certain neurotransmitters in the brain, helping to restore balance and reduce symptoms of psychosis. Anti-depressants, energizers, and minor tranquilizers are not specifically used to treat psychosis and may have different mechanisms of action and indications.

Humanistic therapies focus on the belief that individuals have the ability to reach their full potential. These therapies aim to help individuals develop self-awareness, self-acceptance, and personal growth. They emphasize the importance of personal responsibility and self-actualization, encouraging individuals to make the most of their abilities and talents. This approach contrasts with therapies that focus on unconscious forces, altering habits, or relying on spontaneous remissions.

Transference in psychoanalysis refers to the emotional attachment that a patient develops towards their therapist, which is believed to symbolically represent other significant relationships in their life. This concept suggests that the patient may project their feelings, desires, and conflicts onto the therapist, as if they were someone else from their past or present. Transference is an important aspect of therapy as it allows the therapist to gain insight into the patient's unconscious thoughts and experiences, ultimately aiding in the therapeutic process.

The Freudian technique of free association involves saying whatever comes to mind without censoring or filtering thoughts or feelings. This technique allows the unconscious mind to express itself freely and reveal hidden or repressed thoughts and emotions. Unconditional regard, on the other hand, is a concept in humanistic psychology that refers to accepting and supporting a person without judgment or conditions. Non-directive therapy is a therapeutic approach that emphasizes the client's autonomy and self-direction in the therapeutic process. Transactional analysis is a psychological theory that focuses on understanding and improving interpersonal relationships. Therefore, the correct answer is free association as it aligns with the description of the Freudian technique.

The correct answer is having repetitious thoughts or engaging in repetitious actions. This distinction refers to the symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), where obsessions are intrusive and repetitive thoughts, urges, or images, while compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that individuals feel driven to perform. This explanation highlights the key characteristic of OCD, which is the presence of repetitive thoughts or actions.

"Waxy flexibility" is a symptom commonly associated with catatonic schizophrenia. This symptom involves the person exhibiting a rigid posture that can be manipulated by others, almost like a wax figure. It is characterized by a lack of response to external stimuli and a decrease in voluntary movement. Borderline, disorganized, and paranoid schizophrenia do not typically exhibit this specific symptom.

Desensitization is a technique that is primarily used to alleviate phobias and anxieties. It involves gradually exposing individuals to the feared object or situation in a controlled and safe environment, allowing them to gradually become less fearful and anxious over time. This process helps individuals to overcome their fears and anxieties by gradually desensitizing them to the stimuli that trigger their phobias or anxieties. By repeatedly exposing themselves to these stimuli, individuals can learn to tolerate and cope with them, leading to a reduction in their phobias and anxieties.

The correct answer is a token economy; reinforcement. In a token economy system, individuals are rewarded with tokens for exhibiting desired behaviors. These tokens can then be exchanged for privileges or rewards. This system is based on the principles of reinforcement, as the tokens serve as a form of positive reinforcement to encourage and maintain the target behaviors.

A person who experiences a long series of imagined physical complaints suffers from somatization disorder. This disorder is characterized by the presence of multiple physical symptoms that cannot be explained by any underlying medical condition. These symptoms often cause significant distress and impairment in daily functioning. The individual may excessively worry about their health and seek medical attention frequently, despite no medical explanation for their symptoms. This pattern of somatic complaints is not due to malingering or factitious disorder.

Conversion disorder and hypochondriasis are classified as somatoform disorders. Somatoform disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition. Conversion disorder involves the presence of physical symptoms or deficits that suggest a neurological or other general medical condition, but are not fully explained by a medical condition. Hypochondriasis, on the other hand, involves excessive worry about having a serious illness despite having little or no medical evidence to support the belief. Both disorders involve physical symptoms that are influenced by psychological factors, hence they are classified as somatoform disorders.

The correct answer is "tends to be selfish and lacking remorse." This is because individuals with an antisocial personality tend to prioritize their own needs and desires above others, often disregarding the feelings and well-being of others. They also typically lack remorse or guilt for their actions, which can contribute to their antisocial behavior.

ECT is a medical procedure that involves passing electric currents through the brain to induce a controlled seizure. It is typically used as a last resort for severe depression that has not responded to other treatments such as medication or therapy. ECT can be effective in improving symptoms of depression and is often considered when other options have been exhausted. It is not typically used for hyperactivity and agitation, conversion reactions, or paranoia.

A person who mistrusts others and is hypersensitive and guarded may be classified as a paranoid personality. This individual may constantly suspect others of having malicious intentions and may be overly cautious in their interactions with others. They may also be hypersensitive to criticism or perceived slights and may have difficulty forming close relationships due to their mistrust.

Freud believed that dreams have both a manifest content, which is the surface-level storyline of the dream, and a latent content, which is the hidden meaning and symbolism behind the dream. He argued that by analyzing the latent content of dreams, one could gain insight into the unconscious mind and uncover repressed thoughts and desires. Therefore, the distinction between manifest and latent content is crucial for dream analysis, making it the correct answer in this context.

The given scenario describes dissociative amnesia. Carson's extreme stress and trauma caused him to forget his identity and the events leading up to the accident. Dissociative amnesia is a dissociative disorder characterized by the inability to recall important personal information, usually triggered by a traumatic or stressful event. Dissociative fugue involves sudden travel or wandering away from home, while dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) involves the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states.

Psychosurgery refers to any technique involving surgical alteration of the brain. It is a procedure performed to treat mental disorders by removing or destroying brain tissue. Ablation lesioning is a technique that involves selectively destroying brain tissue to alleviate symptoms of neurological disorders. Deep ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy) is a non-surgical procedure that uses electrical currents to induce seizures in the brain. Psychic surgery, on the other hand, is a fraudulent practice that claims to remove tumors or other diseases from the body using supernatural or psychic powers.

Client-centered therapy is a therapeutic approach developed by Carl Rogers. It emphasizes the importance of creating a supportive and non-judgmental environment for the client. Unconditional positive regard refers to the therapist's acceptance and support of the client without any conditions or judgment. Empathy involves the therapist understanding and sharing the client's feelings and experiences. Authenticity refers to the therapist's genuineness and transparency in the therapeutic relationship. Reflection involves the therapist paraphrasing and summarizing the client's thoughts and feelings to promote self-understanding. These principles are central to client-centered therapy and differentiate it from other therapeutic approaches.